{"id":137231,"date":"2019-07-08T12:00:21","date_gmt":"2019-07-08T11:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=137231"},"modified":"2019-07-15T11:57:23","modified_gmt":"2019-07-15T10:57:23","slug":"amazon-rainforest-on-fire-in-brazil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2019\/07\/amazon-rainforest-on-fire-in-brazil\/","title":{"rendered":"Amazon Rainforest on Fire in Brazil"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Leia em portugu\u00eas<\/span><\/span> <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

On the Front Lines of Bolsonaro\u2019s War on the Amazon, Brazil\u2019s Forest Communities Fight against Climate Catastrophe<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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A view of Indigenous Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau land in the Brazilian state of Rond\u00f4nia being burned on Sept. 24, 2016.
\u00a0Photo: Gabriel Uchida<\/p><\/div>\n

6 Jul 2019 – <\/em>The river basin at the center of Latin America called the Amazon is roughly the size of Australia. Created at the beginning of the world by a smashing of tectonic plates, it was the cradle of inland seas and continental lakes. For the last several million years, it has been blanketed by a teeming tropical biome of 400 billion trees and vegetation so dense and heavy with water, it exhales a fifth of Earth\u2019s oxygen, stores centuries of carbon, and deflects and consumes an unknown but significant amount of solar heat. Twenty percent of the world\u2019s fresh water cycles through its rivers, plants, soils, and air. This moisture fuels and regulates multiple planet-scale systems, including the production of \u201crivers in the air\u201d by evapotranspiration, a ceaseless churning flux in which the forest breathes its water into great hemispheric conveyer belts that carry it as far as the breadbaskets of Argentina and the American Midwest, where it is released as rain.<\/p>\n

In the last half-century, about one-fifth of this forest, or some 300,000 square miles, has been cut and burned in Brazil, whose borders contain almost two-thirds of the Amazon basin. This is an area larger than Texas, the U.S. state that Brazil\u2019s denuded lands most resemble, with their post-forest landscapes of silent sunbaked pasture, bean fields, and evangelical churches. This epochal deforestation \u2014\u00a0matched by harder to quantify but similar levels of forest degradation and fragmentation \u2014 has caused measurable disruptions to regional climates and rainfall. It has set loose so much stored carbon that it has negated the forest\u2019s benefit<\/a> as a carbon sink, the world\u2019s largest after the oceans. Scientists warn that losing another fifth of Brazil\u2019s rainforest will trigger the feedback loop known as dieback, in which the forest begins to dry out and burn in a cascading system collapse, beyond the reach of any subsequent human intervention or regret. This would release a doomsday bomb of stored carbon<\/a>, disappear the cloud vapor that consumes the sun\u2019s radiation before it can be absorbed as heat, and shrivel the rivers in the basin and in the sky.<\/p>\n

The catastrophic loss of another fifth of Brazil\u2019s rainforest could happen within one generation. It\u2019s happened before. It\u2019s happening now.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a>Views of deforestation\u2019s aftereffects in the Amazon on Sept. 24, 2016. The rate of deforestation in Brazil peaked in 2004 and entered a decade of decline, but it began to creep up again in 2012, driven by the global commodity boom and an expanding agribusiness sector. <\/strong>Photos: Gabriel Uchida<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- The Red Zone<\/h3>\n

One morning in<\/u> April, a dugout powered by a small outboard motor appeared at a bend just upriver of the village of Kamarapa, a settlement of Apurin\u00e3 Indians in Brazil\u2019s southwestern Amazon. The dozen Apurin\u00e3 squeezed inside the narrow craft represented the last of several expected delegations. The boats had been arriving since the previous morning, gliding to rest on muddy jetties after four, six, 10-hour journeys through the deep-water forest maze of the southern Amazonian floodplain during the winter rainy season.<\/p>\n

The Apurin\u00e3 were gathered to discuss the emergency. In recent years, outlaws with chainsaws, known as land-grabbers, or grileiros<\/em>, \u201clocusts,\u201d have been cutting deeper into Brazil\u2019s Indigenous territories and other protected forests throughout the Amazon. Emboldened by the October election<\/a> of Jair Bolsonaro as Brazil\u2019s president, they are pushing more brazenly into places like Apurin\u00e3 land in the roadless depths of Amazonas, the country\u2019s biggest state and home to the world\u2019s largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest. \u201cWith Bolsonaro, the invasions are worse and will continue to get worse,\u201d said Francisco Umanari, a 42-year-old Apurin\u00e3 chief. \u201cHis project for the Amazon is agribusiness. Unless he is stopped, he\u2019ll run over our rights and allow a giant invasion of the forest. The land grabs are not new, but it\u2019s become a question of life and death.\u201d<\/p>\n

Over the next two days, a hundred Apurin\u00e3 men, women, and children met in a riverside thatched-roof meeting hall to confront their fears and make plans. They did so against the ticking of the Amazon\u2019s monsoonal clock. In July and August, the rains will stop and the rivers will fall, adding hours and days of boat travel between villages and the nearest frontier towns. The coming of dry season also heralds the next wave of burnings. Last year, after government satellites detected smoke plumes, a group of Apurin\u00e3 men arrived to find 1,000 hectares of their ancestral forest gone. \u201cWe were shocked at the size of it,\u201d said Marcelino Da Silva, one of the men. To create pasture, the land-grabbers hacked miles of path through the forest with machetes and used motorcycles to transport long-blade chainsaws and drums of kerosene. The land being too remote for logging, they used even the most valuable trees for kindling, seeding the smoldering ashes with orchard grass dropped from helicopters.<\/p>\n

