{"id":184965,"date":"2021-05-17T12:00:20","date_gmt":"2021-05-17T11:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=184965"},"modified":"2021-05-13T06:48:39","modified_gmt":"2021-05-13T05:48:39","slug":"climate-emissions-shrinking-the-stratosphere-scientists-reveal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2021\/05\/climate-emissions-shrinking-the-stratosphere-scientists-reveal\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate Emissions Shrinking the Stratosphere, Scientists Reveal"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"css-zjgnrw\">\n<div class=\"css-8fmrzx\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-print-layout=\"hide\">\n<p><em>Thinning indicates profound impact of humans and could affect satellites and GPS.<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_184966\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/earth.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-184966\" class=\"wp-image-184966\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/earth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/earth.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/earth-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-184966\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The thickness of the stratosphere has contracted by 400 metres since the 1980s, the researchers found. Photograph: Alamy<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>12 May 2021 &#8211; <\/em>Humanity\u2019s enormous emissions of greenhouse gases are shrinking the stratosphere, a new study has revealed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">The thickness of the atmospheric layer has contracted by 400 metres since the 1980s, the researchers found, and will thin by about another kilometre by 2080 without major cuts in emissions. The changes have the potential to affect satellite operations, the GPS navigation system and radio communications.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">The discovery is the latest to show the profound impact of humans on the planet. In April, scientists showed that the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2021\/apr\/23\/climate-crisis-has-shifted-the-earths-axis-study-shows\"  data-link-name=\"in body link\">climate crisis had shifted the Earth\u2019s axis<\/a> as the massive melting of glaciers redistributes weight around the globe.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">The stratosphere extends from about 20km to 60km above the Earth\u2019s surface. Below is the troposphere, in which humans live, and here carbon dioxide heats and expands the air. This pushes up the lower boundary of the stratosphere. But, in addition, when CO<sub>2<\/sub> enters the stratosphere it <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/esd.copernicus.org\/articles\/7\/697\/2016\/\"  data-link-name=\"in body link\">actually cools the air, causing it to contract<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"472f24f2-8d78-4101-be48-b0fcf4692d8e\" class=\"css-10khgmf\">\n<div class=\"css-1mzs7vm\" data-cypress=\"interactive-element-The%20earth%E2%80%99s%20atmosphere%20consists%20of%20several%20layers,%20with%20the%20troposphere%20at%20the%20bottom.%20The%20measurements%20indicated%20here%20are%20approximate%20and%20can%20vary%20enormously%20according%20to%20time%20of%20year,%20or%20position%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20earth.\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/interactive.guim.co.uk\/uploader\/embed\/2021\/05\/archive-zip\/giv-8258sxwlL1NBtIe\/\" height=\"374\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div><figcaption class=\"css-xe26t6\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"472f24f2-8d78-4101-be48-b0fcf4692d8e\" class=\"css-10khgmf\"><figcaption class=\"css-xe26t6\"><strong><span class=\"css-19x4pdv\">The earth\u2019s atmosphere consists of several layers, with the troposphere at the bottom. The measurements indicated here are approximate and can vary enormously according to time of year, or position in relation to the earth.<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">The shrinking stratosphere is a stark signal of the climate emergency and the planetary-scale influence that humanity now exerts, according to Juan A\u00f1el, at the University of Vigo, Ourense in Spain and part of the research team. \u201cIt is shocking,\u201d he said. \u201cThis proves we are messing with the atmosphere up to 60 kilometres.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">Scientists already knew the troposphere was growing in height as carbon emissions rose and had hypothesised that the stratosphere was shrinking. But the new study is the first to demonstrate this and shows it has been contracting around the globe since at least the 1980s, when satellite data was first gathered.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">The ozone layer that absorbs UV rays from the sun is in the stratosphere and researchers had thought ozone losses in recent decades could be to blame for the shrinking. Less ozone means less heating in the stratosphere. But the new research shows it is the rise of CO<sub>2<\/sub> that is behind the steady contraction of the stratosphere, not ozone levels, which started to rebound after the 1989 Montreal treaty banned CFCs.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">The study, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/abfe2b\"  data-link-name=\"in body link\">published in the journal Environmental Research Letters<\/a>, reached its conclusions using the small set of satellite observations taken since the 1980s in combination with multiple climate models, which included the complex chemical interactions that occur in the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_184969\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/earth-atmosphere-environ.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-184969\" class=\"wp-image-184969\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/earth-atmosphere-environ.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/earth-atmosphere-environ.