{"id":207244,"date":"2022-03-28T12:00:33","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T11:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=207244"},"modified":"2022-03-17T05:03:18","modified_gmt":"2022-03-17T05:03:18","slug":"unsettling-coloniality-in-the-psychological-sciences-by-restoring-our-kinship-worldview","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2022\/03\/unsettling-coloniality-in-the-psychological-sciences-by-restoring-our-kinship-worldview\/","title":{"rendered":"Unsettling Coloniality in the Psychological Sciences by Restoring Our Kinship Worldview"},"content":{"rendered":"

Abstract<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Psychology is the go-to social science for helping mitigate imbalanced mental capacity and behavior. This article shows how it is also one of the most colonized science disciplines. It explains how it contributes indirectly to or at least does little to prevent calamities like global warming, high extinction rates, pollution, sexual abuse, hate crimes, and racism. It offers that metacognitive worldview reflection that focuses on re-embracing Indigenous worldview precepts is the best way to challenge the colonial assumptions behind most psychological approaches effectively.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

The interest in decolonizing psychology continues to increase<\/a> as more people recognize how coloniality maintains social, racial, economic, and ecological injustices. However, many practitioners and educators do not realize that it cannot be done without also Indigenizing it. If they make the connection, they are often unsure about how to bring it to the table. For all branches of psychology, the goal is to critically examine both the dominant and the Indigenous (kinship) worldview precepts. (See for example the text Critical Neurophilosophy and Indigenous Wisdom<\/em><\/a>.) Consider the source of the worldview precept and its potential for being causal to our global crises. For example, what effects on the world are caused by anthropocentric, hierarchical, binary and materialistic worldview precepts in contrast to animistic, egalitarian, non-binary and spiritual ones? These four contrasting worldview precepts are part of forty that can be viewed\u00a0here.<\/a> When studying them, try not to see them as a rigid binary, but rather as a continuum. The intention is for such worldview reflection to open dialogue, not shut it down. It is about seeking complementarity and re-balancing the foundational assumptions that ultimately guide our behaviors.<\/p>\n

Note I speak of only two worldviews. The literature typically refers to definition of all cultural, religious and philosophical beliefs as worldviews. I submit that each of these can be grouped effectively under either the dominant or kinship worldview. This idea is supported by the pioneering worldview work of Robert Redfield.<\/a> The original intention of the European term was about core assumptions about the relationship humans have with one another, with nature and with the cosmos. Redfield, considered the father of social anthropology, and his colleagues at the University of Chicago, referred to a \u201cmetropolitan\u201d worldview that dominated the world and was continuing to erase the \u201cprimitive\u201d one. He felt this process to be one of the greatest tragedies<\/a> in human history.<\/p>\n

Note that it is important to distinguish Indigenous worldview from Indigenous place-based knowledge. All people can learn to re-embrace the former. However, one must intimately know the local language, ceremonies and territory to practice the latter. Efforts to support surviving Indigenous cultures and their quest to protect their lands and maintain or achieve sovereignty are thus vital. The Indigenous worldview, however, belongs to all creatures who are indigenous (small \u201ci\u201d) to \u201cMother Earth.\u201d For those who feel they do not have the right to embrace Indigenous worldview, I recommend reading \u201cThe Indigenization Controversy: For Whom By Whom<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

If psychology continues to ignore the kinship worldview that traditional Indigenous peoples and others are fighting to preserve, the outcomes will continue to be tragic. After all, psychological sciences are the \u201cgo to\u201d for helping restore sanity and balance in human beings. Unfortunately psychology continues its colonial hegemony. In\u00a0 \u201cThe Self: Colonization in Psychology and Society<\/a>\u201d Kenneth J. Gergen writes \u201cIn effect with no viable or organized resistance, psychological science has achieved the capacity for full-scale colonization of the culture.\u201d He describes targets for such resistance that include questioning and\/or challenging or replacing. I propose that a study of the Indigenous and dominant worldview precepts would expose these and more, while offering solutions. I have attempted to consolidate Gergen\u2019s ideas into the following list. Ponder how these colonized precepts fit into the dominant worldview. Then attempt to rebalance them via the Indigenous worldview with the corresponding worldview precepts. I chose some dominant worldview precepts I think are relevant to the first one as an example. Look at the corresponding kinship (Indigenous) precept on the chart and ask yourself how it could address the potential colonial problematic.<\/p>\n

