{"id":21306,"date":"2012-09-10T12:00:54","date_gmt":"2012-09-10T11:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=21306"},"modified":"2018-10-10T19:18:48","modified_gmt":"2018-10-10T18:18:48","slug":"16th-summit-of-the-non-aligned-movement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2012\/09\/16th-summit-of-the-non-aligned-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement"},"content":{"rendered":"

The 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement<\/a><\/strong> was held from 26 to 31 August 2012 in Tehran<\/a>, Iran<\/a>. The summit was attended by leaders of 120 countries,[3]<\/a><\/sup> including 24 presidents, 3 kings, 8 prime ministers and 50 foreign ministers.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The summit’s framework was the “Final Document” adopted during the Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement Coordinating Bureau which was held in Sharm El Sheikh<\/a>, Egypt from 7 to 10 May.[5]<\/a><\/sup> The Foreign Ministry also said that the agenda would primarily consist of issues pertaining to nuclear disarmament<\/a>, human rights<\/a> and regional issues. Iran also intended to draw up a new peace resolution aiming to resolve the Syrian civil war<\/a>.[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The summit consisted of two preceding events: a “Senior Officials Meeting” on 26 and 27 August 2012, and a “Ministerial Meeting” on 28 and 29 August 2012. The leaders summit took place on 30 and 31 August.[7]<\/a>[5]<\/a><\/sup> Egyptian President, Mohammad Morsi, officially handed the presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) to Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, during the inaugural ceremony of Leaders Meeting.[8]<\/a><\/sup> Iran will hold the NAM presidency for three years until the 17th summit in Venezuela<\/a> in 2015.<\/p>\n

Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n

Main article: Non-Aligned Movement<\/a><\/p>\n

As of August 2012, the organisation consists of 120 member states, including the non-UN member state of Palestine<\/a>, and 21 other observer countries.[9]<\/a><\/sup> The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations<\/a>‘ members and contain 55% of the world’s population.[10]<\/a>[better\u00a0source\u00a0needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n

Since the Non-Aligned Movement was formed in an attempt not to take sides during the Cold War<\/a>,[11]<\/a><\/sup> it has sought to seek a new direction since the fall of the Soviet Union<\/a>. After the breakup of Yugoslavia<\/a>, a founding member, its membership was suspended<\/a>[12]<\/a><\/sup> in 1992 at the regular ministerial meeting held in New York during the regular annual session of the United Nations General Assembly<\/a>.[13]<\/a>[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Organisation<\/strong><\/p>\n

The summit was scheduled to be held at Kish Island<\/a> but it was transfered to Tehran in 2010. According to Vice President Ali Saeedlou<\/a>, who is the head of the organising committee, up to 7,000 participants \u2014 including delegations and the media \u2014 are expected to attend the summit. To prepare for the meeting and reduce traffic and air pollution, a five-day public holiday in Tehran has been called for the duration of the summit. Parts of Tehran have been beautified with lamp posts and freshly painted road markings. Roads around the summit venue will be closed to all but official vehicles. Iran’s deputy police chief<\/a> Ahmad Reza Radan<\/a> stated “The police are on full alert during the Non-Aligned Movement summit.” In addition, to raise security of the event, visa-free entry to Iran normally offered to nationals from several countries has been temporarily suspended.[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The “Senior Officials Meeting” and “Ministerial Meeting” convened at the “IRIB International Conference Center” (IICC). The summit was held at “Tehran\u2019s Summit Conference Hall”.[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Participants<\/strong><\/p>\n

A spokesman of the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs<\/a> stated that 24 presidents, 3 kings, 8 vice presidents, 8 prime ministers, 50 foreign ministers attended at the summit.[4]<\/a>[17]<\/a><\/sup> By the first day of the summit, 110 delegations arrived Tehran.[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Ali Akbar Salehi<\/a>, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran, announced that UN Secretary General<\/a>, Ban-Ki Moon<\/a> would attend the conference. He also invited leaders of Russia, Turkey and Brazil to the summit. Mohamed Morsi<\/a>, ex-president of NAM and the Egyptian President, also announced that he would participate in the summit. He was the first leader of his country to visit Iran since the Islamic revolution<\/a>.[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Iran reportedly cancelled an invititation to Saudi Arabia<\/a> to attend the summit.[20]<\/a><\/sup> However, it was later announced that Abdulaziz bin Abdullah<\/a>, Saudi Deputy Foreign Minister, would participate in the summit upon the invitation of Saudi Arabia.[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n

