{"id":181445,"date":"2021-03-22T12:00:48","date_gmt":"2021-03-22T12:00:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=181445"},"modified":"2021-03-22T05:52:36","modified_gmt":"2021-03-22T05:52:36","slug":"rich-countries-signed-away-a-chance-to-vaccinate-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2021\/03\/rich-countries-signed-away-a-chance-to-vaccinate-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Rich Countries Signed Away a Chance to Vaccinate the World"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<p id=\"article-summary\" class=\"css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0\"><em>Despite warnings, American and European officials gave up leverage that could have guaranteed access for billions of people. That risks prolonging the pandemic.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div id=\"attachment_181458\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa8.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-181458\" class=\"wp-image-181458\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa8-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa8-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa8-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa8-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa8-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa8.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-181458\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A protest in Johannesburg last week demanding that companies share vaccine technology and calling for governments to suspend Covid-19 vaccine patent rules. Joao Silva\/The New York Times<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\"><em>21 Mar 2021 &#8211; <\/em>In the coming days, a patent will finally be issued on a five-year-old invention, a feat of molecular engineering that is at the heart of at least five major Covid-19 vaccines. And the United States government will control that patent.<\/p>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">The new patent presents an opportunity \u2014 and some argue the last best chance \u2014 to exact leverage over the drug companies producing the vaccines and pressure them to expand access to less affluent countries.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">The question is whether the government will do anything at all.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">The rapid development of Covid-19 vaccines, achieved at record speed and financed by massive public funding in the United States, the European Union and Britain, represents a great triumph of the pandemic. Governments partnered with drugmakers, pouring in billions of dollars to procure raw materials, finance clinical trials and retrofit factories. Billions more were committed to buy the finished product.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">But this Western success has created stark inequity. Residents of wealthy and middle-income countries have received about 90 percent of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/world\/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" >the nearly 400 million vaccines delivered so far<\/a>. Under current projections, many of the rest will have to wait years.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Growing numbers of health officials and advocacy groups worldwide are calling for Western governments to use aggressive powers \u2014 most of them rarely or never used before \u2014 to force companies to publish vaccine recipes, share their know-how and ramp up manufacturing. Public health advocates have pleaded for help, including asking the Biden administration to use its patent to push for broader vaccine access.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Governments have resisted. By partnering with drug companies, Western leaders bought their way to the front of the line. But they also ignored years of warnings \u2014 and explicit calls from the World Health Organization \u2014 to include contract language that would have guaranteed doses for poor countries or encouraged companies to share their knowledge and the patents they control.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cIt was like a run on toilet paper. Everybody was like, \u2018Get out of my way. I\u2019m gonna get that last package of Charmin,\u2019\u201d said Gregg Gonsalves, a Yale epidemiologist. \u201cWe just ran for the doses.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-124nqpr ehw59r12\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj ehw59r13\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-fht0jx ehw59r11\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-captionblock\">\n<div id=\"attachment_181451\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa1-1.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-181451\" class=\"wp-image-181451\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa1-1-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa1-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa1-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa1-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa1-1-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa1-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-181451\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vaccination center in Rostock, Germany.\u00a0About 90 percent of the nearly 400 million vaccines delivered have gone to wealthy or middle-income countries.<br \/>Lena Mucha for The New York Times<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">The prospect of billions of people waiting years to be vaccinated poses a health threat to even the richest countries. One example: In Britain, where the vaccine rollout has been strong, health officials are tracking a virus variant that emerged in South Africa, where vaccine coverage is weak. That variant may be able to blunt the effect of vaccines, meaning even vaccinated people might get sick.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Western health officials said they never intended to exclude others. But with their own countries facing massive death tolls, the focus was at home. Patent sharing, they said, simply never came up.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cIt was U.S.-centric. It wasn\u2019t anti-global.\u201d said Moncef Slaoui, who was the chief scientific adviser for Operation Warp Speed, a Trump administration program that funded the search for vaccines in the United States. \u201cEverybody was in agreement that vaccine doses, once the U.S. is served, will go elsewhere.