{"id":13175,"date":"2011-06-27T12:00:38","date_gmt":"2011-06-27T11:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=13175"},"modified":"2011-06-27T12:20:20","modified_gmt":"2011-06-27T11:20:20","slug":"%e2%80%98safety-myth%e2%80%99-left-japan-ripe-for-nuclear-crisis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2011\/06\/%e2%80%98safety-myth%e2%80%99-left-japan-ripe-for-nuclear-crisis\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Safety Myth\u2019 Left Japan Ripe for Nuclear Crisis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Shika, Japan <\/em>\u2014 Near a nuclear power plant<\/a> facing the Sea of Japan, a series of exhibitions in a large public relations building<\/a> here extols the virtues of the energy source with some help from \u201cAlice in Wonderland.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s terrible, just terrible,\u201d the White Rabbit says in the first exhibit. \u201cWe\u2019re running out of energy, Alice.\u201d<\/p>\n

A Dodo robot figure, swiveling to address Alice and the visitors to the building, declares that there is an \u201cace\u201d form of energy called nuclear power. It is clean, safe and renewable if you reprocess uranium and plutonium, the Dodo says.<\/p>\n

\u201cWow, you can even do that!\u201d Alice says of nuclear power. \u201cYou could say that it\u2019s optimal for resource-poor Japan<\/a>!\u201d<\/p>\n

Over several decades, Japan\u2019s nuclear establishment has devoted vast resources to persuade the Japanese public of the safety and necessity of nuclear power. Plant operators built lavish, fantasy-filled public relations buildings that became tourist attractions. Bureaucrats spun elaborate advertising campaigns through a multitude of organizations established solely to advertise the safety of nuclear plants. Politicians pushed through the adoption of government-mandated school textbooks with friendly views of nuclear power.<\/p>\n

The result was the widespread adoption of the belief \u2014 called the \u201csafety myth\u201d \u2014 that Japan\u2019s nuclear power plants were absolutely safe. Japan single-mindedly pursued nuclear power even as Western nations distanced themselves from it.<\/p>\n

The belief helps explains why in the only nation to have been attacked with atomic bombs, the Japanese acceptance of nuclear power was so strong that the accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl barely registered. Even with the crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the reaction against nuclear power has been much stronger in Europe and the United States than in Japan itself.<\/p>\n

As the Japanese continue to search for answers to the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, some are digging deep into the national psyche and examining a national propensity to embrace a belief now widely seen as irrational. Because of this widespread belief in Japanese plants\u2019 absolute safety, plant operators and nuclear regulators failed to adopt proper safety measures and advances in technology, like emergency robots, experts and government officials acknowledge.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn Japan, we have something called the \u2018safety myth,\u2019\u00a0\u201d Banri Kaieda<\/a>, who runs the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, which oversees the nuclear industry, said at a news conference at an International Atomic Energy Agency meeting in Vienna on Monday. \u201cIt\u2019s a fact that there was an unreasonable overconfidence in the technology of Japan\u2019s nuclear power generation.\u201d<\/p>\n

As a result, he said, the nuclear industry\u2019s \u201cthinking about safety had a poor foundation.\u201d<\/p>\n

Japan\u2019s government has concentrated its propaganda and educational efforts on creating such national beliefs in the past, most notably during World War II. The push for nuclear power underpinned postwar Japan\u2019s focus on economic growth and its dream of greater energy independence. But as the carefully fostered belief in nuclear safety has dissipated in the three months after the March 11 disaster, Japanese are increasingly blaming the nuclear establishment for Fukushima. In a politically apathetic country, tens of thousands have regularly held protests against nuclear power<\/a>. Young Japanese have used social media to organize and publicize demonstrations that have been virtually ignored by major newspapers and television networks.<\/p>\n

A song, \u201cIt Was Always a Lie,\u201d has become an anthem at the protests and a vehicle for Japanese anger on the Internet. Its author, a famous singer named Kazuyoshi Saito<\/a>, wrote it by changing the lyrics of a love ballad, \u201cI Always Liked You,\u201d that he composed last year for a commercial for Shiseido, the cosmetics giant. Mr. Saito\u2019s performance of the song, surreptitiously uploaded on YouTube<\/a> and other sites, has gone viral.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf you walk across this country, you\u2019ll find 54 nuclear reactors\/School textbooks and commercials told us they were safe,\u201d the song goes.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was always a lie, it\u2019s been exposed after all\/It was really a lie that nuclear power is safe.\u201d<\/p>\n

Caught Unprepared<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the days after a giant tsunami knocked out Fukushima Daiichi\u2019s cooling system, the prime minister\u2019s office and the Tokyo Electric Power Company, or Tepco, the plant\u2019s operator, wrestled over whether to inject cooling seawater into the reactor buildings<\/a> to prevent catastrophic meltdowns, and then over how to do it.<\/p>\n

