{"id":196030,"date":"2021-10-04T12:00:30","date_gmt":"2021-10-04T11:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=196030"},"modified":"2021-09-28T06:11:14","modified_gmt":"2021-09-28T05:11:14","slug":"indigenous-people-of-brazil-fight-for-their-future","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2021\/10\/indigenous-people-of-brazil-fight-for-their-future\/","title":{"rendered":"Indigenous People of Brazil Fight for Their Future"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_196031\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/AMAZON_RAINFOREST_NATIVES_indigenous-brazil-bolsonaro-indios-amazonia.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-196031\" class=\"wp-image-196031\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/AMAZON_RAINFOREST_NATIVES_indigenous-brazil-bolsonaro-indios-amazonia.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/AMAZON_RAINFOREST_NATIVES_indigenous-brazil-bolsonaro-indios-amazonia.jpg 820w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/AMAZON_RAINFOREST_NATIVES_indigenous-brazil-bolsonaro-indios-amazonia-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/AMAZON_RAINFOREST_NATIVES_indigenous-brazil-bolsonaro-indios-amazonia-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-196031\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tukanos from Amazon rainforest (Image by James Martins \/ CC)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>17 Sep 2021 &#8211; <\/em>Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has given new license to the <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2019\/12\/murders-of-indigenous-leaders-in-brazil-amazon-hit-highest-level-in-two-decades\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">killing<\/a> of Indigenous people in Brazil. Before he came to power in 2019, it wasn\u2019t clear what he wanted to build, but he knew exactly who and what he wanted to destroy: the Indigenous people and the Amazon rainforest respectively.<\/p>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>\u201cBolsonaro attacked a woman first, the land, our mother\u201d, the Indigenous leader C\u00e9lia Xakriab\u00e1 told me. \u201cWe have no choice but to fight back.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Since becoming president, the former Army captain, who served under the country\u2019s last military dictator, has led an unprecedented war against the environment and the people protecting it. A slew of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2021\/08\/24\/brazil-reject-anti-indigenous-rights-bill\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">anti-Indigenous legislation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2019\/12\/murders-of-indigenous-leaders-in-brazil-amazon-hit-highest-level-in-two-decades\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">escalated<\/a> violence against and assassinations of Indigenous land defenders, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2021\/06\/brazil-continues-to-lose-an-entire-generation-of-indigenous-leaders-to-covid-19\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">COVID-19 pandemic<\/a> have threatened the existence of Brazil\u2019s original people, the Amazon rainforest and the future of the planet.<\/p>\n<aside id=\"block-views-node-blocks-related\" class=\"block block-views first odd\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"block__title block-title\"><strong><em>See also:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenleft.org.au\/content\/brazil-indigenous-peoples-mobilise-defend-land-and-culture\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"> Brazil&#8211;Indigenous peoples mobilise to defend land and culture<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/aside>\n<p>Under Bolsanaro\u2019s oversight, about 7700 square miles (<a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/n7mrmp46\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">20,000 square kilometres<\/a>) of the Amazon has been deforested, mostly by <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2021\/08\/more-than-250-major-fires-the-amazon-this-year-despite-burning-ban-in-brazil\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">fires<\/a> caused by the cattle and logging industries. The destruction of the Amazon rainforest is pushing the biome toward an irreversible tipping point, where it won\u2019t be able to renew itself, and making the Amazon uninhabitable for Indigenous people.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, in 2021 scientists <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eceee.org\/all-news\/news\/amazon-rainforest-now-emitting-more-co2-than-it-absorbs\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">found<\/a> that for the first time the Amazon has been emitting more carbon dioxide than it has been absorbing. The Amazon \u2014 often touted as the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.discovery.com\/nature\/the--lungs-of-our-planet--are-under-threat\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">lungs of the planet<\/a>\u201d for the oxygen it creates \u2014 seems to be dying faster than it is growing.