{"id":181860,"date":"2021-03-29T12:00:05","date_gmt":"2021-03-29T11:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=181860"},"modified":"2021-05-24T06:29:03","modified_gmt":"2021-05-24T05:29:03","slug":"a-locust-plague-hit-east-africa-the-pesticide-solution-may-have-dire-consequences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2021\/03\/a-locust-plague-hit-east-africa-the-pesticide-solution-may-have-dire-consequences\/","title":{"rendered":"A Locust Plague Hit East Africa&#8211;The Pesticide Solution May Have Dire Consequences"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<p class=\"Article__Headline__Desc\"><em>Heavy use of a broad-spectrum pesticide seems to have slowed the desert locust invasion. What the repercussions of that approach are isn\u2019t yet clear.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><em>24 Mar 2021 &#8211; <\/em>A swarm of locusts is awe inspiring and terrible. It begins as a dark smudge on the horizon, then a gathering darkness. A rustle becomes a clatter that crescendos as tens of millions of voracious, finger-sized, bright yellow insects descend on the land. Since late 2019, vast clouds of locusts have shrouded the Horn of Africa, devouring crops and pastureland\u2014and triggering an operation of staggering proportions to track and kill them.<\/p>\n<p>So far, a ground and air spraying campaign over eight East African countries, coordinated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), has staved off the worst\u2014the very real prospect that the locusts would destroy the food supply for millions of people. Last year, the operation protected enough pastureland and food stocks, by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/cb3395en\/cb3395en.pdf\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the FAO\u2019s calculations<\/a>, to feed 28 million people in the Greater Horn of Africa and Yemen for an entire year.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop ImageGroup__Wrapper\" aria-label=\"Image Pair\" data-bumper-index=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ImageGroup__Images\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure id=\"Diptych bird and locusts_0\" class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/d388b541-d806-4c5e-bad8-17707a6b922b\/David-Chancellor_150221_DSCF0701.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"Picture of a steppe eagle flying in a locust swarm\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure id=\"Diptych bird and locusts_1\" class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/7e1ef6eb-f4a0-49f9-ae86-921dd4fa1e41\/David-Chancellor_140221_DSCF0722.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"Picture of locusts in flight\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption Caption--hideEndBug\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\"><strong>Top<\/strong>: A steppe eagle, a large raptor with a diet of rodents and other small mammals, insect swarms, and carrion, swoops through the center of a swarm of desert locusts in the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, northern Kenya. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\"><strong>Bottom<\/strong>: A bird\u2019s eye view from the center of a locust swarm at the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy. Swarms can range in size from less than half a square mile to 460 square miles, with 40 to 80 million locusts. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"2\">\n<div tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<div data-box-type=\"fitt-adbox-article_dynamic\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" aria-label=\"Image\" data-bumper-index=\"3\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/ebcf26d0-6ba5-43ad-8df2-288f8e69dd57\/David Chancellor-140221_DSCF0373.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"Picture of a swarm of locusts seen from below\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">A swarm of locusts gathers over an acacia tree in the Borana Wildlife Conservancy in northern Kenya, where they roost for the night. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p>But progress comes with yet-unknown consequences to the landscape, and responders have sought to find the elusive balance between eradicating the invading pests without destroying foliage and harming insects, wildlife, and humans. Northern Kenya is renowned worldwide for its bee diversity, and farmers and conservationists worry that bees are becoming casualties.<\/p>\n<p>So far, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/locusts\/response-overview-dashboard\/en\/\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">506,000 gallons<\/a> (2.3 million liters) of chemical pesticides have been sprayed over 4.7 million acres (1.9 million hectares) at a cost the FAO says is $195 million. The spraying is expected to continue this year.<\/p>\n<p>Assessments of possible environmental damage are incomplete at best, though the effects of pesticides have been well documented for decades in other settings. Broad spectrum pesticides are not only very effective at killing locusts, they also kill bees and other insects. They leach into water systems and can damage human health.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOf course, there is collateral damage,\u201d says Dino Martins, an entomologist and executive director of the <a href=\"https:\/\/mpala.org\/\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mpala Research Center<\/a> in Kenya. \u201cAll these chemicals are designed to kill insects and they do so in very large numbers.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2><b>Caught off guard<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Kenya had not suffered a major locust invasion in 70 years. When the first swarms arrived in 2019, the country was woefully unprepared for what had been, quite reasonably, regarded as a remote threat.