{"id":145700,"date":"2019-10-21T12:01:13","date_gmt":"2019-10-21T11:01:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=145700"},"modified":"2019-10-19T11:36:06","modified_gmt":"2019-10-19T10:36:06","slug":"the-climate-crisis-and-other-crises-require-the-transformation-of-the-basic-cultural-structure-of-the-modern-world-part-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2019\/10\/the-climate-crisis-and-other-crises-require-the-transformation-of-the-basic-cultural-structure-of-the-modern-world-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The Climate Crisis (and Other Crises) Require the Transformation of the Basic Cultural Structure of the Modern World (Part 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is a revised version of the TMS Editorial with same title<\/a><\/em> published on 14 Oct 2019–to clarify and <\/strong>answer questions from readers.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

21 Oct 2019 –<\/em> Today it is in the news that 906,000 hectares have burned in the Amazon forests so far in 2019.\u00a0 It is in the news that an even larger \u2013although harder to determine- number of hectares have burned so far this year in African forests and savannahs.\u00a0 The media often mention that the fires of 2019 continue an ominous trend.\u00a0 There has been worldwide a steadily increasing loss of vegetation to flames that has been accelerating for several decades.\u00a0 The feedback loop is negative.\u00a0 Less vegetation means less rainfall means less vegetation.<\/p>\n

It is in the news that millions of people around the world \u2013inspired by a Swedish teenager so honest that looking at a picture of her will cure a headache\u2014have taken to the streets demanding that something must be done.\u00a0 I will use this paper to offer an answer to the question what <\/em>must be done: The basic cultural structures of the modern world must be transformed.\u00a0\u00a0 I will not try to prove this thesis here.\u00a0 I will try to state clearly the thesis to be proven.<\/p>\n

Walking back in time to 1990, when I wore a younger man\u2019s clothes, I imagined I could contribute to saving the world by selling my car.\u00a0 The train of reasoning leading to my fantastic belief began more with nausea than with logic.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0Senator Richard Lugar of Indiana, where I was then living, was the Chair of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee.\u00a0\u00a0 The first U.S. invasion of Iraq was about to begin.\u00a0 I read in a newspaper that Senator Lugar had threatened that if the French would not join in the invasion, then we would not share the petroleum with them.\u00a0 Gasping for air and trying not to vomit, I did a little research. I learned that the number of people in the world driving automobiles was then a little under one billion.\u00a0\u00a0 The number of people living in extreme poverty was nearly equal.\u00a0\u00a0 Now imagine that all the cars and all the poor people were lined up in pairs, with each car matched with one person whose goods and\/or services had remained either unsold or sold for too little to live on. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Then in 1990 at the equilibrium point where supply equals demand leaving some people unemployed and some needs unmet (as Keynes might have put it), there was a certain number of extremely poor people, y, which was about a billion.\u00a0 That number was about equal to the number of people rich enough to own a car.\u00a0\u00a0 Then if the pairs (x, y) where x is a car and y is a poor person were lined up, they would have formed a line stretching several times around the earth.\u00a0\u00a0 The last x and the last y \u2013as a close approximation– would have been located at the same place.\u00a0\u00a0 If that place turned out to be over an ocean, then you would have to imagine that the car and the person were held above the waves by an angel or by a helicopter.<\/p>\n

I reasoned that I could use the money I saved by selling my car and then walking, bicycling and using public transportation, to lift one person out of poverty. \u00a0If I could explain the simple math to everyone else, then all other car owners would do the same.\u00a0\u00a0 The outcome would be no private cars, no extreme poverty, less CO2 in the atmosphere, fewer wars, and (because people would walk more) fewer heart attacks.<\/p>\n

Subsequently, when my mathematical model was tested using myself as a one-person empirical sample, the money saved by not driving a car proved to be enough to lift more<\/em> than one person out of extreme poverty.\u00a0\u00a0 But when the sample was enlarged it turned out that nobody else understood my math.\u00a0 Or if they did understand the math they preferred to continue driving while leaving in poverty the people they could have promoted to the lower middle class by walking and sharing.<\/p>\n

