{"id":1420,"date":"2008-10-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2008-10-22T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2008\/10\/identity-beyond-self-culture-nation-and-humanity-to-lifeism\/"},"modified":"2018-10-10T19:33:06","modified_gmt":"2018-10-10T18:33:06","slug":"identity-beyond-self-culture-nation-and-humanity-to-lifeism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2008\/10\/identity-beyond-self-culture-nation-and-humanity-to-lifeism\/","title":{"rendered":"IDENTITY: BEYOND SELF, CULTURE, NATION, AND HUMANITY TO “LIFEISM”"},"content":{"rendered":"

President, Psychologists for Social Responsibility <\/em><\/p>\n

Summary:\u00a0 This article explores the nature and meaning of identity and its personal, cultural, and national nuances and consequences.\u00a0 In this presentation, I note, as have many others, that meaningful personal and social identities are at the core of a meaningful human existence.\u00a0 But this assertion raises critical questions about what is a meaningful identity, and what is a meaningful existence. These questions assume greater importance and consequence in the context of our emerging global era, in which the development, shaping, and assertion of certain personal and social identities can have life-affirming or life-harming consequences for all of us. The emergence of a global era — a borderless psychological and physical milieu — confronts us with new and bewildering challenges to identity formation, change, and assertion.\u00a0 Age-old questions regarding identity —\u00a0 \u201cWho am I?\u201d\u00a0 What do I believe?\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWhat is my purpose?\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWhat are my responsibilities?\u201d \u201cHow did I become who I am?\u201d —\u00a0 must now be answered amidst a context of unavoidable competing and conflicting global forces that are giving rise to increasing levels of uncertainty, unpredictability, confusion, and fear.\u00a0 Indeed, many of our traditional political, economic, social, and religious institutions — long a major source for shaping individual and collective identities —\u00a0 have become part of the problems we face in identity formation and negotiation.\u00a0 And amidst all of this, we find ourselves as humans beings assaulting life in all its forms\u00a0 – species are becoming extinct, bio-diversity is declining, global warming is occurring, and there is a depletion of our water, energy, and agricultural resources, and wars and conflict are endemic.\u00a0 This article proposes that a solution to many of the challenges we face may be to move beyond our conventional identifications with self, culture, nation, and even humanity, to an identification with life — LIFEISM.<\/p>\n

INTRODUCTION<\/p>\n

Each time we as human beings assert our identity, we are challenged to understand the essential principle of separation and connection.\u00a0 Each time we say \u201cI am\u201d in whatever setting, we affirm our existence, create meaning, establish connection\u00a0 and position, and empower our self and others as well.\u00a0\u00a0 But unless we learn that \u201cI\u201d is never separate from all else, we run the risk of the \u201cI\u201d in our identity becoming a travesty with regard to what is possible and what is necessary.\u00a0 When we separate the \u201cI\u201d from all else, we engage in an affront to the most important cosmic principle revealed across time — we are part of something more than ourselves and if we reject or ignore this essential truth, we face the risks of isolation, disharmony, and conflict.\u00a0 Identity, then, in all its forms — personal and\u00a0 collective \u2013 is, ultimately, in my opinion, the pursuit of meaning and purpose, and is best found in those moments of conscious awareness that recognize that separation and unity can never be thought of apart from one another.<\/p>\n

The very principle of separation and unity — of fission and fusion — constitutes an awe-inspiring and reverential statement about the nature of life and the cosmos itself. Fission and fusion are, after all, the principles by which the cosmos appears to have originated and to continue to exist. The idea is so profound that it taxes our comprehension because of the limitations in our language, logic, and learning. Long ago, according to myth, revelation, or simply wisdom, an authoritative source said \u201cI am what am.\u201d\u00a0 There are the words before us — eloquent in their simplicity, profound in their consequence, mystical in their appeal; separation and connection, isolation and relation, and independence and dependence are one.\u00a0 This principle of fission and fusion — as represented in the dynamics of separation and connection — is, in my opinion\u00a0 the fundamental challenge of identity formation and negotiation.<\/p>\n

Our Global Era<\/p>\n

A decade ago, I wrote the following:<\/p>\n

Human survival and well being are now embedded in a complex and interdependent global web of economic, political, social, technical, and environmental events, forces, and changes. Their scale, complexity, and consequences constitute an important challenge to our individual and collective well being by confronting us with an array of complex, conflicting, and confusing demands and\/or opportunities. Our response to this challenge will shape the nature, quality, and meaning of our lives in the coming century (Marsella, 1998, p 1282).<\/p>\n