Colonized Assumptions in Psychology<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The idea that one vocabulary in psychology is accurate or superior to another, i.e. uncritical acceptance of listed disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Disorders<\/em><\/a>. <\/em>(There are many examples<\/a> of how this is colonized. I remember one example of a disordered being \u201ctalking to a rock,\u201d something that some people do as part of the spiritual tradition.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Possible relevant<\/strong> DWPs<\/strong>: 1. Rigid hierarchy; 8. More head than heart; 11. Anthropocentric; 12. Words used to deceive self or others;\u00a0 13. Truth claims as absolute 14. Rigid boundares and fragmented systems 19. Emphasis on theory and rhetoric; 20. Acceptance of authoritarianism; 22. Dualistic thinking 34. Social laws of society are primary; 35. Self-knowledge not highest priority<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Freudian ssumptions about sexuality<\/li>\n
    2. The myth of objectivity<\/li>\n
    3. Relative disregard for the power of self knowledge<\/li>\n
    4. Overly accepted characteristics of what can be considered as \u201cmental illness\u201d<\/li>\n
    5. Financial and pharmaceutical influences on treatments<\/li>\n
    6. Concretized language describing mental states<\/li>\n
    7. Fragmentation of physical and social from mental<\/li>\n
    8. Standardized language for assigning labels to symptoms<\/li>\n
    9. Observing only what is included in predetermined theories<\/li>\n
    10. Uncritical acceptance of what is normative<\/li>\n
    11. Disregard for counter-hegemonic thinking<\/li>\n
    12. Acceptance of the separation of clinical medicine, psychiatry, child psychology, educational psychology, etc.<\/li>\n
    13. One size fits all thinking<\/li>\n
    14. Dismissal of that which is not considered scientifically proven<\/li>\n
    15. Relative disregard for self-knowledge and over-regard for psychological knowledge<\/li>\n
    16. Deficit emphasis and labeling, i.e.,\u201cI am an alcoholic\u201dhomophobic, attention deficit disorder, PTSD,<\/em><\/li>\n
    17. Classifying all forms of dysfunction in terms of mental illness<\/em><\/li>\n
    18. Participating in the increasing \u201cpsychologizing\u201d of everything.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Psychology is the go-to social science for helping mitigate imbalanced behavior. This is why worldview reflection is such an important goal for people in the field. In fact, it may be that settler colonialism<\/a> in psychology contributes, at least indirectly, to such extreme calamities as global warming, high extinction rates, pollution, sexual abuse, hate crimes and racism. The noted developmental psychologist Darcia Narvaez lists the following \u201ckey constructs<\/a>\u201d of psychology that make it such a potentially destructive colonizing force in the world. Each of them relates to one or more dominant worldview precepts.<\/p>\n

      Narvaez Key Colonized Constructs in Psychology<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. The autonomous self has primacy. Self-oriented thinking and acting are priorities, as opposed to interdependent egalitarianism and interconnectedness with nature.<\/li>\n
      2. Decontextualized, compartmentalized and quantifiable experimentation separated from relationships with others.<\/li>\n
      3. Any focus on spirituality and the idea of sentience in nature is minimal or taboo.<\/li>\n
      4. An emphasis on ownership and materialism as a path to happiness.<\/li>\n
      5. Prioritizing individual liberty and rights over personal and social responsibility.<\/li>\n
      6. Time as linear with boundaries between past, present and future that make it easy to ignore future consequences of today\u2019s actions.<\/li>\n
      7. An anthropocentric hierarchy that tends to put white male Europeans at the top<\/li>\n
      8. Human nature is viewed as \u201cfallen,\u201d selfish, aggressive.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Arthur W. Blume adds to this list the lack of a belief in the sacredness of creation; victimization and seeking control of others. In his 2020 text, A New Psychology: An Indigenous American Perspective<\/a>, he also explains how such \u201cvestiges of colonialism have traumatized people, contributed to health disparities, and left people divided in addition to damaging the planet.\u201d<\/em> Although ignoring Indigenous worldview per se, in 2011, Howard Gardner, the famed Harvard psychologist, also made a list<\/a>. \u00a0Although not explicitly mentioning worldview, he did add \u201cunderstanding living things and reading nature\u201d to his original list of seven forms of multiple intelligence. He also suggested that there might also be spiritual and moral intelligence, although these did not meet his criteria for inclusion. Today, an understanding of Indigenous worldview and its proven success<\/a> in human history can substantiate a spiritual and moral grounding leading a decolonized psychology.<\/p>\n