Or \u2013perhaps more likely\u2014everyone else understood my math perfectly well.\u00a0\u00a0 They would have given up their cars if they had believed that walking would save the world.\u00a0 But everyone else was smarter than I was. They always knew my reasoning was invalid.\u00a0 They always knew that the auto industry was indispensable to keep the economy going, and that long before advocates like me of the slogan \u2018live simply, that others may simply live\u2019 succeeded in shutting down most of its factories, dealerships, repair shops, service stations, insurance agencies, oil refineries, and so on, whatever it takes \u2013a fascist coup if necessary\u2014would be done to keep the automobile industry going.\u00a0 They knew from the beginning that the more people got out of poverty the more they would become drivers of cars. They also already knew more realistic solutions to the climate crisis. For example, all cars could be electric and non-polluting. All electricity generation could be non-polluting too.\u00a0 Electricity generation could be from renewable sources. The production of new green technologies could be made so labour-intensive and so profitable, that nobody would miss the demise of all the polluting industries.<\/p>\n

Contrary to my 1990 fantasy of frugal peace, and contrary to other people\u2019s perhaps<\/em> more realistic plans for mass technological and economic conversion, the last forty years have brought little encouragement. \u00a0\u00a0While extreme poverty has declined, conventional automobile ownership has increased. \u00a0The use of non-polluting technologies \u2013here it must be mentioned that more are in the pipeline[i]<\/a>\u2014 like electric cars and wind-generated electricity has increased; but as the human population has grown and economies have grown, worldwide pollution has increased even more.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bottomless violence and deceit and muddled thinking have gone baroque.\u00a0 The climate crisis has gotten worse.\u00a0 As we speak, many of the small gains of green policies are being erased by political movements led by figures like Trump and Bolsonaro. The Trumps and the Bolsonaros are supported by elites and by voting publics who view green policies as inimical to their economic interests.<\/p>\n

Also, during those same forty years I and co-authors (hereafter \u2018we\u2019) have demonstrated in detail in numerous unread books, chapters in books, and papers that surviving the climate crisis (and other crises) requires the transformation of the basic cultural structure of the modern world.[ii]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Not always in those exact words.\u00a0\u00a0 Anything true can be said in more than one way\u2014would you not agree?<\/p>\n

Let me try to state in a few words why even assuming that the natural scientists and the inventors are succeeding in demonstrating that survival requires massive changes, and that massive changes are technically feasible, still nothing short of cultural transformation (also called social transformation) will save us.\u00a0 As I wrote above, stating is not proving.\u00a0\u00a0 It is a start.\u00a0 It might motivate somebody to read some of our unread books.[iii]<\/a><\/p>\n

God help me to be clear.\u00a0 So much depends on being able to communicate.<\/p>\n

What is the basic cultural structure of the modern world?<\/p>\n

In one word: Sales.<\/p>\n

In two French words: s\u00e9paration marchande.[iv]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

The French phrase \u2013literally \u2018merchant separation\u2019 or \u2018commercial separation\u2019\u2014corresponds to what is sometimes called in English \u2018the exchange relation\u2019 which might also be called \u2018the exchange non-relation,\u2019 or \u2018your problem is not my problem\u2019 or \u2018what\u2019s in it for me?\u2019\u00a0\u00a0 It corresponds to the point Adam Smith makes when he writes that to get our bread from our baker we appeal entirely to his interests and not at all to our needs or to any family or social or ethical ties that bind us; and to the similar point the Pie man makes when he says to Simple Simon, \u2018Show me first your penny!\u2019<\/p>\n