<\/p>\n<p>But Indigenous people, who call this forest their home, refuse to disappear.<\/p>\n<h2>&#8216;Struggle for Life&#8217; movement<\/h2>\n<p>At the end of August, red dust rose like smoke from the pounding feet of some 6000 Indigenous people <a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20210825-indigenous-protest-as-brazil-high-court-hears-land-case\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">marching<\/a> on the main <a href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/08\/28\/brazil-amazon-indigenous-protest\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">promenade<\/a> surrounded by Brazil\u2019s Supreme Court, Congress and presidential palace in the country\u2019s capital city of Brasilia.<\/p>\n<p>One hundred and seventy-six different Indigenous groups from every region of the country arrived at the encampment of <a href=\"https:\/\/apiboficial.org\/luta-pela-vida\/?lang=en\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Luta pela Vida<\/a> (the Struggle for Life movement) to protest against their own erasure. This Indigenous mobilisation, which is the largest in history, broke a spell of inviolability surrounding the institutions of power that have for centuries excluded Indigenous people or sought their demise.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201cWe need a union of Indigenous people\u201d, Alessandra Munduruku from the <a href=\"https:\/\/apiboficial.org\/sobre\/?lang=en\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Association of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil<\/a>\u00a0(APIB)\u00a0told me. \u201cOur lives matter.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>They have a champion in Jo\u00eania Wapichana, the first Indigenous female lawyer and member of Congress. She is calling for a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/08\/28\/brazil-amazon-indigenous-protest\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">political renewal<\/a>\u201d of Brazilian and Indigenous rights. And she has helped spearhead the Indigenous movement at a national and international level with APIB.<\/p>\n<p>APIB is a powerful unifying tool for the Indigenous peoples of the country. Indigenous Brazilians comprise a small fraction of Brazil\u2019s population \u2014 about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/5\/12\/brazil-judge-provides-a-lifeline-for-threatened-indigenous-tribe\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">900,000<\/a> Indigenous people survive today in a country of 211 million \u2014 yet they possess a profound human diversity in language and culture not seen in most modern countries. And they are now united in a common cause against Bolsonaro\u2019s belligerence and the powerful forces that brought him into power.<\/p>\n<p>APIB <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brasildefato.com.br\/2021\/08\/10\/an-indigenous-association-denounced-bolsonaro-for-genocide-to-the-international-criminal-court\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">filed<\/a> a lawsuit in the International Criminal Court (ICC) on August 9 charging Bolsonaro with genocide. This is the first time in the history of the ICC that the Indigenous people of the Western Hemisphere have defended themselves, with the help of Indigenous lawyers, against crimes against humanity in The Hague.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201cWe have been fighting every day for hundreds of years to ensure our existence and today our fight for rights is global\u201d, APIB\u2019s executive director Sonia Guajajara said <a href=\"https:\/\/apiboficial.org\/2021\/08\/09\/unprecedented-apib-denounces-bolsonaro-before-the-icc-in-the-hague-for-indigenous-genocide\/?lang=en\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">in a statement<\/a>.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>A coalition of right-wing forces ranging from agribusinesses, the gun lobby and evangelicals \u2014 collectively known as the \u201cbull, bullet, and bible\u201d bloc in parliament \u2014 is backing Bolsonaro\u2019s project of destruction of the Amazon and its people.<\/p>\n<p>Soy fields (mostly for animal feed) and cattle herds have replaced lush forest lands and traditional rural communities. Most of Brazil\u2019s food is exported, largely feeding United States and European markets. And many Indigenous people blame multinational corporations like Cargill, the US\u2019s largest privately held company, for their role in <a href=\"https:\/\/stories.mightyearth.org\/amazonfires\/index.html\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">driving<\/a> environmental destruction to produce soy.