        There are few studies<\/a> about the harmfulness of colonized psychological interventions that relate to individual consequences such as anxiety or depression. However, have not found any about the effect on global warming, high extinction rates, pollution, sexual abuse, hate crimes and racism. The connection has been made with religion and research exposes the effects of colonized thinking<\/a> in world religions. A number of religious denominations played a significant role in colonization and imperialism throughout the world<\/a>. \u00a0Colonial religious institutions were responsible for those labeled as mentally ill up until the early 1900s (Dein, 2010).<\/a> An extreme outcome relates to the era of witch burning<\/a>, when thousands of people diagnosed as mentally ill by the Church. There are strong historical connections between religion and psychology and I propose that settler colonialism<\/a> as found in organized religion applies equally to psychology. Below are some studies that correlate religion to the six extreme problems in our world. I ask the reader to think about how each can be maintained by Narvaez\u2019s eight constructs of colonial psychology as well.<\/p>\n

        Global Warming (Climate Change)<\/strong><\/p>\n

        A Pew Research Center report<\/a> published in 2015 about \u201cReligion and Views on Climate and Energy Issues\u201d found that \u201cWhen it comes to people\u2019s beliefs about climate change, it is the religiously unaffiliated, not those who identify with a religious tradition, who are particularly likely to say the Earth is warming due to human activity.\u201d In 2018, the Annual Review of Environment and Resources<\/em> published a stud<\/a>y about a relationship between religion and climate change. It revealed that \u201cwhite U.S. Evangelicals are much less likely than other religious groups to affirm the reality of climate change or accept anthropogenic explanations for it.\u201d\u00a0 (See Narvaez, # 7 and # 8).<\/p>\n

        Extinction Rates<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Most religions believe in a hierarchy where humans are on top and animals are significantly on a lower rung. Some claim that God created animals for the use of humans. The Christian idea of \u201cdominion\u201d often meant any degree of utilitarian exploitation was sanctioned.<\/p>\n

        Britannica\u2019s description of \u201canthropocentrism<\/a>\u201d offers that Anthropocentrism in most religious doctrine regards humans a separate from nature and superior to nature and holds that human life has intrinsic value while other entities (including animals, plants, mineral resources, on so on) are resources that may justifiably be exploited for the benefit of humankind.\u201d Of course, many atheists also believe that only humans have intrinsic value and every other living things is utilitarian for use of human beings. This is the position of the self-proclaimed \u201cJewish\/Atheist\/Libertarian, Dr. Walter Block. An endowed professor of economics at Loyola, I had invited him to co-author our book, Differing Worldviews in Higher Education: Two Scholars Argue Cooperatively About Justice Education<\/em><\/a>. See Narvaez, #2 and #7).<\/p>\n