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThey had no equipment, no expertise, no pesticides, no aircraft, no knowledge,\u201d says <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/locusts\/common\/ecg\/1966\/en\/AGPMM_StaffDutiesE.pdf\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keith Cressman<\/a>, the FAO\u2019s senior locust forecaster.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/locust-plague-climate-science-east-africa\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">swarms<\/a> began forming in 2018 after cyclones dumped heavy rain on the inhospitable deserts of Arabia, allowing locusts to breed unseen in the wet sands. Strong winds in 2019 blew the growing swarms into Yemen\u2019s inaccessible conflict zones, then across the Red Sea into Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" aria-label=\"Image\" data-bumper-index=\"5\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/0a26258b-4fe4-4573-b2b4-4b681b1bc9fc\/David Chancellor_150221_DSCF1155.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"Picture of oryx and grants gazelle standing amidst a swarm of locusts\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Grants gazelles and Oryx, large antelopes, stand in the grasslands where they usually graze, surrounded by a swarm of desert locusts. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the early stages of the locust control effort Kenya threw everything it had at the problem. \u201cIt was a panic reaction,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jweverts\/?originalSubdomain=nl\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Everts<\/a>, a Dutch ecotoxicologist specializing in the environmental effects of pesticide use.<\/p>\n<p>The spraying continued even as the COVID-19 pandemic spread and shuttered much of the world. Donning face masks against the coronavirus, hundreds of local volunteers, as well as members of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nys.go.ke\/\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kenya\u2019s National Youth Service<\/a>, shouldered knapsack sprayers and, with minimal training, unloaded on the locusts with whatever pesticides happened to be in stock. They sprayed tens of thousands of liters of deltamethrin, as well as hundreds of liters of fipronil, chlorpyrifos, and other insecticides, many of which are banned in Europe and parts of the United States.<\/p>\n<p>In one documented case in the northern region of Samburu, a ground control team sprayed 34 times the recommended dose of pesticide on a patch of ground, killing bees and beetles while spilling pesticide on themselves and crops.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn the beginning it was an emergency,\u201d says Thecla Mutia, who leads an FAO team monitoring the environmental effects of locust-control efforts in Kenya. \u201cThe whole idea was to manage this as fast as possible to ensure food security.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--content-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" aria-label=\"Image\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/magazine\/2020\/02\/how-to-set-off-a-plague-of-locusts-interactive\/\" class=\"AnchorLink Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\" tabindex=\"0\" ><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/715378c2-4f24-4957-b024-9b25705ccd63\/locust-og-clickable-image_desktop-medium.jpg?w=636&amp;h=403\" alt=\"\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/a><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Find out how locust plagues begin.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<h2><b>Pesticides banned in Europe and the U.S.<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Designed to kill, pesticides are toxic by definition, but they are also blunt weapons. Three of the four chemicals recommended by the FAO and authorized by regional governments\u2014chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, and malathion\u2014are broad-spectrum organophosphates, widely used pesticides sometimes referred to as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/article\/130718-organophosphates-pesticides-indian-food-poisoning\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">junior-strength nerve agents<\/a>\u201d because of their kinship to Sarin gas. The other, deltamethrin, is a synthetic pyrethroid, which is especially toxic to bees and fish, though much less so to mammals.<\/p>\n<p>The FAO\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/locusts\/en\/publicat\/meeting\/topic\/572\/index.html\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticides Referee Group<\/a>, which vets pesticides for use in locust control, lists all four chemicals as high risk to bees, low or medium risk to birds, and medium or high risk to locusts\u2019 natural enemies and soil insects, such as ants and termites.<\/p>\n<p>The European Union banned chlorpyrifos early last year, and in the U.S. state bans have been enforced in New York, California, and Hawaii. Fenitrothion, too, is banned in Europe, but permitted in the U.S. and in Australia, where the government deploys it as a central weapon in the fight against locusts.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe are not hiding what conventional pesticides are,\u201d says Cyril Ferrand, FAO resilience team leader in Nairobi, who points out that doing nothing was not an option in the face of the rapidly expanding swarms. \u201cWe want to lower the population of desert locusts in a way that is responsible.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2><b>Non-toxic alternatives<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Non-toxic biological alternatives that kill locusts, but do no other harm, have been available for decades. Yet chemical pesticides remain the weapon of choice, accounting for 90 percent of the spraying in the current East Africa campaign.<\/p>\n<p>Biopesticide development began in the late 1980s after the end of a years-long locust plague that stretched from North Africa to India.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop ImageGroup__Wrapper\" aria-label=\"Image Pair\" data-bumper-index=\"8\">\n<div class=\"ImageGroup__Images\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure id=\"Diptych elephants and locusts on bush_0\" class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/793714d9-4cd1-4118-a343-2fcb8f73e739\/David Chancellor_150221_DSCF0755.