{"id":102537,"date":"2017-11-27T12:00:05","date_gmt":"2017-11-27T12:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=102537"},"modified":"2017-11-25T22:41:22","modified_gmt":"2017-11-25T22:41:22","slug":"myanmar-rohingya-trapped-in-dehumanizing-apartheid-regime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2017\/11\/myanmar-rohingya-trapped-in-dehumanizing-apartheid-regime\/","title":{"rendered":"Myanmar: Rohingya Trapped in Dehumanizing Apartheid Regime"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><em>Rohingya segregated and abused in \u201copen-air prison\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Two-year investigation reveals root causes of current Rakhine State crisis<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>System of discrimination amounts to the crime against humanity of apartheid<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_102538\" style=\"width: 710px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/rohingya-burma-myanmar-bangladesh2.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-102538\" class=\"wp-image-102538\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/rohingya-burma-myanmar-bangladesh2-1024x435.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/rohingya-burma-myanmar-bangladesh2-1024x435.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/rohingya-burma-myanmar-bangladesh2-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/rohingya-burma-myanmar-bangladesh2-768x326.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/rohingya-burma-myanmar-bangladesh2.jpg 1472w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-102538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a9 Amnesty International<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>21 Nov 2017 &#8211; <\/em>The Rohingya people in Myanmar are trapped in a vicious system of state-sponsored, institutionalised discrimination that amounts to apartheid, said Amnesty International today as it publishes a major new analysis into the root causes of the current crisis in Rakhine State.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/documents\/asa16\/7484\/2017\/en\/\" ><em>\u201cCaged without a roof\u201d<\/em><\/a> puts into context the recent wave of violence in Myanmar, when the security forces killed Rohingya people, torched whole villages to the ground, and drove more than 600,000 to flee across the border into Bangladesh.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>\u201cThe Myanmar authorities are keeping Rohingya women, men and children segregated and cowed in a dehumanising system of apartheid. Their rights are violated daily and the repression has only intensified in recent years.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>&#8212; Anna Neistat, Amnesty International\u2019s Senior Director for Research <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The two-year investigation reveals how authorities severely restrict virtually all aspects of Rohingyas\u2019 lives in Rakhine State and have confined them to what amounts to a ghetto-like existence where they struggle to access healthcare, education or in some areas even to leave their villages. The current situation meets every requirement of the legal definition of the crime against humanity of apartheid.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Myanmar authorities are keeping Rohingya women, men and children segregated and cowed in a dehumanising system of apartheid. Their rights are violated daily and the repression has only intensified in recent years,\u201d said Anna Neistat, Amnesty International\u2019s Senior Director for Research.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis system appears designed to make Rohingyas\u2019 lives as hopeless and humiliating as possible. The security forces\u2019 brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing in the past three months is just another extreme manifestation of this appalling attitude.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAlthough these rights violations may not be as visible as those that have hit the headlines in recent months, they are just as horrific. The root causes of the current crisis must be addressed to end the cycle of abuse and make it possible for Rohingya refugees to return to a situation where their rights and dignity are respected.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rakhine State: An open-air prison<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While Rohingya have faced systematic, government-sponsored discrimination in Myanmar for decades, Amnesty International\u2019s investigation reveals how such repression has intensified dramatically since 2012, when violence between Buddhist and Muslim communities swept the state.<\/p>\n<p>Rohingya in Rakhine State are essentially sealed off from the outside world and face severe restrictions on their freedom of movement that confine them to their villages and townships. These restrictions are put in place through an intricate web of national laws, \u201clocal orders\u201d and policies implemented by state officials displaying openly racist behaviour.<\/p>\n<p>A regulation in effect across Rakhine State clearly states that \u201cforeigners\u201d and \u201cBengali races [a pejorative term for the Rohingya]\u201d need special permits to travel between townships. In northern Rakhine State, where the majority of the Rohingya lived until the recent exodus, even travel between villages is heavily restricted by a system of permissions. Arbitrary curfews have been harshly and continually imposed in predominantly Rohingya areas for the last five years.<\/p>\n<p>In central Rakhine State, Rohingya are kept tightly locked down in their villages and displacement camps. In some areas they are not allowed to use roads and can only travel by waterways, and only to other Muslim villages.