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">President Biden and Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Union\u2019s executive branch, are reluctant to change course. Mr. Biden has promised <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/03\/12\/us\/politics\/covid-19-vaccine-global-shortage.html\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" >to help an Indian company produce<\/a> about 1 billion doses by the end of 2022 and his administration has donated doses to Mexico and Canada. But he has made it clear that his focus is at home.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cWe\u2019re going to start off making sure Americans are taken care of first,\u201d Mr. Biden said recently. \u201cBut we\u2019re then going to try and help the rest of the world.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Pressuring companies to share patents could be seen as undermining innovation, sabotaging drugmakers or picking drawn-out and expensive fights with the very companies digging a way out of the pandemic.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">As rich countries fight to keep things as they are, others like South Africa and India have taken the battle to the World Trade Organization, seeking a waiver on patent restrictions for Covid-19 vaccines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Russia and China, meanwhile, have promised to fill the void <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/02\/11\/world\/asia\/vaccine-diplomacy-india-china.html\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" >as part of their vaccine diplomacy<\/a>. The Gamaleya Institute in Moscow, for example, has entered into partnerships with producers from Kazakhstan to South Korea, according to data from Airfinity, a science analytics company, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/supply\/covid-19-vaccine-market-dashboard\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UNICEF<\/a>. Chinese vaccine makers have reached similar deals in the United Arab Emirates, Brazil and Indonesia.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_181452\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa2.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-181452\" class=\"wp-image-181452\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-181452\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Preparing to offload a refrigerated container carrying Thailand\u2019s first delivery of China\u2019s Sinovac vaccines at Suvarnabhumi Airport in Bangkok last month.<br \/>Adam Dean for The New York Times<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-quuld1 ehw59r12\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj ehw59r13\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-1faqgcr ehw59r14\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><picture class=\"css-1j5kxti\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP3\/xxVACCINE-IP3-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP3\/xxVACCINE-IP3-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP3\/xxVACCINE-IP3-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1800\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"media\">\n<div class=\"css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0\">\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><picture class=\"css-1j5kxti\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP3\/xxVACCINE-IP3-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP3\/xxVACCINE-IP3-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"css-18crmh6 ewdxa0s0\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Addressing patents would not, by itself, solve the vaccine imbalance. Retrofitting or constructing factories would take time. More raw materials would need to be manufactured. Regulators would have to approve new assembly lines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">And as with cooking a complicated dish, giving someone a list of ingredients is no substitute to showing them how to make it.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">To address these problems, the World Health Organization created a technology pool last year to encourage companies to share know-how with manufacturers in lower-income nations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Not a single vaccine company has signed up.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cThe problem is that the companies don\u2019t want to do it. And the government is just not very tough with the companies,\u201d said James Love, who leads Knowledge Ecology International, a nonprofit.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Drug company executives told European lawmakers recently that they were licensing their vaccines as quickly as possible, but that finding partners with the right technology was challenging.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cThey don\u2019t have the equipment,\u201d Moderna\u2019s chief executive, St\u00e9phane Bancel, said. \u201cThere is no capacity.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">But manufacturers from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newswire.ca\/news-releases\/canadian-pharma-solution-to-aid-worldwide-covid-vaccine-access-831681238.html\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Canada<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/drug-companies-called-share-vaccine-info-22d92afbc3ea9ed519be007f8887bcf6\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bangladesh<\/a> say they can make vaccines \u2014 they just lack patent licensing deals. When the price is right, companies have shared secrets with new manufacturers in just months, ramping up production and retrofitting factories.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_181453\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa3.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-181453\" class=\"wp-image-181453\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa3-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa3-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa3-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa3.