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/earth-atmosphere-environ-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-184969\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The earth\u2019s atmosphere consists of several layers, with the troposphere at the bottom. The measurements indicated here are approximate and can vary enormously according to time of year, or position in relation to the earth.<br \/>Guardian graphic<\/p><\/div>\n<figure class=\"css-10khgmf\">\n<div class=\"css-1nfcn93\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/044c0e9555acc1363e82f8007b5a69031bbf4b4b\/0_0_4256_2821\/master\/4256.jpg?width=620&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=dfa4aba56c1ffae12029222d07fcba7f 1240w,https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/044c0e9555acc1363e82f8007b5a69031bbf4b4b\/0_0_4256_2821\/master\/4256.jpg?width=605&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=fd9e0249d2ffb8f799ed6752be15c013 1210w,https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/044c0e9555acc1363e82f8007b5a69031bbf4b4b\/0_0_4256_2821\/master\/4256.jpg?width=445&amp;quality=45&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=dd4266cd2a64871d91f3ad210e2cd00b 890w\" media=\"(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"(min-width: 660px) 620px, 100vw\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/044c0e9555acc1363e82f8007b5a69031bbf4b4b\/0_0_4256_2821\/master\/4256.jpg?width=620&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=0a959919cb307433e1dc78135b45b739 620w,https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/044c0e9555acc1363e82f8007b5a69031bbf4b4b\/0_0_4256_2821\/master\/4256.jpg?width=605&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=cd469a520e2f0c06ec2079ca0ea2b8b3 605w,https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/044c0e9555acc1363e82f8007b5a69031bbf4b4b\/0_0_4256_2821\/master\/4256.jpg?width=445&amp;quality=85&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;s=0c111e949754ca6d4a600d8383d22449 445w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 660px) 620px, 100vw\" \/><\/picture><\/div><figcaption class=\"css-xe26t6\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"css-8bpe6e\">\n<div class=\"article-body-commercial-selector css-79elbk article-body-viewer-selector\">\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">\u201cIt may affect satellite trajectories, orbital life-times, and retrievals [\u2026] the propagation of radio waves, and eventually the overall performance of the Global Positioning System and other space-based navigational systems,\u201d the researchers said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">Prof Paul Williams, at the University of Reading in the UK, who was not involved in the new research, said: \u201cThis study finds the first observational evidence of stratosphere contraction and shows that the cause is in fact our greenhouse gas emissions rather than ozone.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">\u201cSome scientists have started calling the upper atmosphere the \u2018ignorosphere\u2019 because it is so poorly studied,\u201d he said. \u201cThis new paper will strengthen the case for better observations of this distant but critically important part of the atmosphere.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">\u201cIt is remarkable that we are still discovering new aspects of climate change after decades of research,\u201d said Williams, whose own research has shown that the climate crisis could <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2127050-flight-turbulence-to-get-three-times-more-common-because-of-co2\"  data-link-name=\"in body link\">triple<\/a> the amount of severe turbulence experienced by air travellers. \u201cIt makes me wonder what other changes our emissions are inflicting on the atmosphere that we haven\u2019t discovered yet.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">The dominance of humanity activities on the planet has led scientists to recommend the declaration of a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2016\/aug\/29\/declare-anthropocene-epoch-experts-urge-geological-congress-human-impact-earth\"  data-link-name=\"in body link\">new geological epoch: the Anthropocene<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-1yqigsj\">Among the suggested markers of the Anthropocene are the radioactive elements scattered by nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2016\/aug\/31\/domestic-chicken-anthropocene-humanity-influenced-epoch\"  data-link-name=\"in body link\">domestic chicken bones<\/a>, thanks to the surge in poultry production after the second world war. Other scientists have suggested widespread plastic pollution as a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/sep\/04\/plastic-pollution-fossil-record\"  data-link-name=\"in body link\">marker of a plastic age<\/a>, to follow the bronze and iron ages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1ey43xh-straightLines-fourLines-Lines\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2021\/may\/12\/emissions-shrinking-the-stratosphere-scientists-find\" >Go to Original &#8211; guardian.com<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>12 May 2021 &#8211; Humanity\u2019s enormous emissions of greenhouse gases are shrinking the stratosphere, a new study has revealed. Thinning could affect satellites and GPS.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":184966,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[401,304,1157],"class_list":["post-184965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-environment","tag-science","tag-space-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184965","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=184965"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184965\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/184966"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=184965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=184965"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=184965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}