{"id":153264,"date":"2020-02-10T12:00:37","date_gmt":"2020-02-10T12:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=153264"},"modified":"2020-02-17T10:46:51","modified_gmt":"2020-02-17T10:46:51","slug":"from-colonization-to-kleptocracy-a-history-of-angola-and-isabel-dos-santos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2020\/02\/from-colonization-to-kleptocracy-a-history-of-angola-and-isabel-dos-santos\/","title":{"rendered":"From Colonization to Kleptocracy: A History of Angola and Isabel dos Santos"},"content":{"rendered":"

5 Feb 2020 – Our visual explainer shows you how Africa\u2019s richest woman rose amid a country divided by war and rich in natural resources.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Invasion to Independence (1575 – 1976)<\/h3>\n

1575: Portuguese Colonists Settle Luanda<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>With a natural harbor providing access to the Atlantic, Luanda becomes a major hub of the slave trade. Over three centuries, Portuguese and other slave traders ship nearly 6 million people from West and Central Africa to the Americas, particularly Brazil.<\/p>\n

March 1961: Anti-Colonial Uprising<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Protests by coffee workers meet with a fierce crackdown. A 14-year insurrection begins. Portuguese military bombings and village raids kill thousands of civilians.<\/p>\n

January 1975: Angola Declares Independence<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>The fall of an authoritarian regime in Portugal fuels opposition to colonialism, paving the way for Angolan independence.<\/p>\n

November 1975: Angola\u2019s First President<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Ant\u00f3nio Agostinho Neto, leader of the Movimento Popular de Liberta\u00e7\u00e3o de Angola (MPLA), becomes the country\u2019s first president after the MPLA takes control of Luanda and secures the country\u2019s coastal oilfields. Deep divisions remain between the MPLA and other factions that fought for independence.<\/p>\n

November 1975: ‘The Worst War in the World’<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

A brutal civil conflict consumes Angola. The Soviet Union backs the MPLA; the United States backs the opposition UNITA movement. A United Nations special envoy will later describe it as \u201cthe worst war in the world.\u201d<\/p>\n

June 1976: Sonangol Rises<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>The large oil deposits in Angolan coastal waters promise to transform the economy, but the war is taking a toll. Hundreds of thousands of Portuguese settlers, as much as 90% of the settler population, flee Angola, ravaging the broader economy. Western oil companies manage to pump about 100,000 barrels a day, well below earlier levels. The Luanda government is determined to keep oil operations running \u2014 and the cash flowing \u2014 even as war tears the country apart.<\/p>\n

To secure technological help from the West, the government creates Sonangol, a state-controlled company, and later guarantees it a 51% share of oil production in Angola. With authority to negotiate exploration and production deals with U.S., French and other multinational oil companies, Sonangol quickly becomes the state\u2019s primary revenue source, generating billions of dollars of badly needed foreign currency to fund the war effort. The money also enriches Angolan leaders, who use self-dealing contracts to build personal fortunes and pay off internal opponents.<\/p>\n

Sonangol will go on to play a dominant role in the Angolan economy, acquiring stakes in banks, global real estate, health, education, transport and telecommunications companies, and in joint-ventures in Australia, China, the U.S. and elsewhere.<\/p>\n

Today, crude oil still accounts for more than 90% of Angola\u2019s exports. The economy\u2019s fortunes ebb and flow with oil prices.<\/p>\n

Dos Santos In Power (1979 – 2000)<\/h3>\n

September 1979: Jos\u00e9 Eduardo dos Santos Assumes Power<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Neto dies of cancer and is succeeded by Jos\u00e9 Eduardo dos Santos, 37, an MPLA veteran of the war of independence. His family and allies will dominate Angolan political life for most of the next four decades.<\/p>\n

September 1992: Angola\u2019s First Election<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

After a 15-month cease-fire, UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi agrees to take part in an election. The MPLA wins, but Savimbi says the vote was rigged and resumes the war.<\/p>\n

1997: Enter the<\/strong> President\u2019s Daughter<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Isabel dos Santos, 24, uses what she later says are her savings to invest in the struggling Miami Beach Bar, situated in what will become a plush district of the Angolan capital. The venue becomes a playground for the \u201cFutungo,\u201d a small clique of influential Angolan families.<\/p>\n

Born in 1973 in Azerbaijan, Isabel is the only child of Jos\u00e9 Eduardo dos Santos, then an exiled guerrilla fighter, and Tatiana Kukanova, a Russian, whom the future Angolan president met while studying petroleum engineering at the Azerbaijan Oil Academy in Baku.<\/p>\n

The marriage didn\u2019t last, and Isabel was raised by her mother, spending some time in Luanda and her teen and young-adult years in London, where she attended the exclusive St. Paul\u2019s girls\u2019 school.<\/p>\n

After graduating in 1994 with a degree in electrical engineering and business management from King\u2019s College London, she worked for Coopers & Lybrand, an accounting firm, and then won a job as a project manager on a major government-funded sanitation project in Luanda.<\/p>\n

A Gilded Age … For a Few (2000 – 2004)<\/h3>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

TO CONTINUE READING THE REPORT Go to Original \u2013 icij.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

5 Feb 2020 – Our visual explainer shows you how Africa\u2019s richest woman rose amid a country divided by war and rich in natural resources. Born in 1973 in Azerbaijan, Isabel is the only child of Jos\u00e9 Eduardo dos Santos, then an exiled guerrilla fighter, and Tatiana Kukanova, a Russian, whom the future Angolan president met while studying petroleum engineering at the Azerbaijan Oil Academy in Baku. The marriage didn\u2019t last, and Isabel was raised by her mother, spending some time in Luanda and her teen and young-adult years in London, where she attended the exclusive St. Paul\u2019s girls\u2019 school.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":153274,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[242,127,139,55,146],"tags":[237,1800,232,550,354,555,1563,562,1814,921],"class_list":["post-153264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-exposures","category-africa","category-justice","category-capitalism","category-economics","tag-africa","tag-angola","tag-capitalism","tag-corruption","tag-economics","tag-elites","tag-expose","tag-finance","tag-luanda-leaks","tag-whistleblowing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/153264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=153264"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/153264\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/153274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=153264"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=153264"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=153264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}