<\/p>\n<p>Rural landowners, loggers and miners terrorise and evict Indigenous and traditional communities from their lands at the barrel of a gun. Relaxed firearm and ammunition laws have led to a sharp rise in gun ownership, especially among rural landowners, which has led to a subsequent rise in gun violence. Bolsonaro\u2019s signature finger-gun gestures <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/brazil-bolsonaro-arms-base-155641b58c95d6cd7c64bd5d1bd45ca5\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">signal<\/a> support for arming his base.<\/p>\n<h2>US influence<\/h2>\n<p>Much of this influence, including ties to evangelical churches, comes from the US, a country Bolsonaro and his supporters look to for inspiration.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201cIt\u2019s a shame that the Brazilian cavalry wasn\u2019t as efficient as the Americans, who exterminated the Indians\u201d, Bolsonaro <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leftvoice.org\/bolsonaros-coronavirus-response-is-a-campaign-of-terror-against-black-and-indigenous-people\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">once<\/a> lamented.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cIndigenous extermination has already happened in your country [the US]\u201d, Munduruku told me. She sees a similar process unfolding in Brazil. But the connection doesn\u2019t end there.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cAt the rate [at which] your country [the US] consumes soy, it contributes to the destruction of my land\u201d, she added.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The final front of this onslaught is the very legal and political framework protecting Indigenous territories, the 1988 Brazilian constitution. The Brazilian congress has been <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2021\/08\/indigenous-brazilians-fear-surge-in-violence-as-land-grab-bill-nears-passage\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">voting<\/a> on a series of bills that would undo hard-won rights, such as protecting Indigenous territories, granting immunity to illegal land-grabbing, and sacrificing Indigenous lands for infrastructure, mining and energy projects. One of the bills would <a href=\"https:\/\/ilabrasilblog.wixsite.com\/blog\/post\/why-brazil-cannot-denounce-ilo-169-without-adequate-consultation\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">authorise<\/a> the president to leave the International Labor Organization Convention\u2019s 1989 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention 169, a major international treaty protecting Indigenous and tribal peoples.<\/p>\n<p>At a minimum, APIB and Luta pela Vida are asking the government to respect its own laws and constitution. That\u2019s why a group of 150 Indigenous people <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/brazils-indigenous-burn-giant-coffin-protest-ahead-vital-land-ruling-2021-08-27\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">burned<\/a> an effigy of a large black coffin at the steps of Brazil\u2019s Congress on August 27. Scrawled on its sides were the names of the bills aimed at their destruction. The message was clear: Indigenous people refuse to be burned.<\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court began <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/brazil-supreme-court-weighs-landmark-case-indigenous-land-rights-2021-09-01\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">hearing<\/a> arguments on September 1 in a case that could lead to either enabling or preventing the usurping of ancestral lands from Indigenous people who were removed from their territories after the ratification of the 1988 constitution. The court <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/9\/15\/brazil-top-court-shelves-indigenous-land-case-no-new-date-set\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">suspended<\/a> the case on September 15 without setting a date to revisit it. APIB <a href=\"https:\/\/apiboficial.org\/2021\/08\/26\/milestone-thesis-no-what-is-it-anyway\/?lang=en\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">claims<\/a> a positive ruling for Indigenous people would immediately resolve hundreds of land conflicts in the country and warns a negative ruling could accelerate violence.<\/p>\n<h2>2022 election<\/h2>\n<p>What is important to consider is that Brazilian democracy is fragile. As Bolsonaro\u2019s chances for re-election in 2022 dwindle, his supporters <a href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/09\/05\/bolsonaro-september-7-brazil-trump-january-6\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">called<\/a> for street mobilisations on September 7 to \u201cbegin a general cleansing process in Brazil\u201d. The targets of the rally were the congress, the Supreme Court and the Chinese embassy, and Bolsonaro supporters seemed to take their cues from their US counterparts who stormed the US Capitol on January 6.