{"id":136199,"date":"2019-06-24T12:00:06","date_gmt":"2019-06-24T11:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=136199"},"modified":"2019-06-24T09:14:03","modified_gmt":"2019-06-24T08:14:03","slug":"why-credit-rating-agencies-are-still-getting-away-with-bad-behaviour","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2019\/06\/why-credit-rating-agencies-are-still-getting-away-with-bad-behaviour\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Credit Rating Agencies Are Still Getting Away with Bad Behaviour"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_136200\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fitch-rating-agency-econ-capitalism.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-136200\" class=\"wp-image-136200 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fitch-rating-agency-econ-capitalism-300x242.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fitch-rating-agency-econ-capitalism-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fitch-rating-agency-econ-capitalism-768x620.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fitch-rating-agency-econ-capitalism.jpg 926w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-136200\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rating agencies have been at the centre of major financial crises.\u00a0 Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>23 Jun 2019 &#8211; <\/em>International credit rating agencies have had their fair share of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/credit-rating-controversy\" >controversies<\/a> over the years. They have been at the centre of the major financial crises from the financial markets collapse of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/digital.lib.washington.edu\/researchworks\/bitstream\/handle\/1773\/40208\/Reagan_washington_0250E_17396.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\" >New York City in the mid-1970s<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/36469\/2\/MPRA_paper_36469.pdf\" >Asian financial crisis<\/a> of 1997 \u2013 1998, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2001\/11\/29\/business\/enron-s-collapse-rating-agencies-debt-rankings-finally-fizzle-but-deal-fizzled.html\" >Enron scandal<\/a> of 2001, to the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/truthout.org\/articles\/the-indisputable-role-of-credit-ratings-agencies-in-the-2008-collapse-and-why-nothing-has-changed\/\" >global financial crisis of 2008<\/a>. All of these cost investors globally billions.<\/p>\n<p>Rating agencies are meant to give comfort about an issuer\u2019s ability to repay debt. Ratings are essential in determining the level of interest rate that a borrower must pay. Inaccurate ratings therefore distort both the prices of debt instruments and the interest rates payable on them. As history has shown, this creates asset bubbles that eventually burst, disrupting the functioning of financial markets.<\/p>\n<p>The three dominant international credit rating agencies \u2013 Standard &amp; Poor\u2019s, Moody\u2019s and Fitch \u2013 have been accused of many faults including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rt.com\/business\/421033-sp-credit-agency-lawsuit\/\" >false ratings<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymaverick.co.za\/article\/2018-08-28-moodys-to-pay-16-mn-over-flawed-credit-ratings\/\" >flawed methodology<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li>encroaching on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openaccess.leidenuniv.nl\/bitstream\/handle\/1887\/54340\/2016_Luten_PA_IEG.pdf?sequence=1\" >government policy<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li>political <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0010414017710263\" >bias<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/erf.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Abdullah-Yalta.pdf\" >selective aggression<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li>and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/852a0672-3904-11e4-9cce-00144feabdc0\" >rating shopping<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These shortcomings originate from their \u2018issuer-pay\u2019 business model. The institution being rated pays for the rating which is used by investors. This means that the model has an inherent conflict of interest.<\/p>\n<p>Although this has been evident through various crises \u2013 most notably the financial meltdown in 2008 \u2013 regulatory mechanisms are yet to address this problem. And, despite these known weaknesses, rating agencies are still being referenced in key financial market decisions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why current regulations aren\u2019t working<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228203856_The_Issuer-Pays_Rating_Model_and_Ratings_Inflation_Evidence_from_Corporate_Credit_Ratings\" >number of studies<\/a> have identified the issuer-pay revenue model as a key driver of conflict of interest. Here are four reasons why I think the current attempts to regulate ratings agencies will not address conflict of interest.<\/p>\n<p>The first big problem is the relationship between the rating agencies and the issuers. This relationship naturally creates pressure for both the lead rating analyst \u2013 around which the whole <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.moodys.com\/sites\/products\/ProductAttachments\/mis_ratings_process.pdf\" >rating process<\/a> is centred \u2013 and the ratings committee to give favourable ratings over time.<\/p>\n<p>This is how the process works: after an issuer contracts a rating agency, the ratings agency assigns an analytical team (lead and support analysts) to gather information about the entity from different sources they deem credible. The analytical team makes recommendations to a ratings committee, convened by the lead analyst. The lead analyst also <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.moodys.com\/sites\/products\/ProductAttachments\/mis_ratings_process.pdf\" >determines<\/a> the size and composition of the ratings committee based on the size and the complexity of the credit analysis.<\/p>\n<p>The second problem is that rating agencies are bound to be concerned about the sustainability of their revenue sources because they\u2019re profit driven businesses. They will fight to protect their income at the expense of aggressive or objective ratings that could compromise revenues, although in the long-run will damage their businesses.<\/p>\n<p>The third problem is that the individual employees of a rating agency face no <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23074028?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\" >criminal liability<\/a>. Conflict of interest usually manifests itself through members of the analytical team.