These words now seem prescient in their message and predicted consequences. It is difficult to pinpoint a precise time or date when all our lives — in even the most distant and hidden places —\u00a0 became so increasingly interdependent and thus subject to a new level of forces that transcend location and the immediacy of proximate influences. The answer to this question will become a source of debate among scholars for many years.<\/p>\n

Today, in a global era, identity has become even more complex because we are now exposed to the demands of a myriad of choices and pressures that go far beyond\u00a0 those previously limited to our more confined cultural and physical milieus.\u00a0 The entire world is now before us, and we are faced with new responsibilities that are part of the negotiation and management of global interactions and an implicit \u201cworld\u201d citizenship. The comfort brought by past simplicities, if there were such a thing, has now yielded to the demands of confusing and conflicting needs, choices, and values that have a global context.\u00a0 And yet, the roots of identity —\u00a0 the locus in which we pursue and define it — remain at personal, cultural, and national levels.\u00a0 And, this for me, is now insufficient.\u00a0 I feel we must move beyond these to embrace life itself as the center of our identity and I name this view \u2013 LIFEISM.<\/p>\n

PERSONAL, CULTURAL, AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES<\/p>\n

A sense of identity is at the core of human existence and meaning.\u00a0 It is the self-reflective and dialogical anchor — both conscious and unconscious — that grounds us amidst the constant flow of changes in our settings and situations.\u00a0 It offers us a sense of who we are and what we are.\u00a0 The many and varied forces that shape our identity(s) are determined by both unique and shared experiences.\u00a0 The accumulation of these experiences —\u00a0 their dynamic interactions and their constant appraisal, evaluation, and modifications — form the crucible in which we as individuals and as members of groups claim place, position, and agency.<\/p>\n

Personal Identity<\/p>\n

Personal identity has been a topic of interest and concern for many theorists including such notable figures as Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Erik Eriksen, Erich Fromm, and Rollo May. Among these, Erich Fromm (1900-1980), a social psychoanalyst, is one my favorites.\u00a0 Fromm (e.g., 1941\/1969, 1955, 1973), in a host of books written across his lifetime,\u00a0 argued that identity is a basic human need along with rootedness, belonging, frame-of-reference, and transcendence. The positing of identity as an essential human need creates a timeless context for our human search for understanding our nature.\u00a0 Identity, for Fromm, is at the core of human existence and dominates the endless pursuit for human meaning and purpose.<\/p>\n

With Fromm\u2019s thinking, our understanding of identity soars beyond a simple description of the characteristics by which we assert identity (i.e, name, age, gender, religion, ethnicity, citizenship, physical features, memberships, traits and dispositions) to a powerful statement of our very nature.\u00a0\u00a0 We need identity!\u00a0 We are driven to seek an identity and to pursue it constantly through relationships (i.e., relatedness), beliefs (i.e., frame-of-reference), and belonging (i.e., rootedness).\u00a0\u00a0 And ultimately, we aspire to transcend or to rise above what we are and to move toward ever new levels of awareness, being, and experience (i.e., religion and\/or spirituality)<\/p>\n

One of Fromm\u2019s central theses is that human beings often feel isolated, lonely, and estranged from others and from life itself because as they pursued freedom from the demands of increased individuality and separation, they eventually find themselves surrendering their identity in favor of group, organizational, and national identities that oppress their individuality and their possibilities of connection with anything that challenges the group\u2019s goals and ethos.\u00a0 Thus, we neither connect with humanity nor with life.\u00a0 Fromm (1955) stated:<\/p>\n

The problem of the sense of identity is not, as it is usually understood, merely a philosophical problem, or a problem only concerning our mind and thought. The need to feel a sense of identity stems from the very condition of human existence, and it is the source of the most intense strivings. Since I cannot remain sane without the sense of \u201cI,” l am driven to do almost anything to acquire this sense. Behind the intense passion for status and conformity is this very need, and it is sometimes even stronger than the need for physical survival. What could be more obvious than the fact that people are willing to risk their lives, to give up their love, to surrender their freedom, to sacrifice their own thoughts, for the sake of being one of the herd, of conforming, and thus of acquiring a sense of identity, even though it is an illusory one (Fromm, 1955, p. 63).<\/p>\n