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Map: Soohee Cho\/The Intercept<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cWe knew the red zone was moving toward us but didn\u2019t expect it so fast from every direction,\u201d said Da Silva, using the local term for the agribusiness frontier that has been advancing by fits into Amazonas from the south and east for five decades. \u201cWe know what happens when the state does nothing. We know how quickly the forest can disappear.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe land grabs are not new, but it\u2019s become a question of life and death.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Imazon, a Brazilian research center, reports deforestation in the first months of 2019 jumped more than 50 percent<\/a>\u00a0compared to the amount during the same period in 2018. Half of this deforestation has occurred illegally in protected areas, including hundreds of Indigenous lands that cover a quarter of Brazil\u2019s Amazon and provide a crucial buffer for much of the rest. (In the rainforest bastion state of Amazonas, Indigenous lands account for close to a third of the standing forest.) The Indigenous groups of the region have seen this before. During the runaway deforestation of the 1970s, \u201980s, and \u201990s, they witnessed and were devastated by an \u201carc of fire\u201d that blazed along the routes of the first penetration roads into the western Amazon. By the late 1980s, a burning crescent swept down from the northern Amazonian city of Bel\u00e9m, through the states of Par\u00e1, Mato Grosso, Rond\u00f4nia, and Acre. It burned brightest in Rond\u00f4nia, where the smoke and ash from hundreds of raging fires were visible to the naked eyes<\/a> of astronauts in high orbit.<\/p>\n

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Charred forest in Amazonia, Brazil, in August 1989. Since the 1930s, the country\u2019s right-wing governments have called for the settling of the rainforest in nationalist terms.
Photo: Antonio Ribeiro\/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images<\/p><\/div>\n

As it did then, today\u2019s reignited arc of fire signals the advance of an agribusiness frontier dominated by cattle and soy. Bolsonaro and his allies in Congress and Amazonian state governments vow to accelerate this advance in the name of progress. Doing so will require eliminating the young laws and agencies established to protect the rainforest, its supernova of life that accounts for most of the planet\u2019s species, and its traditional Indigenous inhabitants, whose very existence Bolsonaro and his ministers have cursed and denied<\/a>, and whose moral and spiritual challenge they fear but do not comprehend.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe know what happens when the state does nothing. We know how quickly the forest can disappear.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Apurin\u00e3 assemblies are<\/u> garrulous affairs even by the standards of participatory village democracy. In their language, Apurin\u00e3 means \u201cthe people who talk,\u201d a habit encouraged by their fondness for awyry<\/em>, a bright green stimulant made from powdered forest seeds. Punctuated by the sounds of awyry <\/em>sniffed through polished animal bones, the proceedings in early April lasted until darkness crept over Kamarapa. The people who talk had a lot to discuss: Expanded armed foot patrols. A network of monitoring stations equipped with radios. Deeper cooperation with neighboring ethnic groups, including traditional enemies. Outreach to potential allies in Brazil and the publics and governments of Europe and Asia, the main markets for Brazilian beef and soy. \u201cWe are doing what we can, organizing, monitoring, and petitioning,\u201d said Fabiana Apurin\u00e3, a bright-eyed woman of 23 who attended the assembly from a village several hours downriver. \u201cWe are warriors and will mobilize to defend ourselves and the forest. But we need help.\u201d<\/p>\n

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A child runs inside an Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau house in the village of Tribe 623 on June 10, 2019. White settlers in the 1970s waged war on Indigenous tribes and brought in devastating diseases; today there are 200 members of the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau remaining. Photo: Gabriel Uchida<\/p><\/div>\n

The assembly concluded by drafting a letter addressed to FUNAI, the embattled federal Indian agency, and the Federal Public Ministry, a powerful body of prosecutors within the Justice Ministry. It expressed alarm over the spreading red zone and the gutting of the state\u2019s environmental monitoring and protection agencies. \u201cOur territory is being invaded and we feel abandoned,\u201d the letter read. \u201cWe ask the government to value our past and our deep connections to this land. The deforestation is advancing toward us. Our territory must be guaranteed for our children, according to our rights in the federal Constitution. If the government doesn\u2019t do it, we\u2019ll do it ourselves.\u201d<\/p>\n

2 – March to the West<\/h3>\n

No phone or<\/u> radio signals reach the villages inside the Pur\u00fas River floodplain of south Amazonas, so news from the outside comes slowly, on boats. On the morning of April 2, one brought word to Kamarapa of blood on the distant streets of Rio and Brasilia, where Bolsonaro supporters had brawled with protesters over a presidential decree that the armed forces commemorate the anniversary of the 1964 military coup. Bolsonaro, an ex-army captain, had campaigned on nostalgia for the scorched-earth policies and torture basements of the dictatorship. In villages like Kamarapa, where the junta is remembered for a regional program that amounted to a de facto extermination campaign, the news landed like a formal declaration of war.<\/p>\n

\u201cBolsonaro is upgrading the dictatorship\u2019s model; it\u2019s the same racism, the same plans for the Amazon,\u201d said a 34-year-old villager named Wallace, who wore a Che Guevara pendant under a necklace of jaguar teeth and whose fiery speeches, sprinkled with threats of secession, express the militant end of the Indigenous political spectrum within COAIB, an Amazon-wide Indigenous association he serves as a consulting member. \u201cThis government uses the language the generals used when they tried to destroy us and our culture. We fought back then and survived. We will again. What we need now is courage.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bolsonaro continues a far-right political tradition in Brazil that predates the 1964 dictatorship. It merges authoritarianism and panic over the perceived vulnerability of the Amazon to foreign conquest \u2014 or in its modern iteration, \u201cinternationalization.\u201d In the 1930s, President Get\u00falio Vargas, a fascist sympathizer, called for a \u201cMarch to the West\u201d to settle, develop, and secure the rainforest for Brazil against the designs of its covetous neighbors. Thirty years later, the junta revived Vargas\u2019s unrealized dream with Soviet-style five-year plans to \u201cflood the Amazon with civilization.\u201d Army engineers led dawn-to-dusk work crews that cut the first roads west of Mato Grosso, usually following old Indigenous hunting paths. State television ads promoted land and credit programs to spur transmigration from the overcrowded coasts and over-farmed savannah. They imagined an Amazon transformed: Out of an impenetrable wilderness, settlers would build a dense grid of ranches and small farms, each one connected to coastal ports and global commodity markets by a mighty network of roads and highways. The inhabitants of the forest, both Indians and non-Indigenous people living traditionally, would have to make way, adapt, and integrate. \u201cAmazonian occupation will proceed as though we are waging a strategically conducted war,\u201d said Castelo Branco, one of the generals who led the 1964 coup.<\/p>\n