<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, the credit ratings industry is highly concentrated. Moody\u2019s Investors Service and Standard &amp; Poor\u2019s together control 80% of the global rating market. Fitch Ratings accounts for a further 15%. The \u2018big three\u2019 credit rating firms seek to maintain dominance in the industry through discouraging any <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/opinion\/online-views\/opinion-rotation-of-credit-rating-agencies-must-be-avoided-1556058549186.html\" >activities<\/a> that may lead to a loss in their market share. They are unwilling to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hbswk.hbs.edu\/item\/why-competition-may-not-improve-credit-rating-agencies\" >allow competition<\/a>, suggesting that it could instead lead to poor ratings.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Responses<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Following the 2008 Global Financial crisis the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/news\/press-release\/2017-238\" >US<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/law\/credit-rating-agencies-regulation-ec-no-1060-2009_en\" >European Union<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.csrc.gov.cn\/pub\/csrc_en\/about\/\" >China<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fsca.co.za\/Regulated%20Entities\/Pages\/LR-Credit-Ratings.aspx\" >South Africa<\/a> introduced legislation to address the flaws in rating agencies\u2019 operations.<\/p>\n<p>Although strict civil laws are necessary to deter misconduct and encourage compliance, enforcing civil regulations only is both an ineffective and expensive way of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=7408&amp;context=jclc\" >curbing conflict of interest<\/a>. Tighter scrutiny of credit rating agencies by investors, regulators and media is also not effective.<\/p>\n<p>Despite these regulatory responses, rating agencies are still being caught on the wrong side of the law. Recent cases are proof of this. But there\u2019s still the possibility that a great deal of wrongdoings go undetected.<\/p>\n<p>Earlier this year the European Securities and Markets Authority <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esma.europa.eu\/press-news\/esma-news\/esma-fines-fitch-%E2%82%AC5132500-breaches-conflict-interest-requirements\" >fined<\/a> the Fitch group of companies in France, Spain and United Kingdom a total of \u20ac5 132 000 for failing to maintain independence and avoiding conflict of interest. Fitch UK, Fitch France and Fitch Spain issued ratings on Casino Guichard-Perrachon, Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, and Renault. This was despite the fact that they knew one of their shareholders \u2013 which indirectly owned 20% shares in each of the Fitch group companies \u2013 was also a board member of the rated companies.<\/p>\n<p>In 2018, China <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2018-08-20\/chinese-rating-company-dagong-issues-apology-after-one-year-ban\" >suspended licences<\/a> held by Dagong Global Credit Rating, one of China\u2019s biggest agencies. Dagong was found guilty of submitting false information to regulators and charging borrowers very high fees, actions that regulators said compromised the rating agency\u2019s independence.<\/p>\n<p>In South Africa, the Financial Sector Conduct Authority recently found the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/gcrratings.com\/regulatory-environment\/\" >Global Credit Rating Agency<\/a> guilty of failure to avoid a conflict of interest. The agency was <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fin24.com\/Companies\/Financial-Services\/hefty-fine-for-credit-rating-agency-over-conflict-of-interest-breach-20190430\" >fined<\/a> an administrative penalty of R487 000. The CEO of the GCR undertook to an issuer, whose credit rating had expired, that the GCR would issue a credit rating. This was contrary to the rules that required the CEO to act separately from the agency\u2019s rating analysis team.<\/p>\n<p>At the time of undertaking, the issuer was the process of procuring the services of a rating agency, a process in which global agency was one of the bidders.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Shortfall in regulatory mechanism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The continuing infringement by credit rating firms on rules and analysts\u2019 actions that compromise the independence of their opinions shows there is a major shortfall in the current regulatory mechanism.<\/p>\n<p>Although problematic, abandoning the \u2018issuer-pay\u2019 business model is not the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3270894\" >solution<\/a> and will push some rating agencies out of business.<\/p>\n<p>The only solution is to criminalise rating misconduct such as breaching conflict of interest. The strict monitoring, scrutiny and penalising of credit rating firms alone will not be enough to deter bad behaviour. Individuals responsible for breach of conflict of interest rules should face criminal prosecution. If this does not happen, analysts will not hesitate to take chances.<\/p>\n<p><em>_________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Misheck-Mutize.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-136201 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Misheck-Mutize-e1561363876128.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/misheck-mutize-331377\" >Misheck Mutize <\/a>&#8211; Lecturer of Finance, Graduate School of Business (GSB), University of Cape Town<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Republish our articles for free, online or in print, under Creative Commons license.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-credit-rating-agencies-are-still-getting-away-with-bad-behaviour-117549?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=Latest%20from%20The%20Conversation%20for%20June%2023%202019%20-%201342112572&amp;utm_content=Latest%20from%20The%20Conversation%20for%20June%2023%202019%20-%201342112572+CID_1dd0acda88f1f38fbcb71a8de67a51a1&amp;utm_source=campaign_monitor_global&amp;utm_term=Why%20credit%20rating%20agencies%20are%20still%20getting%20away%20with%20bad%20behaviour\" >Go to Original \u2013 theconversation.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rating agencies continue to be found wanting, primarily because of their business model where the institution being rated pays. This brings about a conflict of interest which is not easy to resolve.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":136200,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[146],"tags":[1023,232,120,354,287,172,75],"class_list":["post-136199","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economics","tag-banksters","tag-capitalism","tag-conflict","tag-economics","tag-power","tag-west","tag-world"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136199","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136199"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136199\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/136200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136199"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=136199"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=136199"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}