        Pollution<\/strong><\/p>\n

        According to Columbia Climate School\u2019s \u201cState of the Planet\u201d piece on \u201cHow Religion Influences Our Relationship with the Environment\u201d (October 15, 2020), Sirbekk, De Sherbinin and Adamo write that previous research shows religion \u201cinfluences many aspects of lifestyle that affect the environment, including willingness to take actions to abate environmental degradation.\u201d The authors refer to their study published in the Journal of Religion and Demography<\/em><\/a>. <\/em>In it they found that \u201cwhere the religiously unaffiliated are in majority, levels of climate-change adaptive capacity are the highest. Also, the World Risk Index is lowest for the religiously unaffiliated.\u201d\u00a0 They cite a U.S. survey that found an inverse relationship between religious affiliation and environmental concern and refer to other researchers who argue that individuals \u201cwho ascribe environmental change to chance or fate tend to engage less in pro-environmental behaviors.\u201d Sherkat and Ellison (2007) report<\/a> that in the U.S. conservative Protestant Christians tend to be less likely to be politically or privately involved in behaviors associated with environmental activism. Another study by Greely confirmed<\/a> a previous study that found a correlation between belief in a literal interpretation of the Bible and low levels of environmental concern. Most authors studying this topic point out that all religions have some scripture advocating for care of the environment. However, the fact that there are many correlations such as these tends to support my argument that religion has been and is likely a factor in the problems relating to polluted air, water and soil. (See Narvaez, # 1, #3 and #4).<\/p>\n

        Sexual Abuse<\/strong><\/p>\n

        In the 2018 collection of research articles entitled Religion and Crime: Theory, Research and Practice<\/em><\/a>,<\/em> edited by Kent R. Kerley, a variety of crimes are shown to be more prevalent where highly religious orientations exists. The first chapter by Denney, Kerley and Gross is on child sexual abuse within religious settings. Using faith-based insurance company records that provide coverage for 165,000 churches, Between 1987 and 2007, 7,095 claims of alleged sexual abuse by clergy, church staff, congregation members or volunteers occurred for an average of 260 claims per year.\u00a0 Sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church involved 16,000 victims and 3,700 clergy. \u00a0Another chapter by Harris, Feldmee and Barranco about religious contexts and violence in immigrant destinations found evangelical adherence is positively associate with crime as relates to in-group\/out-group tensions relating to immigrant settlement. (See Narvaez, #5 and #8).<\/p>\n

        Hate Crimes<\/strong><\/p>\n

        In \u201cThe Manipulation of Social, Cultural and Religious Values in Socially Mediated Terrorism,\u201d Smith et all describe how some political or terrorist groups outside the U.S. have manipulated religious values of target groups via social media to strengthen their involvement in or support for terrorism.<\/p>\n

        Other research has studied hate crimes in the United States. Ben Barka, in \u201cReligion, Religious Fanaticism and Hate Crimes in the United States\u201d begins his article with the definition of a hate crime by the FBI as \u201ca criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society which is motivated in whole or in part by the offender\u2019s bias, against a given race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or ethnicity.\u201d Barka describes case studies he categorizes as \u201creligious hate crimes\u201d that emphasize religious doctrines that motivate criminal acts of violence. He writes<\/a>, \u201cBy distorting the Bible and other literature, they have developed a \u201ctheology of hate\u201d that inspires and unites the nation\u2019s racist networks. Many perpetrators of faith-based hate crimes view themselves as \u201cChristian soldiers,\u201d enlisted in a universal war between the forces of good and the demonic foes of Christianity. For them, committing hate crimes is the best way to benefit from God\u2019s redemptive power.\u201d (See Narvaez, #2, #3, #4, #8).<\/p>\n

        Racism<\/strong><\/p>\n

        There is ample research<\/a> showing how the roots of racism are grounded in religions, especially in Western Christianity<\/a>. This includes anti-Indigenous racism.<\/a> There is also a solid research article about the role of Christianity in stifling peaceful co-existence<\/a>. (See Narvaez, #2, #3, #5, #7, #8).<\/p>\n

        It is worth noting that Narvaez\u2019s solution to the problem of colonized psychology related to her key construct list is Indigenous worldview. She is lead editor for the book Indigenous Sustainable Wisdom<\/a>, and co-author of Restoring our Kinship Worldview<\/a> and has specialized in studying child-rearing psychology with an emphasis on the advantages of Indigenous parenting. The research behind her work and mine is not based on romanticizing the Indigenous. Rather it is based the increasing number of studies that show how Indigenous worldview is proven solution. They counter the hegemonic anti-Indian literature that has caused us to dismiss our original nature-based worldview. (See, for example, The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Mankind<\/em><\/a> or Unlearning the Language of Conquest<\/em><\/a>.<\/em>) As for the impact of Indigenous worldview on ecological sustainability and prevention of extinction, see the largest study of biodiversity<\/a> ever undertaken. Or look for recent studies like this<\/a> one about 13000 years of Aboriginal impact on the amazon rain forest. With this research in mind, I close this piece with an example of how one highly influential contributor to psychology, Abraham Maslow, suppressed his realization of the power of Indigenous kinship worldview in ways that offer a lesson for the future.<\/p>\n