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A boy observes soldiers during a rally organized by then-President Jo\u00e3o Goulart in Rio de Janeiro on March 13, 1964. Current President Jair Bolsonaro, an ex-army captain, campaigned on nostalgia for the scorched-earth policies and torture basements of Brazil\u2019s military dictatorship, which ruled for 21 years. Photo: Dom\u00edcio Pinheiro\/Ag\u00eancia Estado via AP<\/p><\/div>\n

The junta\u2019s homesteader occupation joined a graveyard of Amazonian dreams. The logistical challenges of settling the \u201cgreen hell\u201d were greater than the generals imagined, and the quality of the soils far worse. But if the regime failed to build a yeoman\u2019s paradise on the ashes of the Amazon, it did produce the ashes. In 1988, when a new constitution was adopted three years after the return of civilian rule, more than a tenth of Brazil\u2019s Amazon had been burned or degraded by government-supported settlers and industry. Brazil\u2019s Indigenous population fared much worse, dropping from estimates of the low millions at the start of the century to around 200,000 at the end of the 1980s.<\/p>\n

The Indigenous population has since rebounded fourfold, a resurgence that tracks to Brazil\u2019s halting efforts to contain and reverse the deforestation wave that started swelling in the late 1960s. The 1988 constitution zoned 43 percent of the Amazon off-limits to industrial activity and land-clearing, an area covering hundreds of newly established parks, reserves, and more than 400 Indigenous territorial claims equaling an area twice the size of Spain. (It also placed rules delimiting activity on the other 57 percent.) It established an environmental monitoring and enforcement agency, IBAMA, and revamped FUNAI to help Indigenous communities protect their lands and develop sustainable forest industries. At the same time, international development banks tightened environmental and social conditions on aid and loans, and NGOs and activist campaigns led effective international boycotts, culminating in a landmark soy moratorium<\/a> in 2006. Though the cutting and burning has never stopped, the rate of deforestation peaked in 2004 and entered a decade of decline.<\/p>\n

Brazil\u2019s Indigenous population\u00a0dropped from estimates of the low millions at the start of the century to around 200,000 at the end of the 1980s.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The global commodity boom of the last decade put a stop to the progress. Legal and illegal deforestation began to creep up in 2012, driven by an expanding agribusiness sector and the growing political power of Brazil\u2019s landowners in Congress, the ruralistas<\/em>, who sought to roll back the land-use restrictions of the post-junta period. In 2016, they supported a soft coup against Dilma Rousseff<\/a>, the center-left president, and provided cover for her scandal-plagued successor, Michel Temer, who lavished amnesty on land-grabbers and tried to loosen Brazil\u2019s slavery laws<\/a>. That same\u00a0year, the central Amazonian state of Mato Grosso became the first to lift the ban on correntao, <\/em>a notorious method for clearing forest that involves two tractors trawling an industrial bulk chain to uproot everything in its path.<\/p>\n

My guide in<\/u> Kamarapa and other villages of the southern Amazonas floodplain was a large and friendly but often brooding\u00a0FUNAI official\u00a0who asked that, to avoid reprisals as a government employee, his name not be used. Deeply versed in the history, biology, and cultures of the western Amazon,\u00a0the official fit the romantic stereotype of the modern FUNAI employee: respectful and protective of his Indigenous partners, but conscious of the paternalism and worse that has always streaked through the culture of the agency. Watching him drop off jugs of fuel and check in with village leaders on the way to Kamarapa, it was clear the relationships were ones of mutual affection and trust.<\/p>\n

As our powerboat headed downriver, making wide sweeps around the tops of submerged trees,\u00a0the FUNAI official\u00a0described a double emergency in the deep forest communities where he spends most of his time. \u201cAround 2012, things started getting worse every year,\u201d he said. \u201cMore invasions. Bigger burns. Budget cuts to FUNAI and IBAMA. Since the election, it gets worse by the day. Every single day there\u2019s something.\u201d<\/p>\n

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A sign marking territory administered by FUNAI, the Brazilian federal Indian agency, was shot through as a signal that the government can\u2019t keep loggers off the land.<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a>On patrol with FUNAI and members of the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, environmental police take stock of the damage wrought by illegal loggers in the tribe\u2019s territory in Rond\u00f4nia on April 17, 2018. According to the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, a group of 15 men with machetes can clear lines through 20 kilometers of forest in a week. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Photos: Gabriel Uchida<\/strong><\/p>\n