For Fromm and others, understanding personal identity requires an understanding of cultural and national\u00a0 identities. These too are determined by the broad social and institutional contexts in which personal identity is negotiated, defined, and maintained.<\/p>\n

Cultural Identities<\/p>\n

Cultural identities are a critical determinant of individual identity because they express the affiliate groups by which an individual chooses to communicate their personal sense of who they are and what they stand for in a confusing world \u2013 their ties and allegiances to family, gender, ethnicity, race, religion, and other local socialization contexts.\u00a0 Indeed, at some point and in some contexts, a cultural group identity can become so powerful that there is no longer a sense of pride in individual distinctness\u00a0 but rather a\u00a0 near blind loyalty to the cultural identity.<\/p>\n

Cultural identities also bring with them a history of affiliations with specific social labels, roles, and contexts, and their implicit and explicit values, attitudes, and behaviors.\u00a0 Inherent within each of these micro-cultural contexts are the forces for the socialization of \u201cshared meanings and behaviors\u201d that serve to affirm and anchor identities. Amartya Sen (2006), the Nobel Prize winner in economics in 1998, and writes:<\/p>\n

I can be at the same time, an Asian, an Indian citizen, a Bengali with Bangladeshi ancestry, an American or British resident, an economist, a dabbler in philosophy, an author, a Sanskrit, a strong believer in secularism and democracy, a man, a feminist, a heterosexual, a defender of gay and lesbian rights, with a non-religious lifestyle, from a Hindu background, a non-Brahmin, and a non-believer in\u00a0 an afterlife. . . This is just a small sample of the diverse categories to each of which I may simultaneously belong \u2013 there are of course a great many other membership categories too which, depending on circumstances, can move and engage me (Sen, 2006, p. 19)<\/p>\n

Cultural identities emerge from our construction of reality learned within the daily socialization contexts in which we live. Cultural identities position us in society and help anchor our personal sense of who we are. One can only imagine, then, the difficulty — even trauma —\u00a0 that can accompany identity development and change among immigrant populations, especially those living under conditions of complete powerlessness and marginalization such as refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented workers.<\/p>\n

Kwame Appiah (2005), a professor at Princeton University, writes that our identities often become subject to those labels used to describe members of our group.\u00a0 We internalize these labels and then behave according to labels \u2013 often pejorative —\u00a0 even when they are imposed by others.\u00a0 We become embedded in a complex of labels and markers that shape our thoughts and actions and the responses to them by others.<\/p>\n

Once labels are applied to people, ideas about people who fit the label come to have social and psychological effects. In particular, these ideas shape the ways people conceive of themselves and their projects. So the labels operate to mold what we may call identification, the process through which individuals shape their projects — including their plans for their own lives and their conceptions of the good life — by reference to available labels, available identities. In identification, I shape my life by the thought that something is an appropriate aim or an appropriate way of acting for an American, a black man, a philosopher. It seems right to call this “identification” because the label plays a role in shaping the way the agent makes decisions about how to conduct a life, in the process of the construction of one’s identity (Appiah, 2005, p. 66).<\/p>\n

In a global era that is challenging traditional constructions of reality and the roles that support them, personal, cultural, and national identities are under serious challenge. Pressures to conform, integrate, acculturate, accommodate, and assimilate are challenging our sense of who we are, what we are, where we are going, what we can do, and why we can do it. Certain identities are valued, privileged, or empowered over others.\u00a0 Labels and markers must now become negotiated in a new global arena in which differences are more profound and more obvious. At stake is our sense of meaning and purpose.\u00a0 We are finding ourselves unable to anchor or position ourselves because of constantly changing demands for competency and mastery.\u00a0 We shift and change.\u00a0 We are more hesitant to define ourselves in fixed and concrete ways, at the risk of making ourselves vulnerable, protean, and obsolete.<\/p>\n

The result is a spectrum of patterns of personal and collective identities including (1) mixtures, blends, and syncretic forms, (2) varied situational displays, and (3) a core or change-resistant patterns.\u00a0 Choice, opportunity, and chance all contrive to create these various patterns.\u00a0 In the process of identity negotiation, meaningful identities can become restrained in choice\u00a0 and opportunity by beliefs and ideas favored by groups in power,\u00a0 and by the alleged certainties in psychological and social comfort they offer to us.<\/p>\n