<\/p>\n<p>For Rohingya who do manage to obtain permission to travel in northern Rakhine State, frequent checkpoints mostly staffed by Border Guard Police (BGP) are a constant menace, where they are regularly harassed, forced to pay bribes, physically assaulted or arrested.<\/p>\n<p>One Rohingya man described witnessing such abuse when the bus he travelled on was stopped by police: \u201cThere were four police in total, two of them beat the guys with a cane on their backs, shoulders and thighs. Another slapped the lady four or five times with his hand. [\u2026] After that they took them to the police station.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>While conducting research for the report, Amnesty International staff saw first-hand a border guard kicking a Rohingya man at a checkpoint, and documented at least one case of an extrajudicial execution, when BGP officers shot dead a 23-year-old man travelling during curfew hours.<\/p>\n<p>During the violence in 2012, tens of thousands of Rohingya were driven out of urban areas in Rakhine State, in particular the state capital Sittwe. Today some 4,000 remain in the town where they live in a ghetto-like area sealed off with barbed wire barricades and police checkpoints. They are at risk of arrest or violence from the surrounding community if they try to leave.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A life on the brink of survival<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The restrictions on movement are having a devastating impact on the daily lives of hundreds of thousands of Rohingya who have been pushed to the brink of survival.<\/p>\n<p>While the quality of hospitals and clinics in Rakhine State is generally poor for all communities, Rohingya face serious and often life-threatening barriers in accessing health care.<\/p>\n<p>Rohingya are denied access to Sittwe hospital, the highest-quality medical facility in Rakhine State, except for in extremely acute cases. Even then they require authorization from the Rakhine State authorities and travel under police escort. In northern Rakhine State, many see no choice but to travel to Bangladesh to access the health care they need, but this trip can often be prohibitively expensive for all but the wealthiest families.<\/p>\n<p>One man in his 50s said: \u201cI wanted to go to Sittwe hospital for medical treatment, but it\u2019s forbidden, the hospital staff told me I couldn\u2019t go to there for my own safety and said I needed to go to Bangladesh for treatment. It cost a lot of money. My brother has many paddy fields and oxen and he had to sell some of these to pay for the travel. I was lucky\u2026 most people cannot afford this, so they just end up dying.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Outside of northern Rakhine State, only a few medical facilities are accessible for Rohingyas. There, they are kept in separate \u201cMuslim wards\u201d which are guarded by police. One aid worker compared one such ward to a \u201cprison hospital\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Several Rohingya described how they had to pay bribes to hospital staff and police guards if they wanted to call family members or purchase food from outside. Others avoided hospitals altogether \u2013 fearing abuses by doctors and nurses, or thinking they would not be offered care at all.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDenying Rohingya access to medical care is abhorrent \u2013 we spoke to women who said they would rather give birth at home in unsanitary conditions than risk abuse and extortion at hospitals,\u201d said Anna Neistat.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>\u201cIt is very challenging at the moment because we don\u2019t have enough to eat. We would be better in jail or prison because at least then we would have food regularly. It is like we live in a prison anyway.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>&#8212; 25-year-old Rohingya man <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Since 2012, Myanmar authorities have tightened restrictions on Rohingyas\u2019 access to education. In large parts of Rakhine State, Rohingya children are no longer allowed into previously mixed government schools at all, while government teachers often refuse to travel to Muslim areas.<\/p>\n<p>With higher education largely off limits for Rohingya, many people Amnesty International spoke to expressed a sense of despair and hopelessness about the future.<\/p>\n<p>Tightened restrictions on travel have also affected many Rohingyas\u2019 ability to earn a living or to put enough food on the table. People selling produce have been cut off from trade routes and markets, while farmers are often prevented from working their fields. Malnutrition and poverty have become the norm among Rohingya in the affected areas, a situation the authorities have compounded by severely restricting humanitarian access.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt is very challenging at the moment because we don\u2019t have enough to eat. We would be better in jail or prison because at least then we would have food regularly. It is like we live in a prison anyway,\u201d said one 25-year-old Rohingya man.<\/p>\n<p>A ban on gatherings of more than four people, applying specifically to Muslim-majority areas, also means that Rohingya \u2013 the overwhelming majority of whom are Muslim \u2013 are effectively banned from worshipping together. Authorities in Myanmar have also sealed off mosques, leaving Muslim places of worship to decay.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Denial of citizenship<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Underpinning the discrimination against Rohingya is their lack of legal rights in Myanmar. At the heart of this are discriminatory laws and practices, in particular the 1982 Citizenship Act, which have effectively denied citizenship to Rohingya on the basis of their ethnicity.