Within hours of being sworn in to office on January 2, Bolsonaro moved all forest policy to the Ministry of Agriculture, run by a particularly humorless ruralista<\/em> named Tereza Cristina. The transfer included FUNAI\u2019s longstanding role in demarcating Indigenous lands, which was added to the portfolio of the assistant minister for land affairs, Luana Ruiz, a lawyer whose family owns land that overlaps with Indigenous territory in the state of\u00a0Mato Grosso do Sul. FUNAI, meanwhile, was moved from its home in the Justice Ministry to a new department housing the likewise demoted Ministry of Human Rights (lawmakers later reversed<\/a> the move). The government then choked the agency of resources. Since January, FUNAI has been operating on 70 percent of its normal budget<\/a>. Monitoring posts in high-risk areas across the Amazon have been abandoned, and long-planned operations scaled back, often leaving a single FUNAI employee to mediate violent land conflicts in remote tracts of contested forest.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Indigenous understood the connections between these fragile systems before we did. \u2026 Before anyone was talking about climate change, they were trying to warn us.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bolsonaro\u2019s 44-year-old Minister of Environment Ricardo Salles has slashed staff and funding at FUNAI\u2019s most important partner in government, the environmental monitoring and enforcement agency known as IBAMA. He has replaced the board of Brazil\u2019s conservation institute, ICMBio, with officers<\/a> from S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s military police, part of what Brasil de Fato, a weekly newspaper, calls the \u201cmilitarization of the environmental sector.\u201d One notable exception is the sustainable development office: After firing everyone, Salles chose to leave it empty.<\/p>\n

The FUNAI official\u00a0sketched the stakes of these decisions in stark terms. \u201cIn 30 years, maybe 15 with this government, all of the land between here and L\u00e1brea could be deforested,\u201d he said. L\u00e1brea, the nearest frontier town, is hundreds of miles away.<\/p>\n

He continued, \u201cThat would mean goodbye to the Pur\u00fas and the infinity of plants the Apurin\u00e3 have been studying for so long. The Pur\u00fas and its rivers feed the Solim\u00f5es\u201d\u2014 an arm of the Amazon \u2014 \u201cand the disruption would have huge downstream impacts in the north, where the deforestation hasn\u2019t reached. The Indigenous understood the connections between these fragile systems before we did. The links between the forests and the rivers, how deforestation effects rain and weather. Before anyone was talking about climate change, they were trying to warn us.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Cattle graze along B.R. 364 near the city of Ariquemes, in Rond\u00f4nia, in 2018. The western Brazilian state has a $4 billion cattle industry, but by one estimate, a hectare of livestock or soy is worth between $25 and $250, while the same hectare of sustainably managed forest can yield as much as $850.
Photo: Gabriel Uchida<\/p><\/div>\n

3 – The Road<\/h3>\n

Driving through central<\/u> Rond\u00f4nia on the two-lane blacktop of B.R. 364, it takes an act of sustained imagination to see the rolling landscape as Arima Jupa\u00fa knew it as a boy. Growing up in the late 1960s, the pastureland that now stretches to every horizon was covered by primary rainforest, lush and loud with life. He couldn\u2019t imagine a forest\u2019s edge, because none of the roughly 10,000 Jupa\u00fa living at the time had ever seen one. Only after 1970, when army engineers completed a dirt road connecting neighboring Mato Grasso to Porto Velho, Rond\u00f4nia\u2019s capital, did the concept of the frontier gain meaning. As settlers poured into the region on 364 \u2014\u00a0a half-million over the decade\u00a0\u2014 the Jupa\u00fa learned to fear the frontier as a place of disease and violence, a buzzsaw that would cut them down to the verge of extinction. \u201cWe would retreat, and every time, when we looked out from the hills, we felt safe,\u201d remembers Arima, one of 200 surviving Jupa\u00fa. \u201cWe thought they could never reach us. We thought the forest was too big.\u201d\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

The brancos<\/em>, the whites, kept coming. They came to farm, harvest wood, raise cattle, and mine the region\u2019s stores of gold and cassiterite, the raw form of tin. The roughest of the settlers formed kill squads and massacred Indians where they found them. Arima\u2019s first memories include seeing the removed skin of his uncle\u2019s torso stretched out on sticks like a scarecrow, a message left by a group of nearby miners. The Jupa\u00fa waged war in return. \u201cWe told the whites to leave, but they didn\u2019t listen,\u201d said Arima, who led raids as an adolescent and was celebrated for the accuracy of his longbow. \u201cWe killed them and burned their houses. Too many to count.\u201d<\/p>\n

Deforestation is disrupting micro- and regional climates across the western Amazon and creating a measurable delay in the onset of a rainy winter season that is getting shorter and warmer.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In 1981, ravaged by tuberculosis, flu, pox, and measles, leaders from surviving bands of Jupa\u00fa met with FUNAI to discuss a truce. (During the meeting, a misunderstanding led an official to believe the tribe called itself the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, which is how the Jupa\u00fa are known to the world.) \u201cWe accepted the peace because they said they would protect our land,\u201d remembered Arima.<\/p>\n

Around the same time, World Bank officials in Washington, D.C. accepted similar assurances from Brazilian generals seeking $1.6 billion to pull its failing \u201cMarch to the West\u201d from the literal and metaphorical mud. B.R. 364, the key artery in their development plan, was a swamp during the rainy winter season, and not much more passable during the dry summer months. To open the west, the road would have to be paved. The World Bank supported the idea over the advice of an in-house advisory group that warned paving 900 miles of B.R. 364 would accelerate the environmental and human rights catastrophes already unfolding in the region. This is exactly what happened. When international outcry forced the World Bank to suspend payments to the generals five years later, Rond\u00f4nia had the highest deforestation rates in Brazil, led by a 3,000 percent increase in the cattle population, and was on track to be completely denuded by 1990 \u2014 the first \u201cgreen desert\u201d of the Amazon.<\/p>\n

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Tari Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau holds up a photo of the first contact between the tribe and officials from FUNAI. Aside from a dwindling number of uncontacted tribes and those living in voluntary isolation, many Indigenous groups want development and links to the world. But they are pushing for alternative models that preserve the forest. Photo: Gabriel Uchida<\/p><\/div>\n