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-181453\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists working on the AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine at the University of Oxford last year. The British-Swedish drugmaker has said that it cannot transfer technology any quicker. Andrew Testa for The New York Times<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-quuld1 ehw59r12\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj ehw59r13\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-1faqgcr ehw59r14\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><picture class=\"css-1j5kxti\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/16\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP4\/xxVACCINE-IP4-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/16\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP4\/xxVACCINE-IP4-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/16\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP4\/xxVACCINE-IP4-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1800\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">It helps when the government sweetens the deal. Earlier this month, Mr. Biden announced that the pharmaceutical giant Merck would help make vaccines for its competitor Johnson &amp; Johnson. The government <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/03\/03\/world\/when-johnson-johnson-fell-behind-on-its-vaccines-the-biden-administration-stepped-in-to-broker-a-deal.html\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" >pressured Johnson &amp; Johnson to accept the help<\/a> and is using wartime procurement powers to secure supplies for the company. It will also pay to retrofit Merck\u2019s production line, with an eye toward making vaccines available to every adult in the United States by May.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Despite the hefty government funding, drug companies control nearly all of the intellectual property and stand to make fortunes off the vaccines. A critical exception is the patent expected to be approved soon \u2014 a government-led discovery for manipulating a key coronavirus protein.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">This breakthrough, at the center of the 2020 race for a vaccine, actually came years earlier in a National Institutes of Health lab, where an American scientist named Dr. Barney Graham was in pursuit of a medical moonshot.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"link-637686ce\" class=\"css-1aoo5yy eoo0vm40\">\u2018We\u2019d already done everything\u2019<\/h2>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">For years, Dr. Graham specialized in the kind of long, expensive research that only governments bankroll. He searched for a key to unlock universal vaccines \u2014 genetic blueprints to be used against any of the roughly two dozen viral families that infect humans. When a new virus emerged, scientists could simply tweak the code and quickly make a vaccine.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">In 2016, while working on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, another coronavirus known as MERS, he and his colleagues developed a way to swap a pair of amino acids in the coronavirus spike protein. That bit of molecular engineering, they realized, could be used to develop effective vaccines against any coronavirus. The government, along with its partners at Dartmouth College and the Scripps Research Institute, filed for a patent, which will be issued this month.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">When Chinese scientists published the genetic code of the new coronavirus in January 2020, Dr. Graham\u2019s team had their cookbook ready.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cWe kind of knew exactly what we had to do,\u201d said Jason McLellan, one of the inventors, who now works at the University of Texas at Austin. \u201cWe\u2019d already done everything.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_181454\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa4.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-181454\" class=\"wp-image-181454\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa4-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa4-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa4-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa4-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa4-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa4.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-181454\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Barney Graham, left, and his deputy, Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett, right, explaining the role of spike proteins to President Biden at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md., last month.<br \/>Pete Marovich for The New York Times<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Dr. Graham was already working with Moderna on a vaccine for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/nipah-virus\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">another virus<\/a> when the outbreak in China inspired his team to change focus. \u201cWe just flipped it to coronavirus and said, \u2018How fast can we go?\u2019\u201d Dr. Graham recalled.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1osnby4 ehw59r12\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj ehw59r13\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-cvn7ec ehw59r14\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><picture class=\"css-1j5kxti\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP5\/xxVACCINE-IP5-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP5\/xxVACCINE-IP5-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP5\/xxVACCINE-IP5-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1800\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Within a few days, they emailed the vaccine\u2019s genetic blueprint to Moderna to begin manufacturing. By late February, Moderna had produced enough vaccines for government-run clinical trials.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cWe did the front end. They did the middle. And we did the back end,\u201d Dr. Graham said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Exactly who holds patents for which vaccines won\u2019t be sorted out for months or years. But it is clear now that several of today\u2019s vaccines \u2014 including those from Moderna, Johnson &amp; Johnson, Novavax, CureVac and Pfizer-BioNTech \u2014 rely on the 2016 invention. Of those, only BioNTech has paid the U.S. government to license the technology. The patent is scheduled to be issued March 30.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Patent lawyers and public health advocates say it\u2019s likely that other companies will either have to negotiate a licensing agreement with the government, or face the prospect of a lawsuit worth billions. The government <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/11\/08\/health\/hiv-prevention-truvada-patents.html\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" >filed such a lawsuit in 2019<\/a> against the drugmaker Gilead over H.I.V. medication.