        Abraham Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs and His Blackfoot Experience<\/strong><\/p>\n

        In Maslow\u2019s unpublished essay called \u201cCritique of Self-Actualization Theory<\/a>,\u201d written in 1966, 23 years after he published his paper on the Hierarchy of Needs, he writes \u201cThe good of other people must be invoked as well as the good for oneself. Purely inter-psychic individualist psychology without reference to other people and social conditions is not adequate.\u201d Maslow also discovered that self-actualized people were the norm rather than the exception. He learned this from his time with the Siksika Blackfoot community in 1938, and was shocked by the realization. Maslow feared dismissal if he had publicized what he had learned from the Blackfoot teachings.\u00a0Dr. Richard Katz<\/a>, author of\u00a0Indigenous Healing Psychology: Honoring the Wisdom of First Peoples,\u00a0<\/em>Harvard professor, and personal friend of Maslow\u2019s speaks to this point\u00a0in a podcast conversation<\/a>\u00a0with Scott Barry Kaufman (minutes 28:50\u201332:20). Maslow saw that for the Blackfoot, self-actualization was innate, not something rarely attained after other needs were met.<\/p>\n

        How would psychology be practiced today if Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs showed self-actualization as inherent at birth. This is the question the authors of \u201cCould the Bladkfoot Wisdom that Inspired Maslow Guide Us Now?<\/a>\u201d ask and attempt to answer. I offer Maslow as an example of both the potential influence of Indigenous worldview on psychology and of the difficulty most psychologists will likely have in adopting it in their practice. Maslow is one of the most influential of American psychologists.\u00a0 His philosophy of motivation, theory of self-actualization and hierarchy of human needs is still foundational for many who practice psychology. However, his own quotes<\/a> reveal a number of colonial suppositions that continue to plague psychology. Below I cite five of his published beliefs that represent such colonized thinking. I then offer two of his published beliefs that reflect the Indigenous worldview precepts he gleaned from his six-week research project with the Blackfoot. For each I offer the worldview precepts from the chart from which it stems. I conclude with Indigenous worldview beliefs that he revealed in his unpublished work.<\/p>\n

        Maslow\u2019s Colonized Beliefs and Corresponding Dominant Worldview Precepts<\/strong><\/p>\n