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"Picture of elephants standing underneath swarm of iocusts\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure id=\"Diptych elephants and locusts on bush_1\" class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/47a49aea-fda4-44ff-a60b-506130d7a54f\/David Chancellor_150221_DSCF0898.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"Picture of locusts feeding on a bush\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption Caption--hideEndBug\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\"><strong>Top<\/strong>: A herd of elephants seeks shelter under a stand of acacia trees from a swarm of locusts at the Borana Wildlife Conservancy. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\"><strong>Bottom<\/strong>: Locusts feast on ground brush in the Borana Wildlife Conservancy.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"InsertedAd\" data-bumper-index=\"9\">\n<div tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<div data-box-type=\"fitt-adbox-article_dynamic\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" aria-label=\"Image\" data-bumper-index=\"10\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/6e2ede56-4bac-4b3c-b085-9fb2b4efdb5a\/David Chancellor_150221_DSCF1270.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"Picture of locusts swarming on the ground\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Officials have been spraying potent insecticides to combat the locust invasion. It has worked but the side effects for health and the environment are still unknown.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cWhen we saw the figures of the millions of liters of pesticide being sprayed, even the donor community was horrified,\u201d recalls Christiaan Kooyman, a Dutch scientist who developed the biopesticide using a fungus, <i>Metarhizium acridum<\/i>, that attacks locusts. \u201cAnd they asked the scientists, \u2018Is there nothing else we can do?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Metarhizium, which has been on the market since 1998, is recommended by the FAO as the \u201cmost appropriate control option\u201d for locusts, yet is rarely used. It is slow acting with a low \u201cknockdown\u201d rate\u2014meaning it kills over days rather than hours. It is expensive and tricky to apply. And it is most effective against immature \u201choppers,\u201d rather than the adult swarms that are the greater threat.<\/p>\n<p>Its best feature\u2014that it kills only locusts\u2014also makes it a less profitable product. Companies have little incentive to manufacture metarhizium and go through the costly bureaucratic process of registering it in a country until it is needed\u2014and by then it is too late.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLocusts aren\u2019t around very much, and manufacturers are not keen on producing something that doesn\u2019t get used,\u201d says <a href=\"http:\/\/dropdata.org\/iparc\/matthews_files\/matthews.htm\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Graham Matthews<\/a>, a British scientist and the founding chair of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/locusts\/en\/info\/info\/news\/2143\/2144\/events_2168.html\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticides Referee Group<\/a>. When the swarms arrive, \u201cyou don\u2019t want to wait for production, you want it off-the-shelf,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, governments reach for the broad-spectrum toxic chemicals mass-produced by large agrochemical companies.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Extent of harm is unknown<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>What makes widespread spraying of chemical pesticides especially worrisome to farmers, herders, scientists, and conservationists in Kenya is that so little is known about what, if any, harm the pesticides have done. A U.S. government <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/USAID_EAFR_Locust_PEA_FAO_11-10-20_508_Compliant.pdf\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental assessment<\/a> of the regional locust operation warned of the \u201cpotential for significant adverse impacts on environment and human health,\u201d and a <a href=\"http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/918201587468738748\/pdf\/Environmental-and-Social-Review-Summary-Appraisal-Stage-Kenya-ANNEX-Emergency-Locust-Response-Program-P173702.pdf\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">review\u00a0<\/a>by the World Bank found the environmental risk to be \u201csubstantial.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"ResponsiveWrapper\">\n<aside class=\"InlineElement InlineElement--page-width InlineElement--desktop InlineImage\" aria-label=\"Image\" data-bumper-index=\"12\">\n<div class=\"CopyrightImage\">\n<figure class=\"Image aspect-ratio--parent InlineImage--image\">\n<div class=\"RatioFrame aspect-ratio--auto\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"Image__Wrapper Image__Wrapper--relative\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/7db0262d-ba82-48ce-857d-b4dcef6ab434\/David Chancellor_140221_DSCF0772.jpg?w=1280&amp;h=960\" alt=\"Picture of a swarm of locusts against a stormy sky\" data-mptype=\"image\" \/><\/div><figcaption>\n<div class=\"Caption__Wrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption\">\n<div class=\"Caption__TextWrapper\">\n<div class=\"Caption__Text\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"Truncate Truncate--collapsed\"><span class=\"RichText\">Scientists expect that the broad-spectrum pesticide has taken a toll on pollinators like bees, though it&#8217;s not entirely clear how severe the impact is. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"Image__Copyright\">Yet more than a year into the control campaign, the FAO\u2019s assessment of the environmental impact of the spraying has not been made public.