{"id":163150,"date":"2020-06-22T12:00:58","date_gmt":"2020-06-22T11:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=163150"},"modified":"2024-07-02T08:49:43","modified_gmt":"2024-07-02T07:49:43","slug":"from-tear-gas-to-rubber-bullets-heres-what-nonlethal-weapons-can-do-to-the-body","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2020\/06\/from-tear-gas-to-rubber-bullets-heres-what-nonlethal-weapons-can-do-to-the-body\/","title":{"rendered":"From Tear Gas to Rubber Bullets, Here\u2019s What \u2018Nonlethal\u2019 Weapons Can Do to the Body"},"content":{"rendered":"
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When misused, nonlethal weapons break bones, burn skin, and cause internal injuries. Here\u2019s why those serious injuries may occur, and how to protect against them.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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Police officers pepper spray a woman next to the Colorado State Capitol as protests against the death of George Floyd continue for a third night on May 30, 2020 in Denver, Colorado.
Photograph by Michael Ciaglo, Getty Images<\/p><\/div>\n

5 Jun 2020 – <\/em>Civil unrest in<\/span> the wake of George Floyd’s death has spread around the world, and in some places, protesters are being met with tear gas, rubber bullets, stun guns, and other tactics intended to control crowds without taking lives.<\/p>\n

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Known as nonlethal or less-lethal weapons, many of these tactics were originally pitched as a way to make warfare more humane<\/a> by incapacitating a person or encouraging them to flee. Law enforcement agencies later adopted these weapons from the military as an alternative to using firearms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Yet people who study nonlethal weapons wonder if a reclassification is in order, as research continues to reveal their damaging ramifications on the body. When misused, these weapons break bones, burn the skin, and cause internal injuries that can be fatal. Here\u2019s a look at when and why serious injuries occur with nonlethal weapons, and what people can do to protect themselves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Chemical attacks: tear gas and pepper spray<\/b><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Tear gas is uniquely designed to make its victims miserable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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When a canister of tear gas is fired and detonates, it releases a cloud that engulfs anyone nearby. Chemicals in the gas sting their eyes, skin, and even their airways, and excruciating pain pulses throughout the body. They cough, sneeze, and form so much mucus it can feel like being suffocated. Ultimately, they\u2019re forced to run away.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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This response is exactly why law enforcement officers around the world use tear gas as a riot control method, says Sven Eric Jordt<\/a>, associate professor of anesthesiology, pharmacology, and cancer biology at the Duke University School of Medicine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Protester covered in milk after New York Police Department deploys tear gas during a protest against the police killing of George Floyd, May 29, 2020. While milk is commonly thought to combat the effects of tear gas, its neutralizing effects are no better than water<\/a>. Dairy products also come with the potential risk of causing additional irritation or infections.<\/div>\n
Photograph by Malike Sidibe<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
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The active agent in tear gas is an organic compound called CS, named after the two American chemists<\/a>\u2014Ben Corson and Roger Stoughton\u2014who identified it in 1928. Jordt was a member of the research team that discovered CS binds to a pain receptor in our nerves named TRPA1<\/a>. This pain sensor is located all over the body\u2014eyes, skin, lungs, mouth\u2014and is responsible for the zesty sensation triggered while eating wasabi or horseradish.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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These chemical irritants are considered nonlethal in open environments and at low concentrations. But in large doses\u2014administered when they detonate next to someone or in a confined space\u2014the chemicals can kill tissue in the airway and digestive system, fill the lungs with excess fluid, and cause internal bleeding<\/a>. Jordt says this is why it\u2019s important to flush it out with water immediately to decontaminate, and to get rid of contaminated clothing as well. He doesn\u2019t recommend using milk<\/a>, as some protesters have done, since it is not sterile and could lead to infections and further irritation. When the body senses such a noxious presence, its defenses jolt to action.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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When canisters are launched directly at crowds, they\u2019re prone to causing serious eye, head, brain, or chest injuries from the force of impact, as well as the chemical burns.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201cThe nose basically acts as a kind of sentinel for inhaled threats, to signal alarm if there\u2019s anything around that might injure the lung,\u201d Jordt explains. The sensory motor system responds with involuntary reflexes that are normally used to expel unwanted pathogens, including coughing, sneezing, crying, and excess mucus production. This response can be dangerous for someone with underlying conditions such as asthma<\/a> or arrhythmia. Physicians for Human Rights has also suggested<\/a> a possible link<\/a> between tear gas and miscarriages, though the connection remains understudied<\/a> and based on anecdotal evidence<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Pepper spray, based on a compound called oleoresin capsicum (OC) that can also be used in grenades<\/a>, behaves in a similar way. It is extracted from extremely pungent chile peppers and activates many of the same pain fibers as CS, though via a different nerve receptor<\/a>. Pepper spray is not as chemically reactive as tear gas\u2014meaning its use is less likely to result in severe chemical burns\u2014but it causes the same debilitating reflex responses that can be especially harmful to people with underlying conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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While they may be classified as nonlethal, Jordt says all these weapons are far from harmless<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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A protester stands amidst tear gas during a protest in Atlanta against the killing of George Floyd, an African-American man who died in Minneapolis police custody, June 1, 2020.<\/p>\n

