{"id":129735,"date":"2019-03-25T12:00:26","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T12:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=129735"},"modified":"2019-04-01T11:49:35","modified_gmt":"2019-04-01T10:49:35","slug":"brazil-to-open-indigenous-reserves-to-mining-without-indigenous-consent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2019\/03\/brazil-to-open-indigenous-reserves-to-mining-without-indigenous-consent\/","title":{"rendered":"Brazil to Open Indigenous Reserves to Mining without Indigenous Consent"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_129736\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-129736\" class=\"wp-image-129736\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-129736\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An industrial mining operation in Brazil. Note the forest at the edge of the open pit mine. Photo credit: Norsk Hydro ASA via VisualHunt.com \/ CC BY-NC-SA.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>New Minister of Mines and Energy Admiral Bento Albuquerque announced on 4 March that he plans to permit mining on indigenous lands in Brazil, including within the Amazon. He also said that he intends to allow mining right up to Brazil\u2019s borders, abolishing the current ban along a 150-kilometer (93-mile)-wide swath at the frontier.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The Bolsonaro administration\u2019s indigenous mining plan is in direct opposition to indigenous land rights as guaranteed under Brazil\u2019s 1988 Constitution. The indigenous mining initiative will likely be implemented via a presidential decree, which will almost surely be reviewed, and possibly be rejected, by Brazil\u2019s Supreme Court.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Mining companies stand ready to move into indigenous reserves, if the measure goes forward. Brazil\u2019s mining ministry has received 4,073 requests from mining companies and individuals for mining-related activities on indigenous land. Indigenous groups are outraged and they plan to resist in the courts and by whatever means possible.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Brazil\u2019s mining industry has a very poor safety and environmental record. As recently as January, Brazil mega-mining company Vale saw a tailings dam collapse at Brumadinho which killed 193 and left another 115 missing. Public outcry is strong against the industry currently, but how the public will respond to the indigenous mining plan isn\u2019t yet known.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous2.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-129737\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous2.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous2-300x114.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous2-768x291.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous2-1024x387.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>14 Mar 2019 &#8211; <\/em>For many years, international and Brazilian mining companies have dreamed of getting access to the mineral wealth lying beneath indigenous lands. And finally, the government of Jair Bolsonaro seems determined to give them that opportunity. On 4 March, while Brazilians were distracted by Carnival celebrations, the new Minister of Mines and Energy Admiral Bento Albuquerque <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistaforum.com.br\/ministro-anuncia-abertura-de-terras-indigenas-para-mineracao-a-estrangeiros-durante-o-carnaval\/\" >announced<\/a> plans to permit mining on indigenous land.<\/p>\n<p>Speaking at the annual convention of the Prospectors &amp; Developers Association of Canada (PDAC), a major event in the mining world that attracts tens-of-thousands of attendees, the Minister said that Brazil\u2019s indigenous people would be given a voice but not a veto in the matter. The opening of indigenous ancestral territories to mining, he predicted, would \u201cbring benefits to these communities and to the country.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He also said that he intends to allow mining right up to Brazil\u2019s borders, abolishing the current 150-kilometer (93-mile) wide mining buffer zone at the frontier.<\/p>\n<p>The minister <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.revistaforum.com.br\/ministro-anuncia-abertura-de-terras-indigenas-para-mineracao-a-estrangeiros-durante-o-carnaval\/\" >said<\/a> that current mining restrictions are outdated. The long-restricted indigenous and border areas \u201chave become centers of conflict and illegal activities, that in no way contribute to sustainable development or to sovereignty and national security.\u201d The administration will shortly be holding a nationwide consultation to discuss how the changes should be made, he concluded.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_129738\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/20181130-jair-bolsonaro-miinister-of-energy.jpg-credit-Twitter.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-129738\" class=\"wp-image-129738 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/20181130-jair-bolsonaro-miinister-of-energy.jpg-credit-Twitter-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/20181130-jair-bolsonaro-miinister-of-energy.jpg-credit-Twitter-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/20181130-jair-bolsonaro-miinister-of-energy.jpg-credit-Twitter.jpg 680w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-129738\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Jair Bolsonaro (left) with\u00a0new Minister of Mines and Energy Admiral Bento Albuquerque. Image found on Twitter.