        (DW=Dominant Worldview.\u00a0 IW = Indigenous worldview.)<\/em><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u201cMan is a perpetually wanting animal.\u201d DW<\/strong>: Rigid hierarchy; Nature as an unloving \u201cit;\u201d Disregard for holistic interconnectedness; Other than humans are not sentient.<\/li>\n
        2. \u201cI should then say simply that a healthy man is primarily motivated by his needs to develop and actualize his fullest potentialities and capacities. If a man has any other basic needs in any active, chronic sense, then he is simply an unhealthy man.\u201d\u00a0DW<\/strong>: Living without strong social purpose; Focus on self and personal gain; More head than heart; Dualistic thinking; Emphasis on rights instead of responsibility; Social laws of society are primary; Autonomy sought in behalf of self.<\/li>\n
        3. \u201cAn act is psychologically important if it contributes directly to satisfaction of basic needs.\u201d DW<\/strong>=Fear-based thoughts and behaviors; Living without strong social purpose; Focus on self and personal gain; materialistic; Disbelief in spiritual entities; Absence of ceremony or seeing it as rote formality; Autonomy sought in behalf of self;<\/li>\n
        4. \u201cThere are five sets of goals, which we may call basic needs. These are briefly physiological, safety, love, self-esteem and self-actualization\u2026These are arranged in a hierarchy of prepotency.\u201d DW<\/strong>=Ignorance about importance of diversity; Humor used infrequently for coping; Time as linear; Words used to deceive self; More head than heart; Focus on self and personal gain.<\/li>\n
        5. \u201cThere is nothing you can do about that competitiveness. It is our nature like it is with all primates.\u201d DW<\/strong>=Social laws of society of primary; Acceptance of authoritarianism; Dualistic thinking; Competition to feel superior; Rigid hiearach; Focus on self and personal gain.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Maslow\u2019s Decolonized Beliefs (Realized from his lesson in Indigenous Worldview)<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u201cPeople who have been made secure and strong in the earliest years, tend to remain secure and strong thereafter in the face of whatever threatens.\u201d IW<\/strong>: emphasis on community welfare; Empathetic; Emphasis of heart over head; Earth and all systems as living and loving; Recognition of spiritual energies; Emphasis on holistic interconnectedness; High interpersonal engagement and action; Time as cyclical; Generosity as Highest expression of courage.<\/li>\n
          2. \u201cThere are the \u2018strong\u2019 people who can easily weather disagreement or opposition, who can swim against the stream of public opinion and who can stand up for the truth at great personal cost. It is just the ones who have loved and been well loved, and who have had many deep friendships who can hold out against hatred, rejection or persecution.\u201d IW<\/strong>: Emphasis of responsibility over rights; Conflict resolution as return to community; human nature as good but malleable; generosity as highest expression of course; emphasis on responsibility over rights; Intolerance of injustice; Seeking complementary duality; Resistance to authoritarianism; High interpersonal enagement; Earth and all systems as living and loving; Emphasis on community welfare; Socially purposeful life.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Perhaps ending this piece with lessons from Maslow will help psychologists and people entering the field of psychology become leaders in the decolonization movement. They could help many realize \u201cwhy making vital distinctions between Indigenous and dominant worldviews is not a binary thinking problem and could, in fact, save us from extinction\u201d (Four Arrows, 2021)<\/a>. They could teach metacognitive worldview reflection and trance-based learning. They would be well situated to teach metacognitive worldview reflection and transformation via CAT-FAWN work<\/a>. Perhaps they could even guide policies that would stop the genocide and culturecide of Indigenous Peoples.<\/p>\n

            This said, I have little hope for turning things around in the near future. Even many people bring the kinship worldview to bear on decolonizing psychology, it probably<\/em> won\u2019t be enough to change our colonized, hegemonic systems.\u00a0 However, I do believe that those who decide to participate in this kinship worldview transformation will be an inspiration to someone who will ultimately use what they learn to help rebuild in ways that honor the beauty and oneness of all. Meanwhile, whatever the outcome of this work may be, it is the right thing to do.<\/p>\n

            _______________________________________<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/a>Wahinkpe Topa (Four Arrows), aka Don Trent Jacobs, Ph.D., Ed.D., is a professor for Fielding Graduate University\u2019s Educational Leadership for Change doctoral program. Formerly Dean of Education at Oglala Lakota College, he is internationally recognized as an authority on Indigenous worldview. His work has been endorsed by such notable scholars as Noam Chomsky, Thom Hartman, John Pilger, Henry Giroux and Margaret Wheatly. His forthcoming book is <\/em>Restoring the Kinship Worldview<\/a> co-authored with developmental psychologist Darcia Narvaez. For more on his work or to contact for speaking engagement, go to <\/em>https:\/\/www.fourarrowsbooks.com<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Psychology is the go-to social science for helping mitigate imbalanced mental capacity and behavior. This paper shows how it is also one of the most colonized science disciplines and explains how it contributes indirectly to or at least does little to prevent calamities. Metacognitive reflection that focuses on re-embracing Indigenous worldview is the best way to challenge the colonial assumptions behind most psychological approaches effectively.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":207246,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[922,532,405,534,1620,866,2002,281,304,172],"class_list":["post-207244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paper-of-the-week","tag-bias","tag-colonialism","tag-colonization","tag-indigenous","tag-indigenous-culture","tag-indigenous-rights","tag-native-americans","tag-psychology","tag-science","tag-west"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/207244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=207244"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/207244\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/207246"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=207244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=207244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=207244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}