National Identities<\/p>\n

National identities are a part of the growing challenge we face in our global era.\u00a0 Issues of diversity, opportunity, and the distribution of power become subjects of debate as appeals are made to protect certain identities and to devalue or deny others.\u00a0 This becomes an even more dangerous mix when power and the threats to it become part of subgroup and\u00a0 international conflicts and we begin to hear the clarion calls for patriotism and defense of the homeland — \u201cYour nation needs you!\u201d\u00a0 Under these circumstances, we seek new levels of protection and security that may isolate us from others in our nation, region, and across the world in a protective and xenophobic cocoon of imagined security.\u00a0 Our personal identity becomes\u00a0 extended to a larger national identity reinforced by appeals to fear and vulnerability.<\/p>\n

In our global era, replete with all of its contestations of individuals, groups, and nations, a widespread spirit of \u201cversism\u201d emerges in which compassion, cooperation, collaboration are urgently needed yet denied amidst the felt need for protection. Some of the contestations that characterize the \u201cversus\u201d mentality of our times are listed below:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Universal human rights\u00a0 versus\u00a0 National rights, laws, and policies
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0National unity, homogeneity, and conformity\u00a0 versus\u00a0 Diversity, heterogeneity, and counter-cultures
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Colonialism\/imperialism via hegemonic globalization\u00a0 versus\u00a0 Sovereignty, self determination, autonomous identity
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Hegemonic globalization, modernization, westernization\u00a0 versus\u00a0 Stasis and tradition
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Economic level of living\u00a0 versus\u00a0 Quality of life
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Spirituality\u00a0 versus\u00a0 Religious fundamentalism, theocracy, and faith-based power
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Militarism\u00a0 versus\u00a0 Peace
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Distribution\u00a0 of wealth versus\u00a0 Concentration of wealth within and across individuals,\u00a0 societies, and nations
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Human needs\/wants\u00a0 versus\u00a0 Environmental protection and sustainability
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Male (Patriarchy) versus Female (Access, Rights, Opportunities, Security)
\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0My identity (my culture, my nation)\u00a0 versus\u00a0 Our identity (Our Culture, Our Nation)<\/p>\n

Amidst this global milieu of contestation and the angst its generates, it is easy, indeed, almost reflexive, to identify with a nation as a source of security and protection against the array of opposing forces —\u00a0 to claim, with a sense of national pride and patriotism, that \u201cI am a \ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3\ufdd3 (Insert a national identity).2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Come, serve your nation — our homeland — in this time of need.<\/p>\n

Yet today, even as unbridled nationalism seems to be growing, the need for nations is being contested as globalization pressures encourage the growth and empowerment of\u00a0 multi-national corporations \u2013 entities which hold no national allegiance beyond profit for shareholders. The assault upon our pursuit of identity is endless — from above and below.\u00a0 As\u00a0 nation states collapse, many of the intense ethnic and religious rivalries, previously suppressed by a strong national government, become renewed and emerge again.\u00a0 Further, as the economic, political and social pressures of hegemonic global political economy spreads, new groups, movements, and coalitions form to resist the pressures from above by asserting their local rights, needs, and impulses for recognition.\u00a0 They unite to assert or protect their identity.\u00a0 Yet, for many, efforts to actively shape and control our personal and collective lives seem futile in the face of these overwhelming\u00a0 globalization pressures. Sandel, (1996) writes:<\/p>\n

National sovereignty is eroded from above by mobility of capital, goods, and information across national boundaries, the integration of world financial markets, and the transnational character of industrial production.\u00a0 And national sovereignty is challenged from below by the resurgent aspirations of subnational groups for autonomy and self-rule.\u00a0 As their effective sovereignty fades, nations gradually lose their hold on the allegiance of their citizens.\u00a0 Beset by the integrating tendencies of the global economy and the fragmenting tendencies of group identities, nation-states are increasingly unable to link identity and self rule.\u00a0 Even the most powerful states cannot escape the imperatives of the global economy; even the smallest are too heterogeneous to give full expression to the communal identity of any one ethnic or nationalist or religious group without oppressing others in their midst (Sandel, 1996, p. 74).<\/p>\n