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Bolsonaro\u2019s indigenous land development agenda<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The minister\u2019s announcement was not unexpected. President Jair Bolsonaro, an ex-army captain, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/sep\/06\/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-tropical-trump-who-hankers-for-days-of-dictatorship\" >has said<\/a> that he admires the 1964-85 military dictatorship, and some are drawing parallels between Bolsonaro\u2019s policies and theirs regarding indigenous and quilombola communities.<\/p>\n<p>Bolsonaro recently <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/g1.globo.com\/politica\/noticia\/2019\/01\/02\/bolsonaro-diz-que-vai-integrar-indios-e-quilombolas.ghtml\" >wrote<\/a> on Twitter: \u201cOver 15 percent of national territory is demarcated as indigenous and quilombola land. Less than a million people live in these isolated areas, exploited and manipulated by NGOs. We are going to integrate these citizens.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Back in 1976, Maur\u00edcio Rangel Reis, Interior Minister in the military government of General Ernesto Geisel, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ihu.unisinos.br\/587237-estimulo-a-exploracao-de-terras-indigenas-visa-ao-franqueamento-de-terras-publicas-para-o-agronegocio-entrevista-especial-com-marco-antonio-delfino-de-almeida\" >expressed harsh views<\/a> toward indigenous peoples: \u201cWe plan to reduce the number of Indians from 220,000 to 20,000 in ten years,\u201d he declared. But the military didn\u2019t achieve this goal. Far from being eliminated, Brazil\u2019s indigenous numbers increased to their current 900,000 population.<\/p>\n<p>Indigenous groups achieved real gains after the military government passed into history, and its dictatorial rule was supplanted by the progressive 1988 Brazilian constitution, which brought two important innovations. It abandoned the goal of assimilating indigenous people into the dominant culture (a goal Bolsonaro wants to reinstate), and it affirmed the concept of \u201coriginal rights,\u201d recognizing indigenous peoples as Brazil\u2019s first inhabitants, with the right to remain on ancestral lands.<\/p>\n<p>Article 231 of the Constitution states: \u201cIndians have the right to the permanent occupation of their traditional land and to enjoy the exclusive use of the wealth in the soil, rivers and lakes.\u201d Moreover, their land rights are \u201cinalienable.\u201d The Constitution allows for mining on indigenous land, but only after the Indians have been consulted and specific procedures for doing so, approved by them, have been ratified by Congress.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_129739\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazilian-amazon.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-129739\" class=\"wp-image-129739\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazilian-amazon.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazilian-amazon.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazilian-amazon-300x212.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-129739\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mining industry and individual prospecting requests on indigenous land as filed with the federal government. Map by Mauricio Torres using data provided by the Departamento Nacional de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Mineral.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Admiral Albuquerque\u2019s recent announcement provided no clue as to how the Bolsonaro government could legally give indigenous groups a voice but no veto regarding use of their lands, while somehow staying within the letter of constitutional law.<\/p>\n<p>The Ministry of Mines and Energy has, however, confirmed to Mongabay that it plans to authorize mining on indigenous areas. Though, as to the legal mechanisms for doing so, it would only say that \u201cthe specific regulatory model will be discussed with Congress and other involved parties.\u201d Though its reports are unconfirmed, analysts suggest Bolsonaro will probably issue <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/economia.uol.com.br\/noticias\/estadao-conteudo\/2019\/01\/03\/producao-agricola-em-terras-indigenas-deve-ser-liberada.htm\" >a presidential decree<\/a> to allow mining, which is the approach he plans to use <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2019\/02\/brazil-wants-to-legalize-agribusiness-leasing-of-indigenous-lands\/\" >to permit agribusiness to lease land<\/a> within indigenous reserves \u00ad\u2013 a move that faces a similar constitutional roadblock.<\/p>\n<p>If it goes forward with these presidential decrees, the administration will very likely face opposition from powerful figures in the judiciary, including the country\u2019s top prosecutor. Speaking at a conference attended by representatives of some of Brazil\u2019s 305 indigenous tribes, advocacy groups and a dozen European nations, Prosecutor General Raquel Dodge noted that indigenous land rights are guaranteed in Brazil\u2019s Constitution and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-brazil-indigenous\/brazil-prosecutor-warns-bolsonaro-government-on-indigenous-land-rights-idUSKCN1PH2W4\" >warned<\/a>: \u201cThere can be no backsliding on public policies toward the indigenous people.