Remember that twelve paragraphs above I identified the poor people with the people whose goods and\/or services had remained either unsold or sold for too little to live on.<\/em>\u00a0 I was relying on Keynes\u2019 point that supply usually equals demand (so that everything supplied is sold and if more were supplied it would not be sold) not when all needs are met but when the needs of people with money and a desire to spend it have been met.<\/em>[v]<\/a><\/p>\n

Transposing to an ethical key, there can be a duty to work, or at least a duty to be willing to work, but there can be no duty to earn an income by working.\u00a0\u00a0 Being employed requires finding someone able and willing to buy your work.\u00a0 There can be no duty to buy, hence no duty to employ, and hence no duty to be employed.<\/p>\n

Given sales as the basic structure, history and logic tell us that over time, inevitably, investing in order to produce for sale for profit will become essential.[vi]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 It will become essential to \u2018create employment.\u2019 Without investment many (normally most) people\u2019s physical needs will not be met.\u00a0\u00a0 As happened in Chile in 1973, and as is happening in Venezuela now, \u2018the economy comes to a standstill.\u2019<\/p>\n

As Michael Kalecki wrote: \u2018Under a laisser-faire system the level of employment depends to a great extent on the so-called state of confidence. If this deteriorates, private investment declines, which results in a fall of output and employment (both directly and through the secondary effect of the fall in incomes upon consumption and investment). This gives to the capitalists a powerful indirect control over Government policy: everything which may shake the state of confidence must be carefully avoided because it would cause an economic crisis.\u2019[vii]<\/a><\/p>\n

The result is that whatever else happens, investors must be pleased.\u00a0 They can shut the system down for any reason or no reason.\u00a0 Jobs depend on them.\u00a0 Food depends on them.\u00a0\u00a0 Normally (i.e. not in cases like those just mentioned where political motives are major factors) everything depends on sales being large enough at high enough prices to keep the motor that drives the system going.\u00a0 Some people call such a way of life a \u2018regime of accumulation.\u2019\u00a0\u00a0 This phrase has come to mean that everything about a culture, all its institutions and all its behaviour and beliefs and ideals, must be \u2013whatever else they are\u2014conducive to investors making profits.<\/p>\n

This does not mean humans do not do other things that cause problems\u2014like spending their free time having fun in ways that multiply the human population beyond the carrying capacity of the planet.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Or like\u2014as mentioned above\u2014poor people when they stop being poor wanting to live like rich people, making ecological and other problems (like traffic) worse.<\/p>\n

The (\u2018unbounded and realist\u2019) perspective here proposed does not mean<\/em> governments can always succeed in attracting all the investors they need to get the growth alleged to be necessary to create employment that they (misguidedly) want.\u00a0 No amount of sacrifice of social, financial and ecological objectives on the altar of the (false) God of growth guarantees that there will be growth, or that there will be employment, or that employment will bring with it dignity and security. Indeed,\u00a0\u00a0 all governments are compelled (until thinking and institutions are transformed) to play a game only some governments can win.\u00a0 Even the winners only win some of the time.\u00a0 Each has 195 other governments competing with it.[viii]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Usually all or most of the profitable business niches have already been found and occupied by someone else.<\/p>\n

The greed of the rich, or some fraction of them, no doubt explains some of the persistence of untenable ideologies that (falsely) appear to serve their interests.\u00a0 Greed explains some of the concentration of wealth in their hands and some of the physical dependence of life on their decisions.\u00a0 But the main factor is not greed.\u00a0\u00a0 It is structure.\u00a0 The necessities of life structurally <\/em>depend on investing to produce for sale to customers who have money to buy.\u00a0 This is a fact about the rules of the game \u2013namely the rules that govern sales. The cultural rules constitute the material positions that constitute the system.[ix]<\/a>\u00a0 It is not a fact about psychology or about self-serving ideology or about original sin. Redistributing wealth, and other necessary changes, on the scale necessary to achieve governability to cope with today\u2019s and tomorrow\u2019s mass unemployment, global warming, and other existential crises, call for making the basic legal-cultural-social structure more susceptible to amendment in the light of physical facts.<\/p>\n