I left Porto Velho on B.R. 364 with Arima\u2019s soft-spoken 27-year-old son, Awapu, who lives in a four-family village on demarcated Indian land in the south of Rond\u00f4nia with his parents, wife, and two children. In the following days, I would accompany him on patrols through the edge areas of Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau territory where land-grabbers were active in numbers not seen in a generation. As we drove south along the spine of Rond\u00f4nia\u2019s $4 billion cattle industry, all parched pasture and soy fields, Awapu described the multiplying flashpoints on Indigenous land erupting across the state. In Rond\u00f4nia\u2019s west, the Karipuna faced expanding invasions from three sides; in the northeast, the Suru\u00ed\u2019s forests were so overrun with illegal diamond miners that the communities had split on whether to resist or resign and take a cut. (In March, the Department of Mines announced it would lift the post-junta ban on industrial mining in Indigenous territories.) It wasn\u2019t just Indigenous lands, he explained. Illegal logging was on the rise in the state\u2019s parks and bioreserves, a direct result of government policies and signals. In April, Bolsonaro personally intervened<\/a> to block IBAMA agents from destroying heavy equipment confiscated during an anti-logging operation in Rond\u00f4nia\u2019s Jamari National Forest. The power to destroy the expensive tools of illegal loggers and miners is the agency\u2019s most effective deterrent. But the president said in a video posted to social media: \u201cIt is not the orientation of this government to burn machinery.\u201d<\/p>\n

Its orientation of burning trees instead may soon undermine the foundation of the state\u2019s agribusiness economy. Studies have begun to confirm something the villages first noticed decades ago: Deforestation is disrupting micro- and regional climates across the western Amazon and creating a measurable delay<\/a> in the onset of a rainy winter season that is getting shorter and warmer. If Rond\u00f4nia\u2019s Indigenous lands are overrun, the state will become a synonym for disaster for the second time in living memory, only this time it will bring down the industries built on the cinders of the first great clearing. \u201cThe protected Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau forests hold the main river basins of the state,\u201d said Daniel Peixoto, a federal police deputy who has led raids on land-grabbing syndicates tied to invasions of Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau land. \u201cAll of the water we have flows out from there. It\u2019s the reason we don\u2019t have drought. Even from the point of view of agribusiness and the cattle ranchers, it\u2019s a strategic place to conserve.\u201d<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a>Members of the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, including Arima and his son Awapu, patrol for illegal land-clearing. The protected Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau forests contain important river basins that feed the rest of the region, including land used by cattle ranchers and soy farmers. <\/strong>Photos: Gabriel Uchida<\/strong><\/p>\n

One morning at<\/u> dawn, I joined Awapu for a breakfast of coffee and unsweetened a\u00e7a\u00ed juice before traveling by canoe to the northwest edge of Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau land, a forested territory covering nearly 7,000 square miles in the south of Rond\u00f4nia. The area is at the center of the local red zone, targeted by a rising number of invaders working on behalf of local cattle interests. With us were two older villagers, Djurip, who carried a bow and several bamboo arrows, and Potei, who carried a rusty hunting rifle. \u201cThe election made the grileiros <\/em>fearless,\u201d said Awapu, as we tied the canoe and entered the forest. \u201cThey know Bolsonaro thinks the same as them \u2014\u00a0that we don\u2019t work, that we don\u2019t deserve so much land. There are rumors the president will give them our territory. They think nobody will stop them.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Pastoral Land Commission has recorded more than 600 land-related murders in the country since 2003, most in the Amazon region, with a 20 percent increase in 2018.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

For most of the morning we followed a monitoring path in silence, hiking through thick undergrowth draped with curtains of lianas. Potei led the way. He stopped in front of a crude but perceptible path that intersected with our own. The men spread out to investigate its dimensions. They returned wearing heavy expressions. Awapu knelt down, cleared some dirt, and drew a right angle with a stick. \u201cThey start with this \u2018L\u2019 shape,\u201d he said, motioning toward the path. \u201cA group of 15 men with machetes can clear lines through 20 kilometers of forest in a week. Marking the plot, making entrances. When the rains stop, they come back with chainsaws to cut the smaller trees and clear the way for tractors, if there is a road nearby. They burn what\u2019s left. In November, before the rains start again, they seed the grass. It grows fast. Now it\u2019s pasture. They sell it to a rancher who says he doesn\u2019t know anything about land grabbing. It\u2019s washed clean.\u201d<\/p>\n

Stopping the process before the burning and planting means confronting gangs of armed land-grabbers in isolated areas littered with the bones of a half-century of land conflict. As the government withdraws from the forest, other forms of deterrence will be needed, including Indigenous patrols that can move and communicate unseen and unheard, and whose serrated arrows may announce themselves with a whisper. But any violence is surely to be asymmetrical, as it has always been. The Pastoral Land Commission, operated by Brazil\u2019s Catholic Church, has recorded more than 600 land-related murders in the country since 2003, most in the Amazon region, with a 20 percent increase in 2018. Most victims are Indigenous and other traditional forest dwellers, killed organizing to protect land from illegal extractive activity.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a>At the edge of Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau territory, where the forest meets barren cattle lands, is a difference of night and day. Without vegetation, the region\u2019s topsoil dries and depletes quickly, requiring expensive systems of short-term life support and the constant creation of new land. Most pasture is degraded and abandoned within 10 or 15 years. Photo: Gabriel Uchida<\/strong><\/p>\n