Photograph by Dustin Chambers, Reuters <\/small><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201cWe also have to acknowledge the police are sometimes not using this properly,\u201d Jordt says. Tear gas is intended to be deployed at a distance<\/a>. When canisters are launched directly at crowds, they\u2019re prone to causing serious eye, head, brain, or chest injuries from the force of impact, as well as the chemical burns.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Emerging evidence suggests that tear gas exposure can have long-term consequences for the respiratory system. In 2014, for example, a study into the use of tear gas in military training<\/a> linked CS exposure to the onset of acute respiratory illnesses. The long-term effects on civilian populations are unknown, and these groups are far more likely than young military recruits to have underlying health conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Rubber bullets and blunt trauma<\/b><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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In 1970, the British army introduced<\/a> rubber bullets as a tool to control riots in Northern Ireland<\/a>. Made of rubber\u2014and, in some cases, rubber-coated steel\u2014these projectiles were designed to be less lethal than metal bullets. Their larger surface areas slow their pace during flight, allowing them to administer blunt force to the body, rather than penetrate it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Jennifer Stankus<\/a>, a clinical faculty physician at the Madigan Army Medical Center Department of Emergency Medicine, likens it to getting shot with a paintball gun. Yet serious injuries from rubber bullets have been reported throughout their history. Studies of their use in the conflict in Kashmir have shown that rubber bullets can cause fractures<\/a>, nerve and tendon injuries, and infections<\/a>. Other studies indicate that rubber bullets can cause internal organ damage leading to death or permanent disability<\/a>. This week, a Sacramento teen was hit in the face with a rubber bullet<\/a> that broke his jaw and left a gash across his cheek.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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TOP<\/strong>: <\/span>A demonstrator holds a 40 millimeter rubber bullet round fired by police during a protest amid nationwide unrest following the death in Minneapolis police custody of George Floyd, on H Street in Washington, U.S., May 31, 2020.
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BOTTOM<\/strong>: <\/span><\/span>A journalist is seen bleeding after police started firing tear gas and rubber bullets near the 5th police precinct following a demonstration to call for justice for George Floyd, a black man who died while in custody of the Minneapolis police, on May 30, 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Clashes broke out and major cities imposed curfews as America began another night of unrest Saturday with angry demonstrators ignoring warnings from President Donald Trump that his government would stop violent protests over police brutality “cold.”<\/div>\n
Photograph by Jim Bourg, Reuters (Top<\/strong>) and by Chadan Khanna, AFP\/Getty Images (Botton<\/strong>)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement recommends only using rubber bullets when facing imminent threats<\/a>\u2014and aiming at the lower abdomen or legs, where they are more likely to cause bruises and lacerations. Stankus says that\u2019s the most common scenario, and that more serious damage generally occurs only when these weapons are fired at close range.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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But when shot at close range, rubber bullets cause damage on par with a car accident. The blunt force can break bones and crush or tear the blood vessels in the area of impact\u2014which can cause bleeding in nearby organs, such as the kidneys, spleen, or liver.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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When shot at close range, rubber bullets cause damage on par with a car accident.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Normally, those internal injuries can heal themselves. But in some cases\u2014such as among those with underlying conditions\u2014blood can fill the organ or spill out into the abdominal cavity. Worse, Stankus says, is the possibility of getting hit in the eye, taking a rubber bullet to the skull, or spinal cord injuries. This is why protesters have taken to<\/a> wearing helmets and goggles, and covering their skin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Stankus says that severe injuries from rubber bullets are rare overall, and she doesn\u2019t dispute their nonlethal classification. But organizations like the Physicians for Human Rights disagree, arguing such incidents have occurred frequently enough that rubber bullets should be prohibited as a tool for crowd dispersal<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Weaponized noise<\/b><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Military helicopters hovered low over protesters in Washington, D.C.<\/a>, on Monday night, sending debris flying and leaving people covering their ears. Meanwhile, police forces across the country\u2014including Seattle<\/a>, Houston<\/a>, Portland<\/a>, and Denver<\/a>\u2014exploded flash-bangs, so called for the way they emit a loud bang and bright lights as they detonate<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Noise is a common tactic for clearing people out of an area, says Richard Neitzel<\/a>, an associate professor at the University of Michigan School of Public Health who studies the effects of noise exposure. Aside from being irritating, noise can harm the body in two ways, both of which target the inner ear.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Protesters react as a flash bang launched by police explodes near them outside the 3rd Police Precinct on May 27, 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Four Minneapolis police officers have been charged after a video taken by a bystander was posted on social media showing 46-year-old George Floyd’s neck being pinned to the ground by an officer as he repeatedly said, “I can\u2019t breathe”. Floyd was later pronounced dead while in police custody after being transported to Hennepin County Medical Center.<\/p>\n