<\/p>\n<p>Amnesty International\u2019s research also reveals how Myanmar authorities have engaged in a deliberate campaign to strip Rohingya of even the limited forms of identification they do possess. Since 2016, the government has made it extremely cumbersome for Rohingya to register newborn babies on \u201chousehold lists\u201d \u2013 often Rohingya families\u2019 only proof of residence in Myanmar. Meanwhile, in northern Rakhine State, those who are not home for annual \u201cpopulation checks\u201d risk being deleted from official records altogether.<\/p>\n<p>One consequence of this campaign is that it has become virtually impossible for Rohingya who have fled the country to return to their homes. This is particularly concerning since the military operations in 2016 and 2017 have driven close to 700,000 Rohingya to flee into Bangladesh, where they are living in refugee camps in desperate conditions.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cRestoring the rights and legal status of Rohingya, and amending the country\u2019s discriminatory citizenship laws is urgently needed \u2013 both for those who remain in the country and those who wish to return. Rohingya who have fled persecution in Myanmar cannot be asked to return to a system of apartheid,\u201d said Anna Neistat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dismantling the system of apartheid<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Amnesty International has, through a thorough legal analysis of this extensive body of evidence concluded, that the Myanmar authorities\u2019 treatment of the Rohingya amounts to apartheid, defined as a crime against humanity under the Convention against Apartheid and the Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court.<\/p>\n<p>Myanmar is legally obliged to dismantle the apartheid system in Rakhine State, and must also ensure accountability for those responsible for committing acts that amount to crimes against humanity.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cRakhine State is a crime scene. This was the case long before the vicious campaign of military violence of the last three months. This abhorrent system of discrimination and segregation permeates every aspect of Rohingyas\u2019 lives and unless there are immediate steps to dismantle it, it will remain in place long after the military campaign ends,\u201d said Anna Neistat.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAuthorities cannot rely on hollow arguments about the need for \u2018safety\u2019 or to combat \u2018terrorism\u2019 to impose further restrictions on Rohingya. The repression is unlawful and completely disproportionate. Crimes against humanity can never be justified &#8211; whether as \u2018security measures\u2019 or on any other basis.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe international community must wake up to this daily nightmare and face the reality of what has been happening in Rakhine State for years. While development is an important part of the solution, it cannot be done in a way which further entrenches discrimination. The international community, and in particular donors, must ensure that their engagement does not make them complicit in these violations.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Background: What is apartheid?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Under the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, apartheid is defined as a crime against humanity covering a range of acts, committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and with the intention of maintaining that regime.<\/p>\n<p>Specific acts committed in this context and criminalised as apartheid range from openly violent ones such as murder, rape and torture to legislative, administrative and other measures calculated to prevent a racial group or groups from participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country and deny them basic human rights and freedoms. A clear example of where officials in Rakhine State have combined regulatory and violent acts is the extreme restrictions on freedom of movement on Rohingya, which constitutes the crime of \u201csevere deprivation of physical liberty\u201d as defined in the Rome Statute.<\/p>\n<p>__________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p><em>More:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2017\/10\/myanmar-new-evidence-of-systematic-campaign-to-terrorize-and-drive-rohingya-out\/\" >Myanmar: Crimes against humanity terrorize and drive Rohingya out<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2017\/09\/myanmar-scorched-earth-campaign-fuels-ethnic-cleansing-of-rohingya-from-rakhine-state\/\" >Myanmar: Scorched-earth campaign fuels ethnic cleansing of Rohingya from Rakhine State<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2017\/11\/myanmar-rohingya-trapped-in-dehumanising-apartheid-regime\/?utm_source=twitter&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_term&amp;utm_campaign=social\" >Go to Original \u2013 amnesty.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2022\tRohingya segregated and abused in \u201copen-air prison\u201d<br \/>\n\u2022\tTwo-year investigation reveals root causes of current Rakhine State crisis<br \/>\n\u2022\tSystem of discrimination amounts to the crime against humanity of apartheid<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":51021,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[224],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102537","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-human-rights"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102537","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=102537"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102537\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/51021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102537"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=102537"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=102537"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}