We were an hour into the resumed patrol when we walked into it \u2014\u00a0the place where the forest stops and the agribusiness frontier begins. The frontier not as a metaphor, or a concept in a U.N. report, but as a physical thing that can be seen, touched, stepped across. Abruptly the cool shadow world of closed canopy forest gave way to the blinding oven-hot world of open grassland baking under the midday equatorial sun. On one side of the split screen, the primordial tangle of what the 19th-century Brazilian historian Euclides da Cunha called \u201cthe last unwritten page of Genesis.\u201d On the other, a group of humped zebu cows dumbly chewed their cud. Awapu pointed at the only distinct vegetation on the cow\u2019s side of the line, a spiky forage grass that grew in bunches. \u201cThat\u2019s capim<\/em>,\u201d he said. \u201cThat\u2019s what the cows eat.\u201d Then he waved his finger across the distant horizon of pasture. \u201cThat was all forest when I was young.\u201d<\/p>\n

It was here that we made a picnic of crackers and dried fish, on the line between Genesis and Revelation. As we packed up for the hike back to the river, Djurip, the quietest of the three, spoke for the first time. \u201cThe whites have never respected our culture because it\u2019s not a money culture, not an agribusiness culture,\u201d he said. \u201cThey say we are greedy and ask for too much land. But the whites are the ones with an endless appetite. They are the ones who are devouring everything.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Brazilian environmentalist Francisco \u201cChico\u201d Mendes in February 1988. Photo: AP<\/p><\/div>\n

4 – The Ghost of Chico Mendes<\/h3>\n

When the southwest<\/u> Amazon was being devoured without check in the 1970s, the forest produced an antibody. A social and political movement coalesced to reject the false choice between conservation and development. Uniting Indigenous and non-Indigenous forest peoples, it spoke the modern language of justice, something new in the Amazon. Its leader was a rubber tapper and union leader from southern Acre named Chico Mendes. As the fires from Rond\u00f4nia roared west, Mendes organized a coalition of people who depended on a living forest. This coalition pioneered a form of nonviolent direct action called the empate<\/em>, or stalemate. In some empates<\/em>, men, women, and children formed human walls around trees, daring the cut crews, their fellow poor, to kill them. In others, armed groups would overwhelm the clearcutters\u2019 camps and hold the workers hostage while smashing chainsaws and decommissioning tractors. The journalist Andrew Revkin witnessed one such empate<\/em> in which Mendes\u2019s men lectured their captives on ecology and Marxist theory as they prepared to torch the camp.<\/p>\n

Mendes had earned the mantle \u201cGandhi of the Amazon\u201d before his assassination in 1988. His renown peaked just as the world began acknowledging the challenged posed by climate change, a development that timed with Brazil\u2019s transition to civilian rule. Because of this lucky confluence of history, Mendes\u2019s legacy survived in the new constitution and government, most notably in the creation of an archipelago of large \u201cextractive reserves\u201d set aside for the harvesting of rubber, nuts, berries, and other sustainable forest industries. In 2007, when then-President Lula da Silva established a conservation institute inside the Ministry of Environment, he named it after Mendes, his fellow unionist and comrade from the early 1980s.<\/p>\n

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Luiz In\u00e1cio da Silva delivers a speech during the funeral of Chico Mendes on Dec. 25, 1988.
Photo: Ricardo Chaves\/Ag\u00eancia Estado via AP<\/p><\/div>\n

Mendes\u2019s name is a curse to the Bolsonaro government but one with the power to rankle. When challenged by a reporter on his disemboweling of the agency bearing Mendes\u2019s name,\u00a0Environment Minister\u00a0Salles hissed<\/a>, \u201cWhat difference does it make who Chico Mendes is at the moment?\u201d This sentiment extends to Mendes\u2019s heavily forested home state in the western Amazon, Acre, which in October elected a second-generation soy baron, Gladson Cameli, to the governor\u2019s office once occupied by Mendes\u2019s political adviser, the forest ecologist Jorge Viana. Cameli celebrated his election by meeting with agribusiness executives in Porto Velho, where he announced, \u201cThe economic salvation of Acre is agribusiness. Rond\u00f4nia, our neighbor and brother, is the proof.\u201d<\/p>\n

Even on the Chico Mendes Reservation on Acre\u2019s southern borders with Peru and Bolivia, the children and grandchildren of the empate<\/em> generation \u2014\u00a0who grew up on stories of monkey-wrenching tractors and sending villainous cattle barons packing \u2014\u00a0are turning to ranching<\/a>. The reservation is reported to hold more than 30,000 heads of cattle on cleared land, including many herds well above the legal limit imposed on protected areas.<\/p>\n

In the long term, Mendes\u2019s vision remains valid:\u00a0A self-renewing forest bursting with flora and fauna will ultimately pay greater dividends, economic and environmental, than the creation of a semiarid savannah dotted with cows whose expansion is premised on creating the conditions that will ultimately cause drought. But that truth is not swaying families abandoned to the vicissitudes of a global market that prizes hardwoods and hamburgers. \u201cCattle is a secure market. You can get a good income selling a calf, an ox,\u201d a Mendes Reserve resident told ProPublica reporter Lisa Song in her recent investigation<\/a> into the failure of international efforts to encourage and buffer sustainable forest economies.<\/p>\n

A self-renewing forest bursting with flora and fauna will ultimately pay greater dividends, economic and environmental, than the creation of a semiarid savannah dotted with cows.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In the Acre assembly, a minority bloc of deputies is working to modernize Mendes\u2019s vision and stop another arc of fire from devouring the state\u2019s largely intact forests. At their head is Jenilson Leite, a 41-year-old Indigenous physician and vice president of the state legislature. I met Leite one night in a conference room at the capital building in Rio Branco. Bespectacled and wearing a sharp navy-blue suit, the politician chose his words carefully and with an intensity that belied his boyish looks.<\/p>\n

