{"id":167851,"date":"2020-09-07T12:01:09","date_gmt":"2020-09-07T11:01:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=167851"},"modified":"2020-09-06T11:16:06","modified_gmt":"2020-09-06T10:16:06","slug":"tolstoy-and-gandhi-light-as-darkness-approached","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2020\/09\/tolstoy-and-gandhi-light-as-darkness-approached\/","title":{"rendered":"Tolstoy and Gandhi: Light as Darkness Approached"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cWe possess a single infallible guide, the Universal Spirit that lives in men as a whole, and in each one of us, which makes us aspire to what we should aspire: it is the Spirit that commands the tree to grow toward the sun, the flower to throw off its seed in autumn, us to reach out towards God, and by so doing, become united to each other.\u201d<\/em>
\n— Leo Tolstoy (9 Sep1828 – 20 Nov 1910)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

November 20 marks the death of Leo Tolstoy in 1910 when he left his estate Yasnaya Polyana and walked to a rail road station at Astopovo, a journey with no set destination.\u00a0 As Isaiah Berlin writes at the end of his well-known essay on Tolstoy\u2019s philosophy of history, The Hedgehog and the Fox:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>\u201cAt once insanely proud and filled with self-hatred, omniscient and doubting everything, cold and violently passionate, contemptuous and self-abasing, tormented and detached, surrounded by an adoring family, by devoted followers, by the admiration of the entire civilized world, and yet almost wholly isolated, he is the most tragic of the great writers, a desperate old man, beyond human aid, wandering self-blinded at Colonus.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Yet the darkness of the final two years of Tolstoy\u2019s life was enlightened by his written contacts with Mohandas Gandhi (not yet called Mahatma).\u00a0 Gandhi had read Tolstoy\u2019s fundamental spiritual-political work The Kingdom of God is within You.<\/em> Shortly after it was published in English in1893 and had been much moved by it.\u00a0 Gandhi had his friends translate the book into his native language, Gujarati.<\/p>\n

Gandhi had read earlier in London Helena Blavatsky\u2019s The Voice of Silence,<\/em> published in 1889, which elaborated the doctrine of liberation through service to others with the Buddhist concept of bodhisattva <\/em>\u2014 the enlightened being who postpones indefinitely entry into nirvana in order to serve others. The voice of the silence is the inner voice of the Higher Self or the soul. There is also developed the idea \u2018to render good for evil\u2019.<\/p>\n

Thus Gandhi was well prepared to react positively to Tolstoy\u2019s vision even if the vocabulary was largely Christian.\u00a0 Christ\u2019s teaching, writes Tolstoy, differs from other teachings in that it guides humans not by eternal rules but by an inward consciousness of the possibility of reaching divine perfection. Tolstoy stresses the Middle Way, which led the French writer E.M. de Vogue to write that Tolstoy had the soul of an Indian Buddhist.\u00a0 Tolstoy had discovered that nonviolence must have a spiritual foundation, most clearly expressed for him in the Gospels.<\/p>\n

Leo Tolstoy and Gandhi never met, but they corresponded with each other during the final two years of Tolstoy\u2019s life, 1909 and 1910. Tolstoy had read Hind Swaraj <\/em>(1909) where Gandhi set out his vision of a liberated India, the means to reach liberation, and what an independent India could mean for the world. It was Gandhi\u2019s plan of action before he set out to put it in practice.\u00a0 Gandhi had listed some of Tolstoy\u2019s books in a list of supplementary readings to Hind Swaraj<\/em> in particular The Kingdom of God is within You <\/em>and Letter to a Hindoo, <\/em>Tolstoy\u2019s reply to an Indian revolutionary who had proposed a violent uprising.<\/p>\n

Tolstoy wrote to Gandhi<\/p>\n

\u201cI read your book with great interest because I think that the question you treat in it \u2014 the passive resistance \u2014 is a question of the greatest importance not only for India but for the whole humanity.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tolstoy had also read Joseph Doha\u2019s 1909 biography of Gandhi An Indian Patriot in South Africa<\/em>, the first biography of Gandhi to be written.\u00a0 In August 1910, Gandhi wrote to Tolstoy to announce the creation of his ashram in South Africa called Tolstoy Farm<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Gandhi\u2019s efforts in South Africa were signs to Tolstoy that nonviolence based on the importance of personal virtue could be put into practice.\u00a0 Much of the last years of Tolstoy\u2019s life was a harsh struggle against darkness as represented by the State, its war-making power, its ideologies, and the social thinking that structured the State. Colonialism, imperialism and the oppression of the indigenous races were the hallmark of the State. He saw the forces at work that would lead to the First World War and the Russian Revolution. By 1901 he had been excommunicated from the Russian Orthodox Church \u2014 not that he expected much light to come from Church-State relations. The Church did insist that no prayers be said at Tolstoy\u2019s funeral.<\/p>\n

For Tolstoy as for Gandhi, nonviolence was an expression of \u2018soul force\u2019 \u2014 the outward expression of the Inner Kingdom.<\/p>\n

______________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/em>Ren\u00e9 Wadlow is a member of the <\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/a><\/em>. He <\/em>is President of the Association of World Citizens, an international peace organization with consultative status with ECOSOC, the United Nations organ facilitating international cooperation and problem-solving in economic and social issues, and editor of <\/em>Transnational Perspectives.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By 1901 Tolstoy had been excommunicated from the Russian Orthodox Church \u2014 not that he expected much light to come from Church-State relations. The Church did insist that no prayers be said at Tolstoy\u2019s funeral. For Tolstoy as for Gandhi, nonviolence was an expression of \u2018soul force\u2019 \u2014 the outward expression of the Inner Kingdom.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":46506,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[442,524,260,1318,444,1243,1042,107,602,380],"class_list":["post-167851","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-transcend-members","tag-conflict-transformation","tag-gandhi","tag-history","tag-leo-tolstoy","tag-nonviolence","tag-nonviolent-action","tag-political-science","tag-religion","tag-satyagraha","tag-solutions"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/167851","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=167851"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/167851\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/46506"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=167851"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=167851"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=167851"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}