In more detail: the reason why the main cause of inequality, exclusion, and paralysis in the face of climate change and other existential threats is structure, not greed, is this:\u00a0 The poor person gets a job (\u2026the consumer finds a well-stocked supermarket, the government gets a tax base\u2026 etc.)\u00a0\u00a0 only if the investor gets a profit.\u00a0 Therefore, people who already have money must end up with even more money, in order for the penniless to get anything.<\/p>\n

Once the basic cultural (also called social) structure, the s\u00e9paration marchande, <\/em>is established, it is inevitable, as a matter of history and as a matter of logic, that life will come to depend on the confidence of investors.\u00a0 Inequality, exclusion and paralysis will set in.\u00a0\u00a0 Of course, there have always been counter-currents existing alongside s\u00e9paration marchande<\/em>:\u00a0 mothers, neighbours, people marching to the beat of a different drummer, non-profit institutions, anarchist collectives, coops, governments of many kinds at many levels, and so on in endless variety.\u00a0\u00a0 I am talking about markets \u2013which Habermas called modernity\u2019s primary<\/em> institution,[x]<\/a> about why they dominate us, why market phenomena (like capital flight) make it so hard to change property relations (which many have regarded as modernity\u2019s primary institution and\/or as identical with or inseparable from, markets)\u00a0 When push comes to shove (as in the Chilean and Venezuelan examples) when sales stop, for whatever\u00a0 proximate cause (including empty supermarket shelves with nothing on them), then society stops.<\/p>\n

Greed is not the main issue.\u00a0 As Peter Drucker points out, even if the CEO of a company is an angel,\u00a0 who has no interest in personal gain, it is still the duty of the CEO to make sure that the company makes a profit.[xi]<\/a> The CEO, like everyone else, operates inside what Max Weber called the \u2018iron cage\u2019 of capitalism. (Drucker thought her or his salary should never be more than 20 times that of the lowest paid employee.)<\/p>\n

Now, some of the investors are peanuts.\u00a0 They own a one-bedroom apartment they rent out to students.\u00a0 Others are moguls.\u00a0\u00a0 They have huge holdings parked in trust funds in tax havens that neither tax collectors nor academic researchers can trace.\u00a0 It is the moguls who gobble up the main juicy investment opportunities.\u00a0\u00a0 As Thomas Piketty shows, confirming these theoretical reflections with facts, the largest fortunes, as far as can be discerned with the available evidence, are growing at around 7% per year.\u00a0 Smaller fortunes grow at slower rates.\u00a0\u00a0 Meanwhile, most governments and most people sink into debt.[xii]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 This is the normal pattern, given the basic cultural structure.\u00a0\u00a0 The times and places where tendencies toward greater equality have set in are exceptions due to exceptional causes, mainly wars.[xiii]<\/a><\/p>\n

The necessity for transformation means that it must<\/em> become possible to make rational and ethical decisions about climate change, mass unemployment, growing inequality, making social human rights realities instead of empty promises, and so on.\u00a0\u00a0 Now, as things stand today, rational and ethical decisions \u2013whether they are about meeting the needs of the poor or about switching to sustainable technologies or anything else– cannot be made and implemented without first doing whatever it takes to please investors.\u00a0 Therefore, they cannot be made at all. Until further notice there is no rational and ethical set of public policies that coincides with what must be done to try to persuade investors that investment in country A will be profitable, and indeed more profitable than investment elsewhere.\u00a0\u00a0 Every country simultaneously winning the competition to achieve full employment by being a haven capital flees to from elsewhere (as Switzerland and Singapore have sometimes done) is a mathematical impossibility. What they had to do to win was what capital found most profitable.\u00a0 Capital finding it most profitable (compared to all its other opportunities) only rarely coincides with paying high wages to install green technologies that will continue to be labour intensive at high wages after they are installed.\u00a0 Every country always outbidding all the others to attract capital, and always doing it offering ways to make higher profits at less risk using labour intensive green technologies not just in the instalment phase but permanently, meanwhile leaving the carbon in the ground is a non-starter.\u00a0 It is a non-starter assuming the basic structure we now have, one where the starter for any mainstream economic activity is investment expecting future profits from sales.[xiv]<\/a><\/p>\n