\u201cAfter the dictatorship, Acre invested in rural communities and conservation, making us more dependent on federal resources. And by some metrics, we and other forested areas appear \u2018unproductive,\u2019\u201d said Leite. \u201cI\u2019m not saying the forest is untouchable, but cutting it is not the answer. If we put value on Acre\u2019s Indigenous groups and others who manage forest resources sustainably, they\u2019ll put more into the economy than expanding cattle and soy. The medicinal potential of the healthy forest is enormous. Let\u2019s build research labs. Ecotourism. Sustainable food industries that don\u2019t require annual planting. A\u00e7a\u00ed, Brazil nuts, fruits.\u201d<\/p>\n

The biological riches of the Amazon are made possible by the nutrients provided by the constant decomposition of its bountiful vegetation, not the thin layers of soil beneath the forest floor. Take away this vegetation, and the region\u2019s topsoil dries and depletes quickly, requiring expensive systems of short-term life support and the constant creation of new land. Most pasture is degraded and abandoned within 10 or 15 years, meaning the industry\u2019s existence (never mind its expansion) is predicated on a permanent cycle of destruction: More forest must always be cut to keep ahead of the processes triggered by the last cutting, which removed the soil\u2019s natural source of nutrients. The Amazon\u2019s soy industry likewise struggles to keep pace with rapidly fading soils by creating land and saturating it with ever larger dosages of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. (Bolsonaro\u2019s minister of agriculture, the ruralista <\/em>Tereza Cristina, has earned the nickname<\/a> \u201cMuse of Poison\u201d for her dedication to ending restrictions on the most toxic pesticides.)<\/p>\n

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A view of Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau land in Rond\u00f4nia on Sept. 24, 2016. Around 400 ethnic groups across the Amazonian basin envision a \u201csacred corridor of life\u201d of contiguous Indigenous territories reaching from the Andes to the Atlantic, which would constitute a 500-million-acre stretch of rainforest. Photo: Gabriel Uchida<\/p><\/div>\n

Meanwhile, most of the jobs created are short-term: cutting down trees.<\/p>\n

Joaquim Francisco de Carvalho, a former chief of Brazil\u2019s Institute of Forest Development, estimates that one hectare of livestock or soy is worth between $25 and $250, while the same hectare of sustainably managed forest can yield as much as $850. But the most important difference is one that can\u2019t be quantified. The latter approach preserves the Amazon\u2019s biodiversity and what the ethnobotanist and anthropologist Wade Davis calls its \u201cethnosphere\u201d \u2014 the last remaining cultures that hold a worldview and values fundamentally different from those that brought us the Anthropocene epoch. The rainforest\u2019s original inhabitants are its most effective defenders precisely because they don\u2019t see it as a repository of resources to be extracted and sold, whether it be gold, lumber, or carbon credits.<\/p>\n

This is not the same as saying the language of trade and development is foreign to the rainforest. Aside from a dwindling number of uncontacted tribes and those living in voluntary isolation, Indigenous groups want development and links to the world. Marcos Apurin\u00e3, for instance, is trying to revive Chico Mendes\u2019s Forest Peoples Alliance, which united Brazil\u2019s Indigenous with the quilombolas<\/em> (forest communities established by runaway slaves) and other groups of traditional small-scale extractivists.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have our differences, but we share a common enemy in agribusiness and the ruralistas<\/em>,\u201d he told me. \u201cWe need a triple alliance on the front lines unified behind a plan to defend the region and develop it in our own way. We also need Brazil\u2019s courts. The international courts. The NGOs.\u201d<\/p>\n

Marcos was a founding member of the National Committee of Indigenous Policy, a consultative body established in 2015 to connect Indigenous groups and federal agencies handling development and sustainability policy. \u201cWe have alternative development ideas to generate the money we need to live in the modern world,\u201d he said. \u201cWe\u2019ve given those ideas to the government. Like everything else, the process froze when Bolsonaro was elected. We don\u2019t know what will happen.\u201d<\/p>\n

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A port in Boca do Acre, Brazil. Photo: Mauro Toledo Rodrigues<\/p><\/div>\n

The drive north<\/u> from Acre into Amazonas on B.R. 317 resembles the drive through Rond\u00f4nia on B.R. 364: a monotonous run of pastureland, with brief forest interludes wherever the road cuts through an Indigenous territory. The pasture ends where 317 terminates, at Boca do Acre, a tidy and growing frontier town of 35,000 people at the lip of the world\u2019s most massive remaining block of rainforest. The ascendant ranching capital of south Amazonas, Boca swaggers with the ersatz Texas style found throughout western Brazil, with cowboy-themed bars and burly men dressed in the region\u2019s take on the Marlboro Man: unbuttoned checkered shirt, cross on a gold chain, blue jeans, oversized belt buckle, boots, and a wide-brimmed hat of straw or leather, pulled low.<\/p>\n

On my first morning in Boca, I made an unannounced visit to the home of Dilermando Melo de Lima, a local ranching grandee and president of the Rural Syndicate of Boca do Acre. A potbellied 72-year-old with an unexpected cauliflower nose, he was sitting on his porch drinking coffee, with a cat at his feet. He welcomed the chance to talk cattle and was bullish on the industry\u2019s prospects. \u201cUnderstand,\u201d he said, \u201cfrom Rond\u00f4nia, across Acre and into Amazonas, the future is ranching, for the simple reason that it has the best conditions for meat ranching in the Amazon.\u201d<\/p>\n

When I asked his thoughts on the concerns of Indigenous groups, and others, that allowing the agricultural frontier to move further into the Amazon endangered the natural systems that make ranching and agriculture possible, he gently waved me off.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe forest is going to be cut anyway. The military regime was good for development. Bolsonaro has the same ideas, and ranchers are betting everything on his success.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cWe ranchers face many difficulties,\u201d he said. \u201cThere are too many restrictions and laws. Too many protected areas. The Camicu\u00e3 territory near here is 46,000 square hectares of intact land. And we can\u2019t touch it! They should give us the permits. The forest is going to be cut anyway. The military regime was good for development. Bolsonaro has the same ideas, and ranchers are betting everything on his success.\u201d<\/p>\n