Member<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Represented by<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Title<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\nAfghanistan<\/a><\/td>\nHamid Karzai<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nAlgeria<\/a><\/td>\nMourad Medelci<\/a>[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nAzerbaijan<\/a><\/td>\nElmar Mammadyarov<\/a>[24]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nBahrain<\/a><\/td>\nKhalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa<\/a>[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nBangladesh<\/a><\/td>\nSheikh Hasina<\/a>[25]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPrime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nBelarus<\/a><\/td>\nVladimir Makei[26]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nBenin<\/a><\/td>\nYayi Boni<\/a>[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nBhutan<\/a><\/td>\nJigme Thinley<\/a>[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPrime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nBolivia<\/a><\/td>\n\u00c1lvaro Garc\u00eda Linera<\/a>[29]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nBrunei<\/a><\/td>\nHassanal Bolkiah<\/a><\/td>\nSultan<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nCambodia<\/a><\/td>\nHun Sen<\/a>[30]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPrime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nCentral African Republic<\/a><\/td>\nFran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9<\/a>[31]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nColombia<\/a><\/td>\nAngelino Garz\u00f3n<\/a><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nComoros<\/a><\/td>\nNourdine Bourhane<\/a><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nChile<\/a><\/td>\nAlfredo Moreno<\/a><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nCuba<\/a><\/td>\nJose Ramon Machado<\/a>[32]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nDjibouti<\/a><\/td>\nIsmail Omar Guelleh<\/a>[31]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nEcuador<\/a><\/td>\nLen\u00edn Moreno<\/a>[33]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nEgypt<\/a><\/td>\nMohamed Morsi<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nGabon<\/a><\/td>\nAli Bongo Ondimba<\/a>[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nGuinea-Bissau<\/a><\/td>\nManuel Serifo Nhamadjo<\/a><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nJordan<\/a><\/td>\nHassan bin Talal<\/a>[34]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nDeputy Prime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nIndia<\/a><\/td>\nManmohan Singh<\/a>[35]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPrime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nIran<\/a><\/td>\nMahmoud Ahmadinejad<\/a><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nIraq<\/a><\/td>\nNouri al-Maliki<\/a>[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPrime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nIndonesia<\/a><\/td>\nBoediono<\/a>[36]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nKuwait<\/a><\/td>\nMuhammad Sabah<\/a>[37]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nDeputy Prime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nLebanon<\/a><\/td>\nMichel Suleiman<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nLesotho<\/a><\/td>\nMohlabi Tsekoa<\/a>[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nLibya<\/a><\/td>\nAshour Bin Khayal<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMalaysia<\/a><\/td>\nAnifah Aman<\/a>[38]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMauritania<\/a><\/td>\nMohamed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/a><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMongolia<\/a><\/td>\nTsakhiagiin Elbegdorj<\/a>[39]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMorocco<\/a><\/td>\nAbdelillah Benkirane<\/a><\/td>\nPrime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMyanmar<\/a><\/td>\nWunna Maung Lwin<\/a><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nNamibia<\/a><\/td>\nMarco Hausiku<\/a>[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nNepal<\/a><\/td>\nBaburam Bhattarai<\/a>[40]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPrime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nNicaragua<\/a><\/td>\nSamuel Santos L\u00f3pez<\/a><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nNigeria<\/a><\/td>\nNamadi Sambo<\/a>[41]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nVice president<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nNorth Korea<\/a><\/td>\nKim Yong-nam<\/a>[42]<\/a>[43]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nPakistan<\/a><\/td>\nAsif Ali Zardari<\/a>[44]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nPalestine<\/a><\/td>\nMahmoud Abbas<\/a>[45]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nPhilippines<\/a><\/td>\nJejomar Binay<\/a>[46]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nOman<\/a><\/td>\nYusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah<\/a>[47]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nQatar<\/a><\/td>\nHamad bin Khalifa Al Thani<\/a>[48]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nEmir<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSaudi Arabia<\/a><\/td>\nAbdulaziz bin Abdullah Al Saud<\/a><\/td>\nDeputy Foreign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSenegal<\/a><\/td>\nMacky Sall<\/a><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSouth Africa<\/a><\/td>\nMaite Nkoana-Mashabane<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSri Lanka<\/a><\/td>\nMahinda Rajapaksa<\/a>[49]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSudan<\/a><\/td>\nOmar al-Bashir<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSwaziland<\/a><\/td>\nLutfo Dlamini<\/a>[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSyria<\/a><\/td>\nWael Nader al-Halqi<\/a>[50]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPrime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTanzania<\/a><\/td>\nMohamed Gharib Bilal<\/a>[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nThailand<\/a><\/td>\nSurapong Tovichakchaikul<\/a>[51]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTunisia<\/a><\/td>\nRafik Abdessalem<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTurkmenistan<\/a><\/td>\nGurbanguly Berdimuhamedow<\/a>[52]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nUganda<\/a><\/td>\nYoweri Museveni<\/a>[53]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nUnited Arab Emirates<\/a><\/td>\nSaud bin Rashid<\/a>[54]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nVenezuela<\/a><\/td>\nEl\u00edas Jaua<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nViet Nam<\/a><\/td>\nNguyen Tan Dung<\/a><\/td>\nPrime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nZambia<\/a><\/td>\nGuy Scott<\/a><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nZimbabwe<\/a><\/td>\nRobert Mugabe<\/a>[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Observers<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Nation<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Represented by<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Title<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\nArmenia<\/a><\/td>\nEduard Nalbandyan<\/a><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nBosnia and Herzegovina<\/a><\/td>\n\u017deljko Jerki\u0107<\/a><\/td>\nAmbassador<\/a> and Department Head (Foreign Ministry<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nBrazil<\/a><\/td>\nMichel Temer<\/a><\/td>\nVice President<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nChina<\/a><\/td>\nZhang Zhijun<\/a><\/td>\nDeputy Foreign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nCroatia<\/a><\/td>\nBudimir Lon\u010dar<\/a><\/td>\nAdvisor<\/a> to the President<\/a>[55]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMontenegro<\/a><\/td>\nZoran Jankovi\u0107<\/a><\/td>\nGeneral Director (Foreign Ministry<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSerbia<\/a><\/td>\nIvan Mrki\u0107<\/a>[56]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nForeign Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTajikistan<\/a><\/td>\nEmomali Rahmonov<\/a>[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Invited nations (Guests)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Nation<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Represented by<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Title<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\nAustralia<\/a><\/td>\nGary Quinlan<\/a>[57]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nU.N. Ambassador of Australia<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nRussia<\/a><\/td>\nDmitry Kozak<\/a><\/td>\nDeputy Prime Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nSwitzerland<\/a><\/td>\nWolfgang Amadeus Bruelhart[58]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nDirector of the Middle East<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nTurkey<\/a><\/td>\nCevdet Y\u0131lmaz<\/a>[59]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nDevelopment Minister<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Observer organisations<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Organization<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Represented by<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Title<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\nAfrican Union<\/a><\/td>\nYayi Boni<\/a>[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nChairperson<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nArab League<\/a><\/td>\nNabil el-Araby<\/a>[60]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nSecretary General<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nOIC<\/a><\/td>\nEkmeleddin \u0130hsano\u011flu<\/a>[61]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nSecretary General<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nUnited Nations<\/a><\/td>\nBan Ki-moon<\/a>[62]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\nSecretary-General<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
United Nations General Assembly<\/a><\/td>\nNassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser<\/a><\/td>\nPresident<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nGroup of 77<\/a><\/td>\nMourad Benmehidi<\/a><\/td>\nChairman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nWorld Peace Council<\/a><\/td>\nAbed Ali Abed<\/a><\/td>\nPresident<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Pre-summit responses<\/strong><\/p>\n