Therefore, surviving the climate crisis, or any life-threatening crisis, requires transforming the basic cultural structure of the modern world\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Transforming does not mean destroying.\u00a0\u00a0 It does mean, as Jos\u00e9 Luis Coraggio says, \u2018resignifying.\u2019 [xv]<\/a> Change meanings, and therefore change behaviours, to make institutions function to facilitate meeting all the needs on Maslow\u2019s list in harmony with nature.\u00a0\u00a0 This process can be called \u2018ethical construction,\u2019 remembering that in Aristotle\u2019s ethics, arete<\/em> (often translated as \u2018virtue\u2019 or \u2018excellence\u2019) means performing one\u2019s functions well.\u00a0 It can also be called value-centred social and emotional education. The same philosopher said that a well-educated person finds pleasure in virtue (justice, for example) while a badly educated person finds pleasure in vice (greed for example).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I would add that a well-educated person understands that greed is not the main problem.\u00a0 She or he understands cultural structure and why it must be changed.\u00a0 A badly educated person might believe mainstream economics.[xvi]<\/a><\/p>\n

But is it really possible for humanity to escape from what Max Weber called the iron cage of modernity \u2013thinking of modernity as a trap peoples with traditional values can enter but cannot exit?\u00a0\u00a0 Is it possible for human beings to organize sustainable dignified livelihoods for all, escaping the constraints imposed by today\u2019s excessive dependence on investment for production for sale for profit?\u00a0 Well, they did so; they organized the physical means of subsistence (to cite just two examples) by reciprocity and redistribution, for more than 95% of the time homo sapiens <\/em>has been on the planet. Humans have survived and sometimes flourished in cultures with myriad basic cultural structures too numerous to count. Relying more on reciprocity and redistribution and less on s\u00e9paration marchande <\/em>is not leaping into the unknown.\u00a0\u00a0 It is going back to the tried and true.\u00a0 It is going back to the tried and true with the modern benefit of incredibly productive new green technologies already in existence and\/or already on the way.<\/p>\n

Going back to the tried and true, acknowledging that new-fangled notions like doing everything for money do not work,\u00a0\u00a0 also showcases the indispensable roles reciprocity and redistribution still play today; as the Republic of Ecuador showcased them in its new Constitution by listing reciprocity, redistribution, and customary practices alongside markets and planning as five guiding principles of a plural economy.\u00a0 Some business leaders today are going back to the tried and true today.\u00a0 They are resignifying themselves, as Gandhi suggested (updating dharma<\/em>), as trustees; or as Robert Greenleaf suggested (in a book published by a press named after the Apostle Paul) as servant leaders.\u00a0\u00a0 Their mission and purpose is to create social surplus that can be transferred to cover social deficits.[xvii]<\/a>\u00a0 The list of growth points– of social innovations for the common good\u2014is an endless list.\u00a0\u00a0 As Elinor Ostrom says, what is possible in practice must be possible in theory.<\/p>\n

Let me end with a question, an answer, two questions about the answer, and an invitation to participate in a culture-shift.\u00a0 The question:\u00a0 Assuming it is true that today\u2019s basic cultural structure —the dependence of life on sales, which in turn makes life depend on investments expecting profits from sales– trap humanity in regimes of accumulation, where the necessity of pleasing investors constrains everything else, then how do we transform this basic cultural structure? The answer: By building communities of solidarity.\u00a0 Two questions about the answer:\u00a0 How do we build community?\u00a0 How do we build solidarity?\u00a0 An invitation:\u00a0 Consider practicing the answer Gavin Andersson proposes:\u00a0\u00a0 By aligning across sectors to work together for the common good we build community and solidarity.\u00a0 By building community and solidarity, we escape from the trap we are in.<\/p>\n