Yet, it must be asked, where is the identification with life?\u00a0 Where is the recognition that we are more than individuals, cultures, and nations?\u00a0 That we are more than humans?\u00a0 That we are part of life!\u00a0 Does our failure to understand that we are more than human — even in all its glorious diversity representations — place us in jeopardy because we are separated from the larger forces that define the very nature of our individual and collective beings \u2013 that we are alive, that we are life.<\/p>\n

BEYOND PERSON, CULTURE, AND NATION<\/p>\n

Separation and Unity<\/p>\n

Arthur Koestler (1905-1983), the famous writer, theorist, and social commentator, noted in his book The Ghost in The Machine (1967), that within all living things from cells to human beings to universes, there are two basic impulses: a self-assertive impulse designed to support independent survival and an integrative impulse, designed to connect independent units with others, and, in doing so, to produce and reveal a new and emergent dimension of being.\u00a0 Koestler call this The Janus Principle, in honor of the Greek God, Janus, whose head faces two ways.\u00a0 Consider this example from Koestler\u2019s work: in its simplest form, a liver cell can exist separately in a Petrie dish forever, but when it is connected to others, it forms a liver \u2013 a new and emergent life form that was impossible to experience in its separateness.\u00a0 In other words, the cell now experiences a new dimension to its being that was absent in its individuality.\u00a0 It is, so to speak, now actualizing its full potential.<\/p>\n

And so it is with human beings.\u00a0\u00a0 We can exist separately and unconnected to others, unconcerned about an expanded sense of our nature.\u00a0 But when we join with others, when we choose to serve the common cause, when we advance the collective, there is a new dimension to our being —\u00a0 we are part of something larger.\u00a0 The merger of ourselves with the larger unit helps us actualizes our full potential, it yields something a new nature.\u00a0 From the point of identity, this impulse to be part of something larger may be an inherent characteristic of life itself.\u00a0 The quest for identity is not only a basic human need at a personal level, but also one which is sought at cultural and national levels of organization.\u00a0 And yet, amidst the destruction of life about us, it should now be clear that we have need to identify with something more if we are to survive.\u00a0 We must identify with life.<\/p>\n

The Awareness and Commitment to Life \u2013 The Force That Animates The Universe \u2013 \u201cI Am What Am\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are alive.\u201d We are part of life, the very force that animates the universe and that is present in all things we call living. We are surrounded and embedded in life in a myriad of forms. This is the most important and essential truth.\u00a0 We are alive — we are part of life!\u00a0 By accepting this premise, and by making it the core of our identity as individuals and groups, we can affirm a truth so obvious and so critical to our sense of well being that it can be the anchor for all of our personal, collective, and national identities. It can move us beyond the borders of these identities that so often keep us prisoner to limited beliefs and behaviors.\u00a0 With this affirmation and acceptance, we can build a foundation for connection to all forms of life. We can move beyond the struggles for identity at individual, cultural, and national levels, in favor of the ultimate identity — life and the ecologies that nurture and sustain it.\u00a0 And with this identification, we can also move beyond humanism — a noble belief itself — to a new philosophy and set of practices that considers humanity as only one reflection of life — LIFEISM.<\/p>\n

Identification with life — lifeism — is our most essential and most authentic identity.\u00a0 This identity with life should, in my opinion, be placed above\u00a0 personal, cultural, and national identities.\u00a0 It is the most important because it implicates all other identities in a far more meaningful way.\u00a0 If we accept the truth that we are part of life,\u00a0 there emerges a new sense of connection and harmony with the world about us. We experience the life affirming impulses of evolving, developing, and becoming. There emerges a sense of humility and wisdom that offers insights into unforgivable carelessness and disdain we have demonstrated for life in all its forms — how much we have done to destroy life and, in the process, perhaps to destroy ourselves.<\/p>\n

Lifeism is part of spirituality — that transcendent sense of awe, reverence, and connection in which are moved beyond ourselves and time and place to new levels of consciousness.\u00a0 Spirituality moves us, as individuals and groups, beyond our past to the richness of the immediacy of the moment.\u00a0 And with this comes an experience of attachment and\u00a0\u00a0 belonging to something much larger than our individual or collectives experiential levels.\u00a0 We are part of life, and that means we have ties to all forms of life on Earth and to the mysteries of the cosmos itself.<\/p>\n