With radiation levels too high for workers to approach the reactors, the Japanese authorities floundered. They sent police trucks mounted with water cannons \u2014 equipment designed to disperse rioters \u2014 to spray water into the reactor buildings. Military helicopters flew over the buildings, dropping water that was scattered off course by strong winds, in a \u201cperformance, a kind of circus\u201d that was aimed more at reassuring an increasingly alarmed Japanese population and American government, said Kenichi Matsumoto, an aide to Prime Minister Naoto Kan.<\/p>\n

What became clear was that Japan lacked some of the basic hardware to respond to a nuclear crisis and, after initial resistance, had to look abroad for help. For a country proud of its technology, the low point occurred on March 31 when it had to use a 203-foot-long water pump \u2014 shipped from China, an export market for Japanese nuclear technology \u2014 to inject 90 tons of fresh water into the No. 1 reactor building. But perhaps more than anything else, the absence of one particular technology was deeply puzzling: emergency robots.<\/p>\n

Japan, after all, is the world\u2019s leader in robotics. It has the world\u2019s largest force of mechanized workers. Its humanoid robots can walk and run on two feet, sing and dance, and even play the violin. But where were the emergency robots at Fukushima?<\/p>\n

The answer is that the operators and nuclear regulators, believing that accidents would never occur, steadfastly opposed the introduction of what they regarded as unnecessary technology.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe plant operators said that robots, which would premise an accident, were not needed,\u201d said Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, 77, an engineer and a former president of the University of Tokyo, Japan\u2019s most prestigious academic institution. \u201cInstead, introducing them would inspire fear, they said. That\u2019s why they said that robots couldn\u2019t be introduced.\u201d<\/p>\n

Even before the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979, Mr. Yoshikawa, a robotics expert, and other researchers began building emergency robots capable of responding to a nuclear accident, eventually producing a prototype called Mooty. The robots were resistant to high levels of radiation and capable of surmounting mounds of rubble.<\/p>\n

But the robots never made it into production, forcing Japan, in the aftermath of Fukushima, to rely on an emergency shipment of robots from iRobot<\/a>, a company in Bedford, Mass., more famous for manufacturing the Roomba vacuum. On Friday, Tepco deployed the first Japanese-made robot, which was retrofitted recently to handle nuclear accidents, but workers had to retrieve it after it malfunctioned.<\/p>\n

The rejection of robots, Mr. Yoshikawa said, was part of the industry\u2019s overall reluctance to improve maintenance and invest in new technologies.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s why the safety myth wasn\u2019t just an empty slogan,\u201d said Mr. Yoshikawa, now the director general of the Center for Research and Development Strategy<\/a> at the Japan Science and Technology Agency. \u201cIt was a kind of mind-set that rejected progress through the introduction of new technology.\u201d<\/p>\n

Entering a New Age<\/strong><\/p>\n

The deliberate effort to rally Japanese behind nuclear power can be traced to the beginning of the atomic age, scholars and experts say.<\/p>\n

In August 1945, Yasuhiro Nakasone, a young naval officer who would become one of postwar Japan\u2019s most powerful prime ministers, was stationed in western Japan.<\/p>\n

\u201cI saw the nuclear mushroom cloud over Hiroshima,\u201d Mr. Nakasone wrote in an essay in the 1960s. \u201cAt that moment, I sensed that the next age was the nuclear age.\u201d<\/p>\n

For many Japanese like Mr. Nakasone, nuclear power became a holy grail \u2014 a way for Japan, whose lack of oil and other natural resources had led to World War II and defeat, to become more energy independent. The mastery of nuclear power would also open the possibility of eventually developing nuclear weapons, a subject that Japan secretly studied when Mr. Nakasone was defense minister in 1970.<\/p>\n

It was precisely because of nuclear power\u2019s possible link to nuclear arms and its close ties to the United States that left-leaning politicians, academics and intellectuals became fierce opponents. As a countermeasure, proponents of nuclear power stressed its absolute safety, so that each side struck extreme positions, a standoff that lasts to this day.<\/p>\n

The nuclear establishment \u2014 led by Tepco among the utilities and the Ministry of Economy \u2014 spent hundreds of millions of dollars on advertising and educational programs emphasizing the safety of nuclear plants. The ministry\u2019s division responsible for nuclear power has budgeted $12 million this year for those programs, said Takanobu Sugimoto, a division spokesman. Mr. Sugimoto said he \u201cregretted\u201d that the ministry might have \u201cstressed only\u201d the plants\u2019 safety.<\/p>\n

The government and the utilities encouraged the creation of many organizations that propagated the message of safety. One of the oldest, the Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization<\/a>, receives 40 percent of its financing from two ministries that oversee nuclear power and 60 percent from Japan\u2019s plant operators. In addition to producing information promoting nuclear power, the organization sends nuclear power experts to speak at secondary schools and colleges, at no cost.<\/p>\n