Greta Thunberg has said that to keep the carbon in the ground and to keep global warming from going past or beyond the 1.5 Celsius mark we need to change the rules and change the system.[xviii]<\/a> \u00a0But what new rules and what new system or systems would accomplish such goals?\u00a0\u00a0 This is where the idea of unbounded organization comes in.\u00a0\u00a0 Starting with the cultures that exist \u2013which is the only place we can start\u2014 we work with cultural zones of proximal development (growth points) through mission-driven organizations.\u00a0 The bottom line is ethical: meeting needs because they are needs.\u00a0 That is what community means.\u00a0 That is what solidarity means.\u00a0 It is what a care ethic means. I cannot say more here.\u00a0 I have tried as hard as I can to communicate clearly what it means to say that the basic cultural structure leads to physical dependence on the confidence of investors.\u00a0 It is unreliable.\u00a0 It is ungovernable.\u00a0 It is on a collision course with nature.<\/p>\n

NOTES:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[i]<\/a> Peter H. Diamandis and Steven Kotler,.\u00a0 Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think<\/em>.\u00a0 New York: Free Press, 2012.<\/a><\/p>\n

[ii]<\/a> For example, volume two, letters 26-50 of my Letters from Quebec.\u00a0 <\/em>San Francisco and London:\u00a0 International Scholars Press, 1995 is titled \u2018Methods for Transforming the Structures of the Modern World\u2019.<\/p>\n

[iii]<\/a> .\u00a0\u00a0 One could also give many examples of non-Marxists (like Paul Hawken) and Marxists (like Fred Bellamy) and feminists (like Charlene Spretnak) and theologians (like Tom Berry) and philosophers (like Arne Naess) who also claim that nothing less than cultural and social transformation will save life,\u00a0 but give different reasons why change is needed and arrive at different answers concerning how to achieve change.<\/p>\n

[iv]<\/a> Andr\u00e9 Orl\u00e9an. L\u2019Empire de la valeur\u00a0: refonder l\u2019\u00e9conomie.\u00a0 <\/em>Paris: Seuil, 2011. The expression is introduced at Position 328 and then woven into an account that expresses better than I can how the relationships \u2013and absence of relationships\u2014it describes are fundamental for economic theory and for economic society.<\/p>\n

[v]<\/a> E.g. General Theory, <\/em>p. 209. there agreeing with Hobson<\/p>\n

[vi]<\/a> This point is explained in more detail in Howard Richards. Moral (and Ethical) Realism.\u00a0 Journal of Critical Realism.<\/em>\u00a0 Volume 18 (2019) pp. 285-302.<\/p>\n

[vii]<\/a>\u00a0 Michael Kalecki. Political Aspects of Full Employment. Political Quarterly<\/em>. Volume 14. (1943) Pp.322-331. P.325.\u00a0 Paul Krugman makes a similar point in his The Return of Depression Economics. <\/em>New York: W.W Norton, 2009. P.111-114.<\/p>\n

[viii]<\/a> Jeffrey Winters, Power in Motion: Capital Mobility and the Indonesian State. <\/em>Ithaca:\u00a0 Cornell University Press, 1996.<\/p>\n

[ix]<\/a> Douglas Porpora, Cultural Rules and Material Relations.\u00a0 Social Theory Vol.<\/em> 11 (1993) pp. 212-229.<\/p>\n

[x]<\/a> Jurgen Habermas, The Legitimation Crisis.\u00a0 <\/em>Boston: Beacon Press, 1975.\u00a0 Karl Polanyi called modern society not capitalism but \u2018market society\u2019.\u00a0\u00a0 Any number of mainstream scholars like Alex Inkeles have made up any number of lists of indicators defining the variable \u2018modernity.\u2019<\/p>\n