Clearly, at no time in human history have we been at such a point of assaulting all forms of life about us.\u00a0 We are destroying the complex ecology that generates, sustains, and promotes life in its many forces.\u00a0 We are destroying more than ourselves as humans, we are destroying the very broth of life from which we cannot be separated if we are to survive.\u00a0 We — as humans — possessed of that most wonderful and highly evolved form of being — consciousness — have become the destroyer of life.\u00a0 We are —\u00a0 in a microcosmic sense \u2013 acting like a cosmic black hole grasping and abusing all about us in a frenzy of waste, pollution, contamination, degradation, and destruction.\u00a0 We offend and insult life.\u00a0 We seem to have no identification with life itself \u2013 the very force that animates our lives and the world about us.\u00a0 And, unfortunately, we seem to be immune and in denial to the consequences of this essential fact.<\/p>\n

IN our global era, nothing can be more important for life on Earth at this moment than this simple yet profound truth.\u00a0 A meaningful identity for a meaningful life must embrace an identification with life.\u00a0 \u201cI am, what am!\u201d\u00a0 \u201cWe are, what are!\u201d\u00a0 \u201cI am the stuff of stars!\u201d \u201cWe are the stuff of stars!\u201d\u00a0 \u201cWe are part of the very force that animates the universe!\u201d\u00a0 It is essential to identify with \u201clife\u201d and to grasp the responsibilities, obligations, and consequences this imposes upon us.\u00a0 Let us move beyond defining ourselves in more limited terms.\u00a0 Let us acknowledge, recognize, embrace, protect, and preserve life around us — lifeism!\u00a0 Let us respond to life about us with respect, awe, and reverence.\u00a0 Let us embrace the fact that I\/we, life, and the universe are one!<\/p>\n

REFERENCES<\/p>\n

Appiah, K. (2005).\u00a0 The ethics of identity.\u00a0 Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

Cutler, A. (2001). Critical reflections on the Westphalian assumptions of international law and organization : A crisis of legitimacy.” Review of International Studies 27, 133-150.<\/p>\n

Fromm, E. (1941\/1969).\u00a0 Escape from freedom. NY: Henry Holt<\/p>\n

Fromm, E. (1955).\u00a0 The sane society.\u00a0 NY: Henry Holt<\/p>\n

Fromm, E. (1975). Letter to humanistic Christians.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/atheism.about.com\/library\/glossary\/general\/bldef_frommerich.htm
\n(Retrieved March 17, 2007, 12:30 PM)<\/p>\n

Koestler, A. (1967).\u00a0 The ghost in the machine.\u00a0 NY: MacMillan.<\/p>\n

Marsella, A.J. (1998).\u00a0 Toward a global-community psychology: Meeting the needs of a changing world.\u00a0 American Psychologist, 53, 1282-1291.<\/p>\n

Sandel, M. (1996).\u00a0 The source of discontent: America\u2019s search for a new public philosophy.\u00a0 Atlantic Monthly, 277, 57-74.<\/p>\n

Sen, A. (2006).\u00a0 Identity and violence: The illusions of destiny.\u00a0 NY: Norton.
\n__________________________________________<\/p>\n

1 Portions of this article were presented as a keynote address to The Forum for Advanced Studies in Arts, Languages, and Theology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, April 17-18, 2007. Please cite author, title, PsySR Newsletter issue, and date if you choose to use material. <\/em><\/p>\n

2\u00a0 And the rest, of course, is the story of history since the famous Peace of Westphalia via the Treaties of Munster (Catholic signing) and Osnabrucke (Protestant signing) in Europe in 1648 that ended the 30-year and 80- year wars rooted in religious hatred and intolerance.\u00a0 The Westphalia Peace is widely cited as being the source for the evolution of the modern nation state and international system including the rivalries, separatism, and antagonisms that abound.
\nhttp:\/\/www.globalpolicy.org\/nations\/nature\/westphalia.htm\u00a0 – January 25, 2007)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

President, Psychologists for Social Responsibility Summary:\u00a0 This article explores the nature and meaning of identity and its personal, cultural, and national nuances and consequences.\u00a0 In this presentation, I note, as have many others, that meaningful personal and social identities are at the core of a meaningful human existence.\u00a0 But this assertion raises critical questions about […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-commentary-archives"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1420","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1420"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1420\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1420"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1420"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1420"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}