Photograph by Stephen Maturen, Getty Images <\/small><\/div>\n<\/figcaption>

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Brief, intense blasts emit high pressure waves that enter the ear and hit the eardrum. Like putting too much air in a balloon, this can rupture the eardrum and dislodge the tiny bones connecting it to the inner ear. The pressure can even shear off the hair cells lining the inner ear that are responsible for transforming vibrations into signals the brain interprets as sound.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Prolonged exposure to noise can also wear down those hair cells, like trampling on blades of grass. \u201cIf you walk across a lawn once a year, those grass blades are going to spring back up,\u201d Neitzel says. \u201cIf you\u2019ve got a troop of soldiers marching back and forth across this lawn constantly, you\u2019re going to end up damaging those blades of grass such that they don\u2019t recover.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The pressure can even shear off the hair cells lining the inner ear that are responsible for transforming vibrations into signals the brain interprets as sound.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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The ear can handle loud noise to an extent. Determining whether tactics like low-flying helicopters or flash-bangs cause acoustic trauma relies on three factors: the intensity of the pressure, how long someone is exposed to it, and how often the pressure occurs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Hovering helicopters<\/a> might be as loud as an outdoor concert\u201495 decibels\u2014enough to cause damage after about 50 minutes<\/a>. But Neitzel says a few minutes\u2019 exposure brings no real risk of hearing loss. More concerning, he says, are the potential effects of flash-bang grenades. These emit sounds upward of 170 decibels<\/a>, which can cause immediate ear injury to anyone standing nearby\u2014a risk that increases with the number of explosions. Neitzel also points out that anyone living in a city with helicopters constantly circling overhead may suffer consequences from prolonged noise exposure. He notes, though, that ear plugs will help mitigate some of these effects.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Electric shocks to the heart<\/b><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Stun guns have been a method of quelling\u2014and inciting\u2014unrest since the 1960s, when law enforcement used rudimentary versions of the devices on civil rights activists<\/a>. These guns deliver short blasts of electric current to the body and are designed to subdue assailants just long enough to restrain them. But they, too, can be lethal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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These weapons shoot two barbed darts sharp enough to penetrate the clothes and skin and embed themselves into the body\u2019s tissue. The darts connect to very fine wire that transmits five-second blasts of energy. To complete a circuit, the electricity travels from one dart to the other through body tissue. As it does so, it stimulates the skeletal muscles to twitch so fast, it\u2019s like having a seizure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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If the darts hit the wrong parts of the body, these weapons can cause cardiac arrest, according to a 2014 article in the journal Circulation<\/i><\/a>. <\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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That\u2019s because stun guns can mess with the heart\u2019s finely tuned pumping, says Douglas P. Zipes<\/a>, author of that study and distinguished professor emeritus at the Indiana University School of Medicine. Hearts beat when the sinus node, a small mass of tissue in the right upper chamber, transmits an impulse to the heart cells. If the heart happens to be in the path of the current traveling from dart to dart, the electricity can accelerate that process\u2014ultimately revving up the heart rate to unsustainable levels. If a police officer overrides the safety on a stun gun to transmit electricity for longer than five seconds, it could cause brain injury or death.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Other parts of the body are also vulnerable. Scientists have recorded a handful of cases of spinal fracture<\/a>, which they theorize were caused by the sudden severe muscle contractions. A 2016 study showed that Tasers can impair short-term cognitive function<\/a>. A dart can also inadvertently puncture the eye.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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To protect against these potential outcomes, Zipes says, law enforcement officers should avoid shooting toward the chest and overriding the safety on their stun guns. They also need to recognize that these weapons can cause cardiac arrest so that they can begin resuscitation immediately if someone they\u2019ve shot becomes unresponsive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Zipes says this is why context is so important when discussing the lethality of so-called nonlethal or less-lethal weapons. \u201cA club might be called a nonlethal weapon used by law enforcement for defense,\u201d he says. \u201cBut obviously if you sledge somebody over the head with it hard enough, it\u2019s going to kill.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Go to Original – nationalgeographic.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When misused, nonlethal weapons break bones, burn skin, and cause internal injuries. Here\u2019s why those serious injuries may occur, and how to protect against them.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":163151,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[1281,1378,70],"class_list":["post-163150","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-activism","tag-police-brutality","tag-protests","tag-usa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/163150","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=163150"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/163150\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":265975,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/163150\/revisions\/265975"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/163151"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=163150"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=163150"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=163150"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}