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cThe excessive use of pesticides is of course detrimental to biodiversity, but it has not really been quantified as to what the level of impact is,\u201d says <a href=\"http:\/\/www.icipe.org\/about\/staff\/sunday-ekesi\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sunday Ekesi<\/a>, an entomologist and director of research and partnerships at the International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi, part of a government task force set up to tackle the desert locust invasion.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur key concern is the impact it has on the pollinators,\u201d says Anne Maina, of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.equatorinitiative.org\/2020\/04\/24\/solution11350\/\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biodiversity and Biosafety Association of Kenya<\/a>. The farmers she works with attribute reduced honey and mango harvests to the disappearance of bees. Martins shares these concerns, but says the lack of monitoring information means it is impossible to know what\u2019s really going on.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNorthern Kenya and the greater Horn of Africa is one of the world\u2019s hotspots of bee diversity, with thousands of species, most of which we know absolutely nothing about,\u201d he says. \u201cWe need to develop tools that allow us to both control locusts and protect the fragile biodiversity of the region\u2019s drylands.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The FAO\u2019s 2003 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/locusts\/en\/publicat\/gl\/gl\/index.html\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guidelines<\/a> on safety and environmental precautions acknowledge that aerial spraying may have less impact on human health than ground spraying, but often creates \u201cmore environmental concerns\u201d because it risks contaminating ecologically sensitive areas. Aerial spraying increases the potential for \u201cuncontrolled drift,\u201d whereby chemicals\u2014much like the locusts themselves\u2014are blown off course by the wind.<\/p>\n<p>Mutia, the FAO\u2019s team leader for environmental monitoring, insists that ground-spraying teams have become better trained and local communities are better informed about the spraying and the risks to themselves and their livestock. Kenya\u2019s overall locust operation today has improved since the early weeks of the invasion.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDone right, the environmental impact is very low,\u201d says Cressman.<\/p>\n<h2><b>A key report still under wraps<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Still, Mutia\u2019s environment and health monitoring report, finished last September, has yet to be made public. And there is confusion over why. The FAO says the report is for Kenya\u2019s agriculture ministry to release, but a ministry spokeswoman says the FAO has yet to deliver it.<\/p>\n<p>In an interview, Mutia says she found \u201cno cause for alarm,\u201d in her review of the spraying.<\/p>\n<p>However, a copy of the report obtained by <i>National Geographic<\/i> paints a more detailed and problematic picture, with evidence of heavy overdosing at the Samburu site and widespread lack of communication with residents in sprayed areas.<\/p>\n<p>In four of the 13 sites inspected, there was no sign of locust deaths at all, suggesting either that the spraying had been ineffective or that the monitoring teams weren\u2019t in the right locations. The report says they were repeatedly given inadequate location information and lacked the helicopters and other vehicles required to quickly reach more remote sites.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur main concern has been the focus on control of the locusts without a parallel monitoring system of the undesired effects,\u201d says Raphael Wahome, an animal scientist at the University of Nairobi. He says the FAO\u2019s information should be made available to researchers and others: \u201cYour guess is as good as mine as to what is happening wherever [the pesticides] have been used.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>__________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Editor&#8217;s note: <\/b>The county in northern Kenya that was heavily sprayed was Samburu.<\/i><\/p>\n<div class=\"Byline__Group\" aria-label=\"Photographs By David Chancellor\"><em><span class=\"Byline__ByCopy\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Photographs by <\/span><span class=\"Byline__AuthorRow\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"Byline__AuthorContainer\"><span class=\"RichText Byline__Author \">David Chancellor<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/locust-plague-hit-east-africa-pesticide-solution-may-have-dire-consequences\" >Go to Original &#8211; nationalgeographic.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>24 Mar 2021 &#8211; Heavy use of a broad-spectrum pesticide seems to have slowed the desert locust invasion. What the repercussions of that approach are isn\u2019t yet clear. So far, a ground and air spraying campaign over eight East African countries, coordinated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, has staved off the worst.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":181862,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[237,2443,2444,1920,1848,1898],"class_list":["post-181860","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africa","tag-africa","tag-east-africa","tag-horn-of-africa","tag-locusts","tag-pesticides","tag-plague"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/181860","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=181860"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/181860\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/181862"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=181860"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=181860"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=181860"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}