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">This gives the Biden administration leverage to force companies to share technology and expand worldwide production, said Christopher J. Morten, a New York University law professor specializing in medical patents.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cWe can do this the hard way, where we sue you for patent infringement,\u201d he said the government could assert. \u201cOr just play nice with us and license your tech.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">The National Institutes of Health declined to comment on its discussions with the drugmakers but said it did not anticipate a dispute over patent infringement. None of the drug companies responded to repeated questions about the 2016 patent.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Experts said the government has stronger leverage on the Moderna vaccine, which was almost entirely funded by taxpayers. New mRNA vaccines, such as those from Moderna, are relatively easier to manufacture than vaccines that rely on live viruses. Scientists compare it to an old-fashioned cassette player: Try one tape. If it\u2019s not right, just pop in another.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Moderna expects $18.4 billion in vaccine sales this year, but it is the delivery system \u2014 the cassette player \u2014 that is its most prized secret. Disclosing it could mean giving away the key to the company\u2019s future.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_181455\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa5.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-181455\" class=\"wp-image-181455\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa5-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa5-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa5-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa5-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa5-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa5.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-181455\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Preparing a dose of Moderna vaccine in San Francisco. The company expects $18.4 billion in vaccine sales this year. Mike Kai Chen for The New York Times<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-124nqpr ehw59r12\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj ehw59r13\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-1g421v6 ehw59r14\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><picture class=\"css-1j5kxti\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP8\/xxVACCINE-IP8-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP8\/xxVACCINE-IP8-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP8\/xxVACCINE-IP8-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1800\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">By last spring, with the Moderna vaccine in its earliest trials, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/19\/us\/politics\/coronavirus-vaccine-competition.html\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" >vaccine science had clearly become a nationalistic competition<\/a>. World leaders joined the W.H.O. in April to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/05\/04\/world\/europe\/eu-coronavirus-vaccine.html\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" >raise $8 billion<\/a> for Covid-19 vaccines, tests and treatments, but China and the United States were notably absent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cThere should be no division in order to win this battle,\u201d President Emmanuel Macron of France said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Yet European governments had backed their own champions. The European Investment Bank lent nearly $120 million to BioNTech, a German company, and Germany bought a $360 million stake in the biotech firm CureVac after reports that it was <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/15\/world\/europe\/cornonavirus-vaccine-us-germany.html\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" >being lured to the United States<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cWe funded the research, on both sides of the Atlantic,\u201d said Udo Bullmann, a German member of the European Parliament. \u201cYou could have agreed on a paragraph that says \u2018You are obliged to give it to poor countries in a way that they can afford it.\u2019 Of course you could have.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"link-55c7908f\" class=\"css-1aoo5yy eoo0vm40\">A People\u2019s Vaccine<\/h2>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">In May, the leaders of Pakistan, Ghana, South Africa and others <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/presscentre\/featurestories\/2020\/may\/20200514_covid19-vaccine-open-letter\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called for<\/a> governments to support a \u201cpeople\u2019s vaccine\u201d that could be quickly manufactured and given for free.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">They urged the governing body of the World Health Organization to treat vaccines as \u201cglobal public goods.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Though such a declaration would have had no teeth, the Trump administration moved swiftly to block it. <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/statements\/WHA73\/PDF\/United_States_of_America2.pdf\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intent on protecting intellectual property<\/a>, the government said calls for equitable access to vaccines and treatments sent \u201cthe wrong message to innovators.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">World leaders ultimately approved a watered-down declaration that recognized extensive immunization \u2014 not the vaccines themselves \u2014 as a global public good.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">That same month, the World Health Organization launched the technology-access pool and called on governments to include clauses in their drug contracts guaranteeing equitable distribution. But the world\u2019s richest nations roundly ignored the call.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">In the United States, Operation Warp Speed went on a summertime spending spree, disbursing over $10 billion to handpicked companies and absorbing the financial risks of bringing a vaccine to market.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cOur role was to enable the private sector to be successful,\u201d said Paul Mango, a top adviser to the then health secretary, Alex M. Azar II.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">The deals came with few strings attached.