{"id":108735,"date":"2018-04-09T12:00:10","date_gmt":"2018-04-09T11:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=108735"},"modified":"2018-04-04T10:39:00","modified_gmt":"2018-04-04T09:39:00","slug":"us-nuclear-posturing-has-adversaries-gearing-up-not-standing-down","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2018\/04\/us-nuclear-posturing-has-adversaries-gearing-up-not-standing-down\/","title":{"rendered":"US Nuclear Posturing Has Adversaries Gearing Up, Not Standing Down"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>3 Mar 2018 – <\/em>In Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis\u2019 preface to the 2018 U.S. Nuclear Posture Review<\/a> (NPR), he describes its purpose as \u201cto ensure a safe, secure, and effective nuclear deterrent that protects the homeland, assures allies and, above all, deters adversaries.\u201d These are worthy goals, but likely impossible to achieve so long as nuclear weapons exist.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Of course, it is preferable that nuclear weapons be safe in the sense that they will not detonate accidentally, and that they be secure in the sense that they cannot be stolen by others or triggered by a cyber attack. These are basically physical problems which can be engineered and guarded against, although surely not perfectly.<\/p>\n

Despite the desire to achieve perfection, it is not possible for humans to do so, as demonstrated through the years of the Nuclear Age by many accidents, miscalculations and close calls.<\/p>\n

The biggest problem with a nuclear deterrent force arises from any attempt to determine its effectiveness. How can possessors of nuclear weapons assure that their nuclear weapons are effective in providing a deterrent to another nuclear-armed country? The answer is that they cannot do so in any physical sense.<\/p>\n

The nuclear deterrent force of a country relies instead on creating psychological barriers. If a nuclear deterrent force is effective in protecting a country and its allies, an adversary would refrain from attacking due to fear of retaliation. Since nuclear deterrence operates at the psychological level, one can never be sure it is effective. Or, it may only appear to be effective until it fails and failure could be catastrophic.<\/p>\n

Mattis also refers to a \u201ccredible\u201d nuclear deterrent. Presumably, to be effective, a nuclear deterrent force would need to be credible to an adversary, but credibility is also a psychological term. It encompasses not only the size and power of a nuclear arsenal, but a belief in a particular leader\u2019s willingness to actually use the nuclear weapons should deterrence fail.<\/p>\n

It is interesting that in the 2018 NPR<\/a> (the Trump NPR), as with previous NPRs, there is allowance for the possible failure of nuclear deterrence. This should not be reassuring to anyone. Mattis ties the need to modernize the U.S. nuclear arsenal to the credibility of the nuclear deterrent force. He also ties credibility to \u201censuring that our diplomats continue to speak from a position of strength on matters of war and peace.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

\u00a9 Getty Images<\/p><\/div>\n

The 2018 NPR points the finger at Russia, China, North Korea and Iran. Russia and China are accused of modernizing their nuclear arsenals, making it necessary for the U.S. to do the same. It points out that Russia, in addition to its seizure of Crimea, has military strategies reliant on nuclear escalation. It talks about China \u201cexpanding its already considerable forces,\u201d but fails to mention that China has a policy of minimum deterrence and has made a pledge of No First Use of nuclear weapons.<\/p>\n

Nor does the 2018 NPR mention that both Russia and China have reacted to the U.S. placing missile defense installations strategically near their borders, or that this has only been possible due to the 2002 U.S. unilateral withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty<\/a>, which severely limited ABM deployments.<\/p>\n

Despite the promising interactions between North and South Korean athletes at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Trump has imposed tough sanctions on North Korea and upped his threats toward the country. Personalizing his message, Trump menacingly stated<\/a>, \u201cIf the sanctions don\u2019t work, we\u2019ll have to go to Phase 2. Phase 2 may be a very rough thing. May be very, very unfortunate for the world.\u201d This is the dangerous and threatening rhetoric of a madman.<\/p>\n

Trump has also failed to certify Iran\u2019s compliance with the nuclear deal, leaving open the possibility of killing the deal and increasing the odds of yet another war and Iran\u2019s return to its previous nuclear program.<\/p>\n

Mattis concludes his preface to the Trump NPR by acknowledging the vital role played by U.S. servicemen and civilians \u201cin maintaining a safe, secure, and ready nuclear force.\u201d The fact that the U.S. nuclear deterrent force is \u201cready\u201d is not necessarily a blessing and should be of little comfort to Americans or anyone else. We are all part of \u201cthe world\u201d that Trump is threatening to punish if North Korea does not submit to his will. He should be impeached now, before he does something \u201cvery, very unfortunate for the world.\u201d<\/p>\n

The 2018 NPR calls for new and smaller nuclear weapons, those that would make it easier to cross the barrier into nuclear war. The NPR also chooses to keep all three legs of the nuclear triad: intercontinental ballistic missiles, bomber aircraft and submarine launched ballistic missiles.<\/p>\n

There can be little doubt that the U.S. nuclear posture will spur other nuclear-armed countries to do the same, thus assuring new arms races and increased nuclear dangers ahead. One has to wonder if the expensive and provocative technological modernization of the U.S. nuclear arsenal and other nuclear policies set forth in the 2018 NPR will be what takes us from the Nuclear Age back to the dark ages.<\/p>\n

______________________________________________<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>David Krieger is founder and president of the <\/em>Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, and a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment<\/a>. <\/em>Amongst several of his wide-spanning leadership endeavors in global peacebuilding, he is a founder and a member of the Global Council of Abolition 2000, councilor on the World Future Council, and is the chair of the Executive Committee of the International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility. Dr. Krieger is the author of many books and studies of peace in the Nuclear Age. He has written or edited more than 20 books and hundreds of articles and book chapters. He is a recipient of several awards and honors, including the OMNI Center for Peace, Justice and Ecology Peace Writing Award for Poetry (2010)<\/em>. He<\/em> has a new collection of poems entitled <\/em>Wake Up.\u00a0 For more visit the <\/em>Nuclear Age Peace Foundation website: www.wagingpeace.org<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Go to Original \u2013 thehill.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

3 Mar 2018 – The biggest problem with a nuclear deterrent force arises in attempts to determine its effectiveness. How can possessors of nuclear weapons assure that their nuclear weapons are effective in being a deterrent? The answer is that they cannot do so in any physical sense. The nuclear deterrent force relies instead on creating psychological barriers. Since it operates at the psychological level, one can never be sure it is effective. Or, it may only appear to be effective until it fails, and failure could be catastrophic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":71632,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-108735","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-transcend-members"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108735","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=108735"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108735\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/71632"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108735"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=108735"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=108735"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}