[xi]<\/a>\u00a0 Peter Drucker Business Objectives and Survival Needs.\u00a0 Journal of Business.\u00a0 <\/em>Vol. 31 (1958) pp. 81-90.<\/p>\n

[xii]<\/a> Randall Wray has shown that the private sector as a whole can only make a profit if the public sector as a whole goes farther into debt, reasoning on the basis of accounting identities.\u00a0 Modern Money Theory<\/em>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.\u00a0\u00a0 Check out Steve Keen\u2019s debt watch and other debt watches and debt clocks on Google.<\/p>\n

[xiii]<\/a> Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century.\u00a0 <\/em>Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.<\/p>\n

[xiv]<\/a> The mathematical contradictions involved in keeping the system running, without even thinking of meeting human needs without ecological damage, were clearly stated in 1913 by Rosa Luxemburg.\u00a0 Her Accumulation of Capital <\/em>is easily found on Internet.<\/p>\n

[xv]<\/a> www.coraggioeconomia.org<\/p>\n

[xvi]<\/a> Steve Keen, Debunking Economics.\u00a0 <\/em>London: Zed Books, 2013.\u00a0 Keen\u2019s findings are kept up to date on his website. https:\/\/www.ineteconomics.org <\/a><\/u><\/p>\n

[xvii]<\/a> I Corinthians 4:6; Luke 12:48; Howard Richards and Joanna Swanger, Gandhi and the Future of Economics.<\/em>\u00a0 Lake Oswego OR.\u00a0 Dignity Press, 2013; www.consciouscapitalism.org <\/strong><\/p>\n

[xviii]<\/a> In her TED talk of January 28, 2019 and repeatedly.<\/p>\n

_____________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/em>Prof. Howard Richards now teaches at the University of Santiago and the University of Cape Town.\u00a0 He is a member of the\u00a0<\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/strong><\/a><\/em>. He was born in Pasadena, California but since 1966 has lived in Chile when not teaching in other places. Professor of Peace and Global Studies Emeritus, Earlham College, a school in Richmond Indiana affiliated with the Society of Friends (Quakers) known for its peace and social justice commitments. J.D. Stanford Law School, MA and PhD in Philosophy from UC Santa Barbara, Advanced Certificate in Education-Oxford,\u00a0 PhD in Educational Planning from University of Toronto. Books:\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Dilemmas of Social Democracies\u00a0with Joanna Swanger,\u00a0<\/em>Gandhi and the Future of Economics\u00a0with Joanna Swanger,\u00a0<\/em>The Nurturing of Time Future, Understanding the Global Economy\u00a0(available in PDF on line),\u00a0<\/em>The Evaluation of Cultural Action, <\/em>Following Foucault:The Trail of the Fox (with Catherine Hoppers and Evelin Lindner),\u00a0 <\/em>(on Amazon as an e book), Unbounded Organizing in Community (with Gavin Andersson, also on Amazon),\u00a0 Rethinking Thinking <\/em>(with Catherine Hoppers),\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Hacia otras Economias\u00a0with Raul Gonzalez, free download available at\u00a0<\/em>www.repensar.cl<\/strong><\/a><\/em>.\u00a0<\/em>Solidaridad, Participacion, Transparencia: conversaciones sobre el socialismo en Rosario, Argentina.\u00a0<\/em>Available free on the blogspot lahoradelaetica.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This is a revised version of the TMS Editorial with same title published on 14 Oct 2019–to clarify and answer questions from readers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":75476,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[229,686,120,418,290,331,401,993,487,504,109,985,380,292,172,75],"class_list":["post-145700","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-transcend-members","tag-activism","tag-climate-change","tag-conflict","tag-crisis","tag-culture","tag-development","tag-environment","tag-global-warming","tag-human-rights","tag-international-relations","tag-politics","tag-social-justice","tag-solutions","tag-un","tag-west","tag-world"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145700","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=145700"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145700\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/75476"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145700"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=145700"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=145700"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}