The old rancher relaxed a bit when the conversation drifted from politics. The son of a farmer who\u2019d migrated to the region in the 1930s, his voice softened as he described the sleepy fishing and trading village of his boyhood, before cows followed the penetrator roads north and morning breezes smelled of the slaughterhouse. Remembering that place long gone, he sounded less like a cattleman than an Indian in one of the forested Indigenous atolls along highway 317. \u201cIt was all forest and rivers back then,\u201d he said. \u201cFrom here all the way down to Rio Branco, forest and rivers.\u201d<\/p>\n

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The true value of forest, like this section of Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau territory, cannot be quantified, and its Indigenous inhabitants don\u2019t see it as a repository of resources \u2014 whether it be gold, lumber, or carbon credits \u2014 to be extracted and sold. Photo: Gabriel Uchida<\/p><\/div>\n

5 – The Brink<\/h3>\n

In early May,<\/u> a few weeks after Melo de Lima boasted to me about ranching\u2019s expansion into Amazonas, the United Nations disturbed the world with the findings of a landmark report on biodiversity<\/a>. Produced by experts across dozens of disciplines, it concluded that only \u201ctransformative change\u201d could prevent the looming extinction of one million plant and animal species. These million coal-mine canaries, dropping to the floors of degraded and fragmented rainforests, and floating to the surfaces of overfished and acidifying oceans, foretold a wider disintegration in the web of life that threatens the \u201cvery foundations of our economies, livelihoods, food security, health and quality of life worldwide.\u201d<\/p>\n

The call for \u201ctransformative change\u201d was no echo of familiar appeals to somehow \u201cgreen\u201d the endless growth that is programmed into the genes of industrial-consumer civilization. \u201cWe mean a fundamental, system-wide reorganization across technological, economic and social factors, including paradigms, goals and values,\u201d said Robert Watson, the British atmospheric chemist who chaired the U.N. panel. As for where humanity should look for help and inspiration during this difficult civilizational pivot, the report urges the \u201cfull and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples\u201d in developing systems of environmental governance informed by their \u201cknowledge, innovations and practices, institutions and values.\u201d<\/p>\n

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The rainforest in Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau territory on April 22, 2019. Indigenous leaders are promoting alternatives to clear-cutting, such as medical research, ecotourism, and sustainable food industries like a\u00e7a\u00ed, Brazil nuts, and fruit. Photo: Gabriel Uchida<\/p><\/div>\n

This is the fruit of a delayed but deepening dialogue between occidental science and Indigenous cultures. After decades of watching from the margins, Indigenous groups have moved close to the center of the ring at global environmental and conservation summits, in tandem with a wave of research that backs up their historical claims to being the forest\u2019s most natural and effective protectors. Last November, an Amazonian delegation delivered a document \u2014\u00a0the \u201cBogota Declaration\u201d \u2014 to the\u00a014th<\/sup> U.N. Biodiversity Conference held in the Egyptian coastal city of Sharm el-Sheikh. It outlined a plan, devised by 400 ethic groups across the basin, to establish a \u201csacred corridor of life\u201d of contiguous Indigenous territories reaching from the Andes to the Atlantic. Inside this 500-million-acre stretch of rainforest, Indigenous nations would pool their ancestral knowledge and showcase alternative modes of development and ways of living. The declaration described the proposal as \u201ca first step to guaranteeing the existence of all forms of life on the Planet.\u201d<\/p>\n

Notably, the signatories seek international support and recognition, a challenge to the sovereignty of the Amazonian governments currently dividing up the rainforest into a grid of mining, logging, oil, and agribusiness concessions. For the Bolsonaro administration, the prospect of Indigenous groups allying with Western governments and the U.N. under a banner of climate emergency only validates centuries of nationalist paranoia. Though the anxiety is misplaced, and the prospects of an internationally protected rainforest remote, the Bogota Declaration does frame the future of the Amazon as it must be framed, not as an economic matter or a morality play pitting cowboys against Indians, but as a global crisis demanding new ways of seeing the world and all that is in it.<\/p>\n

______________________________________________________<\/p>\n

Mauro Toledo Rodrigues contributed reporting.<\/em><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

Alexander Zaitchik<\/a> – zaitchik@\u200bgmail.com<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

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Go to Original \u2013 theintercept.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

6 Jul 2019 – On the Front Lines of Bolsonaro\u2019s War on the Amazon, Brazil\u2019s Forest Communities Fight against Climate Catastrophe – Without action, the loss of another fifth of Brazil\u2019s rainforest will trigger a cascading system collapse called \u201ddieback\u201c and release a carbon bomb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":137245,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61,180,53,221],"tags":[229,536,1176,547,686,120,794,331,354,401,267,993,487,866,504,651,541,291,444,86,119,109,287,103,1255,985,380,292,126],"class_list":["post-137231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-brics","category-latin-america-and-the-caribbean","category-indigenous-rights","tag-activism","tag-amazonia","tag-bolsonaro","tag-brazil","tag-climate-change","tag-conflict","tag-deforestation","tag-development","tag-economics","tag-environment","tag-geopolitics","tag-global-warming","tag-human-rights","tag-indigenous-rights","tag-international-relations","tag-justice","tag-latin-america-caribbean","tag-military","tag-nonviolence","tag-occupation","tag-peace","tag-politics","tag-power","tag-racism","tag-rain-forests","tag-social-justice","tag-solutions","tag-un","tag-violence"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/137231","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=137231"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/137231\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/137245"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=137231"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=137231"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=137231"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}