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-z3e15g\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper-hidden\">\n<div id=\"attachment_181456\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa6.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-181456\" class=\"wp-image-181456\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa6-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa6-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa6-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa6-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa6-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa6.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-181456\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drive-through Covid-19 vaccination site at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. In the United States, Operation Warp Speed paid over $10 billion to handpicked vaccine companies. Philip Cheung for The New York Times<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1osnby4 ehw59r12\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj ehw59r13\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-cvn7ec ehw59r14\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><picture class=\"css-1j5kxti\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP6\/xxVACCINE-IP6-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP6\/xxVACCINE-IP6-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP6\/xxVACCINE-IP6-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1800\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"media\">\n<div class=\"css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0\">\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><picture class=\"css-1j5kxti\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP6\/xxVACCINE-IP6-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"css-18crmh6 ewdxa0s0\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Large chunks of the contracts are redacted and some remain secret. But public records show that the government used unusual contracts that omitted its right to take over intellectual property or influence the price and availability of vaccines. They did not let the government compel companies to share their technology.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">British and other European leaders made similar concessions as they ordered enough doses to vaccinate their populations multiple times over.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cYou have to write the rules of the game, and the place to do that would have been these funding contracts,\u201d said Ellen \u2019t Hoen, the director of Medicines Law and Policy, an international research group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">By comparison, one of the world\u2019s largest health financiers, the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, includes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/docs.gatesfoundation.org\/documents\/sample-terms-and-conditions.pdf&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1615979330927000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1mULadxDTTS-uaMd4wLEcU\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">grant language<\/a> requiring equitable access to vaccines. As leverage, the organization retains some right to the intellectual property.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Dr. Slaoui, who came to Warp Speed after leading research and development at GlaxoSmithKline, is sympathetic to this idea. But it would have been impractical to demand patent concessions and still deliver on the program\u2019s primary goals of speed and volume, he said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cI can guarantee you that the agreements with the companies would have been much more complex and taken a much longer time,\u201d he said. The European Union, for example, haggled over price and liability provisions, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/03\/20\/world\/europe\/europe-vaccine-rollout-astrazeneca.html?action=click&amp;module=Top%20Stories&amp;pgtype=Homepage\" class=\"css-1g7m0tk\" title=\"\" >which delayed the rollout<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">In some ways, this was a trip down a trodden path. When the H1N1 \u201cswine flu\u201d pandemic broke out in 2009, the wealthiest countries cornered the global vaccine market and all but locked out the rest of the world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Experts said at the time that this was a chance to rethink the approach. But the swine flu pandemic fizzled and governments ended up destroying the vaccines they had hoarded. They then forgot to prepare for the future.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"link-2d06612a\" class=\"css-1aoo5yy eoo0vm40\">The International View<\/h2>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">For months, the United States and European Union have blocked a proposal at the World Trade Organization that would waive intellectual property rights for Covid-19 vaccines and treatments. The application, put forward by South Africa and India with support from most developing nations, has been bogged down in procedural hearings.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cEvery minute we are deadlocked in the negotiating room, people are dying,\u201d said Mustaqeem De Gama, a South African diplomat who is involved in the talks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">But in Brussels and Washington, leaders are still worried about undermining innovation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">During the presidential campaign, Mr. Biden\u2019s team gathered top intellectual property lawyers to discuss ways to increase vaccine production.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cThey were planning on taking the international view on things,\u201d said Ana Santos Rutschman, a Saint Louis University law professor who participated in the sessions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Most of the options were politically thorny. Among them was the use of a federal law allowing the government to seize a company\u2019s patent and give it to another in order to increase supply. Former campaign advisers say the Biden camp was lukewarm to this proposal and others that called for a broader exercise of its powers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">The administration has instead promised to give $4 billion to Covax, the global vaccine alliance. The European Union has given nearly $1 billion so far. But Covax aims to vaccinate only 20 percent of people in the world\u2019s poorest countries this year, and faces a $2 billion shortfall even to accomplish that.