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Amazonas branch of the Federal Public Ministry (MPF), an independent group of federal and state litigators, is so concerned at Bolsonaro\u2019s mining plan that in February it <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mpf.mp.br\/am\/sala-de-imprensa\/docs\/acao-civil-publica-mineracao-terra-indigena\" >went to court<\/a> to ask the National Mining Agency (Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Minera\u00e7\u00e3o, ANM), the federal body that administers the mining sector, to turn down all requests by international and Brazilian mining companies to prospect or mine on indigenous land.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_129740\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazilian-amazon2.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-129740\" class=\"wp-image-129740\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazilian-amazon2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazilian-amazon2.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazilian-amazon2-300x212.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-129740\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mining industry has not only made prospecting requests (red) within indigenous reserves (yellow), but also on other conserved lands (green).\u00a0Map by Mauricio Torres using data provided by the Departamento Nacional de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Mineral.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>According to the MPF, mining companies and individuals have altogether lodged 4,073 requests with the ANM for mining-related activities on indigenous land since 1969, seemingly in preparation for an eventual land rush. The companies say that they are only registering their interest, but MPF argues that, until the required constitutional amendments have been written and approved by Congress, such requests should not even be permitted.<\/p>\n<p>Brazil\u2019s indigenous peoples have clearly indicated that if the mining plan goes forward they will fight back. Most don\u2019t want mining on their land. Munduruku female warrior Maria Leuza Munduruku told Mongabay: \u201cWe\u2019ve had a lot of outsiders coming onto our land to mine. Many fish disappear and the ones that remain we can\u2019t eat, as they\u2019re dirty.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Joenia Wapichana, Brazil\u2019s only indigenous female federal deputy, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www1.folha.uol.com.br\/poder\/2019\/01\/temos-de-mudar-ideia-de-que-impedimos-desenvolvimento-diz-deputada-indigena.shtml\" >said<\/a> that Indians don\u2019t want the money mining might bring in: \u201cFor us indigenous people wealth is having health, land to live on without receiving threats, a stable climate, demarcated land, a preserved culture and respect for our community.\u201d Brazil\u2019s mining environmental and safety record is marred by frequent <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2018\/04\/anglo-american-iron-ore-pipeline-suffers-second-rupture-in-brazil\/\" >waterway<\/a> contamination and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2018\/02\/norsk-hydro-accused-of-amazon-toxic-spill-admits-clandestine-pipeline\/\" >land pollution<\/a>, and includes <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/by\/zoe-sullivan-and-caio-de-freitas-paes\/\" >two deadly tailings dam collapses<\/a> in the past three years,<\/p>\n<p>Davi Kopenawa Yanomami, one of Brazil\u2019s best-known indigenous leaders, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apublica.org\/2016\/06\/em-terra-de-indio-a-mineracao-bate-a-porta-2\/\" >says<\/a> that large-scale mining by big companies is particularly harmful: \u201cThis kind of mining requires roads to transport the mineral, large areas to store production, big dormitories where workers can sleep. It will transform our forest.\u201d A 2017 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2017\/11\/mining-activity-causing-nearly-10-percent-of-amazon-deforestation\/\" >study<\/a> found that mining and its auxiliary activities caused 10 percent of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon between 2005 and 2015. How much Amazon deforestation might skyrocket if indigenous reserves are opened to mining now is anyone\u2019s guess; indigenous groups are currently the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2017\/04\/indigenous-groups-amazons-best-land-stewards-under-federal-attack\/\" >Amazon\u2019s best land stewards<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mining companies in the driver\u2019s seat<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>After last year\u2019s election, the pro-mining lobby in Congress, known by some as the \u201cmud lobby,\u201d is stronger than ever.<\/p>\n<p>Their main spokesperson, federal deputy Leonardo Quint\u00e3o, is a member of Bolsonaro\u2019s Civil Office. He openly <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aagencia.info\/leonardo-quintao-mineradoras-casa-civil\/\" >admits<\/a> to receiving money from mining companies: \u201cI am a parliamentarian legally financed by mining companies,\u201d he says. Quint\u00e3o was the first rapporteur for Brazil\u2019s new Mining Code, presented to the National Congress in 2013, which mining companies helped him formulate. He is proud of his work: \u201cOur Code is modern\u2026 outlawing all kind of speculation in the mining sector.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But others complain of Congress\u2019s failure to talk to potentially impacted communities when planning the new code. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brasildefato.com.br\/2017\/02\/10\/artigo-or-o-que-esta-colocado-para-o-codigo-da-mineracao-em-2017\/\" >According to anthropologist Maria J\u00falia Zanon<\/a>, who coordinates the Movement for Popular Sovereignty in Mining (Movimento pela Soberania Popular na Minera\u00e7\u00e3o), \u201cThe companies\u2019 economic interests, evident in the elections, help explain the lack of democracy in the [congressional approval] process.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As of now, the new Mining Code has yet to be signed into law, and the horrific Vale mining disaster in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/photo\/2019\/01\/photos-of-the-dam-collapse-near-brumadinho-brazil\/581446\/\" >Brumadinho<\/a> this January, with 193 people dead and another 115 missing, might further delay approval. Andr\u00e9a Zhouri, at the University of Minas Gerais, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/2019\/01\/brazil-brumadinho-mine-tailings-dam-disaster-could-have-been-avoided-say-environmentalists\/\" >said<\/a> the disaster stemmed from \u201cpolitico-institutional failures,\u201d particularly a lack in regular monitoring of hazardous mining operations. \u201cThe [value of] ore is above everything and everyone,\u201d Zhouri said.<\/p>\n<p>There has been little indication so far that the government intends to significantly toughen environmental controls in the new Code. Some fear that, once the Brumadinho hue and cry dies down, it will be business as usual and the Mining Code will be approved. Prosecutor Guilherme de S\u00e1 Meneghin, who led the investigation into the earlier <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2016\/06\/1-6-million-brazilians-struggle-to-recover-from-fundao-toxic-waste-spill\/\" >Mariana mining disaster<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.infomoney.com.br\/mercados\/politica\/noticia\/7889005\/de-mariana-a-brumadinho-como-a-tragedia-se-repete-3-anos-depois-e-o-que-mudou-de-la-para-ca\" >said<\/a>: \u201cWhat we clearly see is that Brazil doesn\u2019t learn the lessons of history.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Today, mining companies chomp at the bit, having registered many prospecting requests within indigenous reserves. Minister Albuquerque \u2013 an admiral with a long, illustrious military career, and known for getting what he wants \u2013 has signalled readiness to help those firms translate their plans into action. However, Brazil\u2019s indigenous people, with a history of batting away threats, often against bad odds, are ready to fiercely resist. The lines are drawn for battle, likely in the courts, and potentially all across Brazil.<\/p>\n<p>Banner image:\u00a0Truck being loaded with bauxite ore at Brazil\u2019s Norsk Hydro ASA Paragominas mine. Mining is conducted today on a vast scale, and is already resulting in major deforestation in the Amazon. Photo credit: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/norskhydro\/10982126084\/\" >Norsk Hydro ASA<\/a> via <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/visualhunt.com\/re\/0b0071\" >Visual Hunt<\/a> \/ <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/\" >CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_129741\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous3.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-129741\" class=\"wp-image-129741\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous3.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/brazil-mining-indigenous3-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-129741\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest and topsoil must first be removed before ore can be accessed at Brazil\u2019s Norsk Hydro ASA Paragominas open pit mine. Such industrial processes would be highly destructive of Brazil\u2019s forests, indigenous reserves and cultures.<br \/>Photo credit: Norsk Hydro ASA via VisualHunt \/ CC BY-NC-SA.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2019\/03\/brazil-to-open-indigenous-reserves-to-mining-without-indigenous-consent\/\" >Go to Original \u2013 mongabay.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>14 Mar 2019 &#8211; For many years, international and Brazilian mining companies have dreamed of getting access to the mineral wealth lying beneath indigenous lands. And finally, the government of Jair Bolsonaro seems determined to give them that opportunity. On 4 March, while Brazilians were distracted by Carnival celebrations, the new Minister of Mines and Energy Admiral Bento Albuquerque announced plans to permit mining on indigenous land.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":129736,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[224,180,53,55,221],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-129735","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-human-rights","category-brics","category-latin-america-and-the-caribbean","category-capitalism","category-indigenous-rights"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/129735","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=129735"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/129735\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/129736"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=129735"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=129735"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=129735"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}