Former Malaysian Prime Minister<\/a> Mahathir Mohammad<\/a> commened on the significance of the summit in Iran: “Certain NAM states too have upheld sanctions against Iran which is a totally unwise move because the sanctions are not on part of the UN<\/a>, rather unilaterally leveled by the U.S.<\/a> The U.S. can issue any sort of sanctions it wants against Iran but there is no reason other countries to follow suit.”[63]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

According to the Indonesia<\/a>‘s ambassador to Iran, the summit will be “important and timely” under the current regional and international circumstances. He stressed: “During the Tehran summit, efforts should be made so that the path of developments stemming from the Islamic Awakening<\/a> in the region will continue in a right way and not diverted to violence and conflict.”[36]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Agenda<\/strong><\/p>\n

The base of the summit’s negotiations’ framework is the “Final Document” adopted during the Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement Coordinating Bureau which was held in Sharm El Sheikh<\/a>, Egypt from 7 to 10 May 2012.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The Foreign Ministry also said that the agenda would primarily consist of issues pertaining to nuclear disarmament, human rights and regional issues. Iran also intended to draw up a new peace resolution aiming to resolve the Syrian civil war<\/a>. During the summit, Iran will draw up a new peace resolution aiming to resolve the Syrian crisis.[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi<\/a> opened the first meeting and spoke of NAM’s original goal: “We believe that the timetable for ultimate removal of nuclear weapons by 2025, which was proposed by NAM, will only be realised if we follow it up decisively.”[64]<\/a><\/sup> At the opening of the ministerial meeting Khamenei said: “The UN Security Council has an irrational, unjust and utterly undemocratic structure, and this is an overt dictatorship. The control room of the world (the Security Council) is under the control of the dictatorship of some Western countries.” Al Jazeera<\/em> interpreted Moon’s reaction as “nonplussed.”<\/p>\n

Senior Officials Meeting<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Senior Officials Meeting was held on 26 and 27 August 2012. The officials reviewed the Sharm El Sheikh’s document and issued a draft document which should be endorsed by the the ministerial meetings. Iran’s deputy foreign minister, Mohammad Mehdi Akhondzadeh<\/a>, who is also secretary general of the senior officials meeting, read parts of the draft document at the press conference and mentioned some of the main points including rejection of all forms of terrorism ,as well as all form of occupation including occupation of the Palestinian territories by Israel, requesting weapons of mass destruction<\/a> and nuclear weapon<\/a> disarmament, condemning unilateral sanctions and replacing unipolar management of international politics with collective management. According to Akhundzadeh, the draft urges for a Middle East free from nuclear weapons and emphasizes “inalienable” right of all NAM member states for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, envisaged by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).[65]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Ministerial Meeting<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Ministerial Meeting with presence of foreign ministers of NAM countries was held on 28 and 29 August 2012. Egypt’s Deputy Foreign Minister, Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy, handed the presidency of the ministerial meeting for three years at the opening ceremony of the meeting. [66]<\/a><\/sup> After opening remark of Ali Akbar Salehi and listening to the report of Senior Officials Meeting which was delivered by Mohammad Mehdi Akhondzadeh, the ministers starts to review the document. [67]<\/a><\/sup> After preparation of the final document for the leaders summit, Ali Akbar Salehi participated in a press conference and emphasized on the four main topics that were discussed at the meeting including establishment a task force in New York<\/a> to pursue Palestine’s membership in the United Nations and act against Israel’s “illegal” measures against Palestinians, finding solution for Syrian crisis<\/a> with United Nations cooperation, acting against monopolizing of the financial mechanisms in the world by using US dollar<\/a> and finally establishment of a work group in New York to study the mechanisms of plural management of the world .[68]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Leaders’ Summit<\/strong><\/p>\n

On 30 August the summit inaugurated by Iran’s Supreme Leader<\/a>, Ayatollah<\/a> Ali Khamenei<\/a>. Then Egypt President, Mohammad Morsi, as the chair of the 15th summit declared opening of the 16th summit and presented the report of NAM’s chairmanship during the past three years. Then officially handed the presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement to Iran President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. After Morsi, President of the Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly<\/a> Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser<\/a>, Secretary-General Ban Ki Mon, Chair of the Group of 77<\/a> Mourad Benmehidi<\/a>, host President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh<\/a> delivered their opening speeches.[69]<\/a><\/sup> He also later said the members of NAM have more of a right to solve the Syrian crisis than does the UN or western countries.[70]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Inaugurating the summit, Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei condemned the use of nuclear<\/a> and chemical weapons<\/a> as an “unforgivable sin”, and called for “Middle East Free from Nuclear Weapons”.[71]<\/a><\/sup> Khamanei argued that it was ironic for the US to oppose nuclear proliferation while, according to Khamanei, it possessed the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and had used them in the past. He also accused the US and its Western allies of providing Israel with nuclear weapons.[72]<\/a><\/sup> He criticized the UN Security Council<\/a> as “unjust” and “undemocratic” and accused the US of abusing it.[73]<\/a><\/sup> Other Iranian officials stated that the Security Council had more power than the General Assembly and criticized the veto rights of its permanent members.[74]<\/a><\/sup> Khamenei accused the United States of protecting the interests of the Western countries<\/a> in the name of “human rights”, interfering militarily in other countries in the name of “democracy”, and targeting civilians in the name of “combating terrorism”. A day after U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon asked Khamenei to lower his rhetoric on Israel,[73]<\/a><\/sup> Khamanei accused Israel of assassinations, waging wars, killing people and occupying Arab territories. He referred to the Palestinians as “people who have stood up to fight for their rights.” Khamenei also proposed improving the “political productivity” of the Non-Aligned Movement in global governance and called for a “historic document”, an active secretariat<\/a>, and administrative tools to achieve this. He also called for economic cooperation and for cultural relationships between NAM members.[75]<\/a>[76]<\/a>[77]<\/a>[78]<\/a>[79]<\/a>[80]<\/a>[81]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Following Khamenei’s remarks, the United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, who was described as visibly irritated,[82]<\/a><\/sup> denounced Iran’s position towards Israel in his opening speech. He said it was “utterly wrong” to describe Israel in “racist terms” or to deny its right to exist. He further called Holocaust denial<\/a> “outrageous”.[81]<\/a>[83]<\/a>[84]<\/a><\/sup> Ki-Moon called on both Iran and Israel to stop making threats against the other.[81]<\/a><\/sup> While describing Iran’s cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency<\/a> as “constructive and useful,”[85]<\/a><\/sup> Ban Ki-Moon demanded that Iran boost global confidence in its nuclear program by “fully complying with the relevant (UN) Security Council resolutions and thoroughly cooperating with the IAEA.”[82]<\/a><\/sup> Ahmadinejad also declares a one minute of silence in honor of the late Iranian president and prime minister, Mohammad-Ali Rajai<\/a> and Mohammad-Javad Bahonar<\/a> that were assassinated in same day in 1981.<\/p>\n

Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi denounced the Syrian government, an ally of Iran, calling it “oppressive” and said that it was an “ethical duty” to support the Syrian revolt against the Bashar al-Assad<\/a> government.[86]<\/a><\/sup> Walid al-Moallem, Syrian foreign minister, walked out in protest, although Mahmoud Ahmadinejad remained seated beside Morsi.[87]<\/a><\/sup> Morsi called for a peaceful transition to freedom and democracy in Syria.[88]<\/a><\/sup> Like Iran, Morsi also called for reform in the structure of the UN Security Council.[87]<\/a><\/sup> Morsi echoed Iranian calls for a nuclear-free Middle East,[87]<\/a><\/sup> and criticized Israel for refusing to join the Non-Proliferation Treaty<\/a>.[89]<\/a><\/sup> Morsi and Iran also both supported the Palestinian bid for a seat at the UN.[87]<\/a>[90]<\/a><\/sup> At the summit Egypt’s Mohammed Morsi also handed over the leadership of the body to Iran for the next three years.[91]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh<\/a>, called for a peaceful resolution of the crisis in Syria and pledged support for the Palestinian movement. He also called for reform in the UN Security Council, the World Bank<\/a> and the International Monetary Fund<\/a>.[92]<\/a><\/sup> The summit also drew up a draft resolution on ending the Syrian conflict.[93]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The summit’s final declaration ratified on 31th August by the 120 members of NAM, emphasizes on the right of all countries to develop and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and notably singles out Iran. In addition, it condemns unilateral sanctions, supports creation of a Palestinian state, advocates nuclear disarmament, human rights free from political agendas and opposition to racism and “Islamophobia<\/a>“. But due to lack of consensus among member states it did not mention to Syria’s civil war.[94]<\/a>[95]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

At the end of the summit, Venezuela<\/a> was declared as the host of the 17th summit with the consensus of the member states. [96]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Bilateral meetings<\/h3>\n

Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari<\/a> and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh<\/a> are likely to meet on the margins of the summit to discuss recent developments in India\u2013Pakistan relations<\/a> and in the region.[44]<\/a><\/sup> UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon<\/a> intends to talk with the Iranian leaders about issues such as Iran’s nuclear programme, terrorism, human rights and the crisis in Syria.[97]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

India, Iran and Afghanistan agreed to set up a joint working group to discuss the development of the strategically important Chahbahar<\/a> port in Iran.[98]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Iran’s President Ahmadinejad and his Egyptian counterpart, Mohamed Morsi<\/a>, described Iran and Egypt as “strategic allies”.[99]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