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-z3e15g\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper-hidden\">\n<div id=\"attachment_181457\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa7.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-181457\" class=\"wp-image-181457\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa7-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa7-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa7-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa7-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa7-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/vaccines-covid-coronavirus-scandal-eu-usa7.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-181457\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A testing center in Johannesburg. South Africa is among the nations that put forward a proposal to waive intellectual property rights for Covid-19 vaccines and treatments. Jo\u00e3o Silva\/The New York Times<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-quuld1 ehw59r12\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj ehw59r13\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-1faqgcr ehw59r14\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><picture class=\"css-1j5kxti\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/16\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP7\/xxVACCINE-IP7-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/16\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP7\/xxVACCINE-IP7-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/16\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP7\/xxVACCINE-IP7-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1800\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 ehw59r15\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"media\">\n<div class=\"css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0\">\n<div class=\"css-8h527k\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><picture class=\"css-1j5kxti\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2021\/03\/16\/world\/xxVACCINE-IP7\/xxVACCINE-IP7-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\" media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"css-18crmh6 ewdxa0s0\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Dr. Graham, the N.I.H. scientist whose team cracked the coronavirus vaccine code for Moderna, said that pandemic preparedness and vaccine development should be international collaborations, not competitions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">\u201cA lot of this would not have happened unless there was a big infusion of government money,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">But governments cannot afford to sabotage companies that need profit to survive.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Dr. Graham has largely moved on from studying the coronavirus. He is searching for a universal flu vaccine, a silver bullet that could prevent all strains of the disease without an annual tweak.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-axufdj evys1bk0\">Though he was vaccinated through work, he spent the early part of the year trying to get his wife and grown children onto waiting lists \u2014 an ordeal that even one of the key inventors had to endure. \u201cYou can imagine how aggravating that is,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p>________________________________________________<\/p>\n<div class=\"css-1jp38cr\">\n<div class=\"css-19hdyf3 e1e7j8ap0\">\n<div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/selam-gebrekidan.png\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-181449 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/selam-gebrekidan-e1616390407674.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/><\/a>Selam Gebrekidan is an investigative reporter for <\/em>The New York Times<em> based in London.\u00a0She previously\u00a0was\u00a0a data and enterprise reporter for <\/em>Reuters <em>where she wrote about migration to Europe and the war in Yemen, among other stories. She has also covered U.S. oil markets.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-19hdyf3 e1e7j8ap0\">\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/matt-apuzzo.png\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-181450 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/matt-apuzzo-e1616390458425.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/><\/a>Matt Apuzzo is a two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter based in Brussels. He has covered law enforcement and security matters for more than a decade and is the co-author of the book <\/em>\u201cEnemies Within<em>.\u201d <span class=\"css-4w91ra\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/mattapuzzo\" class=\"css-1rj8to8\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"css-0\">@<\/span>mattapuzzo<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Matina Stevis-Gridneff and Monika Pronczuk contributed reporting.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-13ldwoe\"><em>A version of this article appears in print on <span class=\"css-1dmwf73\" data-testid=\"todays-date\">March 22, 2021<\/span>, Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Missed Chances to Share Doses in Poor Nations.<\/em><\/div>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/03\/21\/world\/vaccine-patents-us-eu.html\" >Go to Original &#8211; nytimes.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>21 Mar 2021 &#8211; Despite warnings, American and European officials gave up leverage that could have guaranteed access for billions of people. That risks prolonging the pandemic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":181454,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2236],"tags":[2425,887,120,1829,550,1868,555,2428,2338,888],"class_list":["post-181445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-covid19-coronavirus","tag-astrazeneca-vaccine","tag-big-pharma","tag-conflict","tag-coronavirus","tag-corruption","tag-covid-19","tag-elites","tag-medical-industrial-complex","tag-vaccine-apartheid","tag-vaccines"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/181445","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=181445"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/181445\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/181454"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=181445"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=181445"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=181445"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}