Mitsuhiro Yokote, 67, the executive managing director of the organization and a former nuclear engineer at the Kansai Electric Power Company<\/a>, acknowledged that the experts conveyed the message that nuclear plants were absolutely safe. Mr. Yokote said he \u201cregretted\u201d that his organization had contributed to the safety myth.<\/p>\n

In a country where people tend to reflexively trust the government, assurances about the safety of Japan\u2019s plants were enough to reassure even those at greatest risk. In Oma, a fishing town in northern Japan where a plant is currently under construction<\/a>, Chernobyl made no impression on local residents considering the plant back in the 1980s.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat could we do but believe what the government told us?\u201d said Masaru Takahashi, 67, a member of a fishing union in Oma. \u201cWe were told that they were absolutely safe.\u201d<\/p>\n

A Public Relations Drive<\/strong><\/p>\n

After Chernobyl, the nuclear establishment made sure that Japanese kept believing in safety.<\/p>\n

The plant operators built or renovated the public relations buildings \u2014 called \u201cP.R. buildings\u201d \u2014 attached to their plants. Before Chernobyl, the buildings were simple facilities intended to appeal to \u201cadult men interested in technical matters,\u201d said Noriya Sumihara<\/a>, an anthropologist at Tenri University<\/a> who has researched the facilities. Male guides wearing industrial uniforms took visitors around exhibits consisting mostly of wall panels.<\/p>\n

But after Chernobyl, the facilities were transformed into elaborate theme parks geared toward young mothers, the group that research showed was most worried about nuclear plants and radiation, Mr. Sumihara said. Women of childbearing age, whose presence alone was meant to reassure the visitors, were hired as guides.<\/p>\n

In Higashidori, a town in northern Japan, one of the country\u2019s newest P.R. buildings<\/a> is built on the theme of Tonttu, a forest with resident dwarfs. The buildings also holds events with anime characters to attract children and young parents, said Yoshiki Oikawa, a spokesman for the Tohoku Electric Power Company<\/a>, which manages the site with Tepco.<\/p>\n

Here in Shika, more than 100,000 guests last year visited the P.R. building where Alice discovers the wonders of nuclear power. The Caterpillar reassures Alice about radiation and the Cheshire Cat helps her learn about the energy source. Instead of going down a rabbit hole, Alice shrinks after eating a candy and enters a 1:25 scale model of the Shika nuclear plant nearby.<\/p>\n

Since the Fukushima disaster, visitors have started questioning the safety of nuclear power, said Asuka Honda, 27, a guide here. Many were pregnant women worried about the effects of radiation on their unborn children. But the presence of Ms. Honda and other guides, mostly women in their late 20s, seemed to reassure them.<\/p>\n

The nuclear establishment also made sure that government-mandated school textbooks underemphasized information that could cast doubt on the safety of nuclear power. In Parliament, the campaign was led by Tokio Kano<\/a>, a Tepco vice president who became a lawmaker in 1998. Mr. Kano, who declined to be interviewed for this article, returned to Tepco as an adviser after retiring from Parliament last year.<\/p>\n

In 2004, under the influence of Mr. Kano and other proponents of nuclear power, education officials ordered revisions to textbooks before endorsing them. In one junior high school social studies textbook, a reference to the growing antinuclear movement in Europe was deleted. In another, a reference to Chernobyl was relegated to a footnote.<\/p>\n

The effect could be seen in opinion polls that even after Fukushima have indicated that young Japanese are the strongest proponents of nuclear power.<\/p>\n

The nuclear establishment itself came to believe its own safety myth and \u201cbecame entangled in its own net,\u201d said Hitoshi Yoshioka<\/a>, an author of a book on the history of Japan\u2019s nuclear power and a member of a panel<\/a> established by the prime minister to investigate the causes of the Fukushima disaster.<\/p>\n

He said that helped explain why, at Fukushima, Tepco failed to carry out emergency measures in case of a complete loss of power, which is what happened when the tsunami hit in March. Others have said that the nuclear establishment\u2019s embrace of the safety myth also makes it possible to understand what, in hindsight, was the most glaring hole in the safety measures at Japan\u2019s nuclear plants. In the country that gave the world the word tsunami, few measures were taken<\/a> at Fukushima Daiichi or elsewhere to protect plants against the giant waves. Neither the Dodo nor the Caterpillar makes any mention of tsunamis to Alice.<\/p>\n

Kantaro Suzuki contributed reporting.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Go to Original \u2013 nytimes.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Shika, Japan \u2014 Near a nuclear power plant facing the Sea of Japan, a series of exhibitions in a large public relations building here extols the virtues of the energy source with some help from \u201cAlice in Wonderland.\u201d \u201cIt\u2019s terrible, just terrible,\u201d the White Rabbit says in the first exhibit. \u201cWe\u2019re running out of energy, Alice.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analysis"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13175"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13175\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}