<\/p>\n<p>Bolsonaro\u2019s son Eduardo Bolsonaro <a href=\"https:\/\/www.recital360.com\/2021\/08\/11\/jair-bolsonaros-son-gave-mike-lindell-a-maga-hat-signed-by-trump-at-event-talking-about-voter-fraud\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">shared<\/a> a stage with former US president Donald Trump\u2019s supporters in my rural home state of South Dakota on August 10, hoping to cast doubt on the 2022 elections and draw international right-wing support. He was joined by Steve Bannon, who <a href=\"https:\/\/www.recital360.com\/2021\/08\/11\/jair-bolsonaros-son-gave-mike-lindell-a-maga-hat-signed-by-trump-at-event-talking-about-voter-fraud\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">called<\/a> Brazil\u2019s former leftist leader Luiz In\u00e1cio (Lula) da Silva \u201cthe most dangerous leftist in the world\u201d because his presidential candidacy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/brazils-lula-could-beat-bolsonaro-first-round-2022-vote-poll-shows-2021-06-25\/\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">poses<\/a> a great threat of undoing what Bolsonaro has done during his presidential term over the past four years.<\/p>\n<p>The following week, in an Indigenous ceremony, Sonia Guajajara <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brasildefato.com.br\/2021\/08\/19\/lula-e-homenageado-por-populacoes-indigenas-no-maranhao-como-guardiao-dos-territorios\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">designated<\/a> Lula the \u201cguardian of territories\u201d, a reminder of his obligations to Indigenous people and the Amazon should he become president.<\/p>\n<p>The Indigenous movement goes beyond Brazil and its constitution. \u201cOur [Indigenous] history doesn\u2019t begin in 1988\u201d, was one popular <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stltoday.com\/news\/article_c9720043-4eca-5147-bc2b-70c590c9b488.html\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">slogan<\/a> at the Luta pela Vida camp. And the Indigenous struggle is more than recuperating imagined halcyon days that never entirely existed for Indigenous people.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201cThe future is ancestral\u201d, Guajajara told me. And she\u2019s calling on the entire world to take leadership from Indigenous movements in this time of terrible danger.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>________________________________________<\/p>\n<p><em>This article was produced by<\/em> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/globetrotter.media\/all-articles\/\" >Globetrotter<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Nick Estes is a citizen of the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe. He is a journalist, historian and co-host of\u00a0the <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/directory.libsyn.com\/shows\/view\/id\/therednation\" class=\"twitter-timeline-link\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Red Nation Podcast<\/a><em>. He is the author of <\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/go.ind.media\/e\/546932\/2953-our-history-is-the-future\/l9kj98\/908708423?h=WjRwMM483RyD8Zexc0JkGQLtMt1HzWhMJnCI2Ko2kW4\" >Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock Versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, <\/a><em>and <\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/go.ind.media\/e\/546932\/2953-our-history-is-the-future\/l9kj98\/908708423?h=WjRwMM483RyD8Zexc0JkGQLtMt1HzWhMJnCI2Ko2kW4\" >The Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance<\/a> <em>(Verso, 2019).<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>17 Sep 2021 &#8211; Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has given new license to the killing of Indigenous people in Brazil. Before he came to power in 2019, it wasn\u2019t clear what he wanted to build, but he knew exactly who and what he wanted to destroy: the Indigenous people and the Amazon rainforest respectively.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":196031,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[221],"tags":[536,1176,547,239,1690,550,794,401,1393,993,487,534,1620,866,1788,541,2580,1200,1255,329,92],"class_list":["post-196030","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-indigenous-rights","tag-amazonia","tag-bolsonaro","tag-brazil","tag-brics","tag-cattle-and-ranch-farmers","tag-corruption","tag-deforestation","tag-environment","tag-forest-fires","tag-global-warming","tag-human-rights","tag-indigenous","tag-indigenous-culture","tag-indigenous-rights","tag-indios","tag-latin-america-caribbean","tag-native-south-americans","tag-natures-rights","tag-rain-forests","tag-resources","tag-violent-conflict"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/196030","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=196030"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/196030\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/196031"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=196030"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=196030"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=196030"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}