At two separate meetings with Iran’s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, spokesman Martin Nesirky said that United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon called for a stop to their threats against Israel, and said that “their verbal attacks on Israel were offensive, inflammatory, and unacceptable.” Ban also said that Iran needed to take “concrete steps to address the concerns of the International Atomic Energy Agency and prove to the world its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes.” He further urged Iran to use its influence to help end the Syrian Civil War.[100]<\/a><\/sup> Human rights was also discussed.[101]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In addition, United Nations<\/a> Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon<\/a> criticised Iran for alleged “serious concerns on the human rights abuses and violation[s]” and urged Iran to cooperate with the United Nations to improve its human rights record. Iranian Parliament Speaker Ali Larijani<\/a>, who sat next to Ban, was reported by Ynet<\/a><\/em> as having frowned at the remarks.[102]<\/a>[103]<\/a><\/sup> He also met Syria’s PM Wael al-Halaqi and Foreign Minister Walid Muallem<\/a> and later told a news conference about the meeting that in regards to the violence “the primary responsibility resting on the government to halt its use of heavy weapons. [He] demands for all sides to cease all forms of violence. What is important at this time is that all the parties must stop the violence. All those actors who may be providing arms to both sides…must stop.” He further mentioned that he had called on Iran to support his call “and I have a strong assurance from Iran that it will do so.” He also met the new UN-Arab League envoy Lakhdar Brahimi<\/a>.[93]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Reactions and assessments<\/strong><\/p>\n

AFP<\/a><\/em> claimed that Ban Ki-Moon’s attacks on Iran and Morsi’s support for the Syrian opposition upset Iran’s goal of showing the summit as a diplomatic victory for Iran against Western attempts to isolate Iran.[82]<\/a><\/sup> A Xinhua<\/a> commentary qualified the summit as an “important” diplomatic “accomplishment from Iran”, having hosted “leaders and delegates of over 100 countries”. [104]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Other events<\/strong><\/p>\n

In an effort for Iran to prove that its nuclear programme<\/a> is peaceful, the Foreign Ministry of Iran declared that Iran would arrange for officials from the Non-Aligned Movement to visit its nuclear facilities<\/a>.[105]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, the mangled remains of three cars in which Iranian nuclear scientists were assassinated stands outside of the event venue, as part of an Iranian campaign to demonstrate that Iran has been a victim of terrorism, which Iran has accused the West as being responsible for.[106]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization<\/a> announced an opportunity for visiting delegations to make a visit to the exhibition of Persian handicrafts held at Tehran’s Milad Tower<\/a>.[107]<\/a><\/sup> Visiting nationals from the NAM countries could avail of a tour of Tehran’s historic museums, palaces and ancient sites in order to get acquainted with Persian culture<\/a> and civilisation.[108]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Controversies<\/strong><\/p>\n

Attendance of Ban ki-Moon<\/h3>\n

While it is usual for the UN Secretary General<\/a> to attend NAM Summits, the presence of Ban Ki-moon<\/a> was opposed by the United States and Israel. Haaretz<\/a><\/em> reported that Prime Minister of Israel<\/a> Benjamin Netanyahu<\/a> had personally appealed to the secretary-general not to attend this summit and described Iran as “a regime that represents the greatest danger to world peace”.[109]<\/a><\/sup> In addition, according to Maariv<\/a><\/em>, the Israeli Foreign Ministry ordered Israel’s embassies to encourage their host countries not to attend or to send only lower-level representatives to the summit.[110]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The government of the United States<\/a> also publicly expressed displeasure over world leaders attending the summit. U.S. State Department<\/a> spokesperson Victoria Nuland<\/a> said: “We think that this is a strange place and an inappropriate place for this meeting. We have made that point to participating countries. We’ve also made that point to [the UN] Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. If he does choose to go, we hope he will make the strongest points of concern.”[111]<\/a><\/sup> Haaretz<\/em> reported that both the United States and Israel believed that such a visit would break their efforts to isolate Iran from the international community<\/a> by giving the country a “renewed international legitimacy.”[112]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Although the US and Israel had urged Ban to boycott the summit, UN spokesman Martin Nesirky<\/a> confirmed that Ban would attend the summit. He hoped to meet with Supreme Leader of Iran<\/a> Ali Khameini<\/a> and President<\/a> Mahmoud Ahmadenijad at the sidelines of the summit to have “meaningful and fruitful discussions” and to “convey the international community’s expectations that Iran make urgent progress on issues including the country’s controversial nuclear program, terrorism, human rights and the crisis in Syria.”[113]<\/a>[114]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Still, Ban Ki-Moon signalled that he would not refrain from criticizing Iran at the summit. At the summit, harsh criticism on Iran’s human rights record was levelled by Ban, which caught Iranian officials off guard.[102]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Iranian opposition groups urged Ban Ki-Moon to use his attendance at the summit as a way to criticize the Iranian government over its crackdowns on political dissent, such as the house arrest of opposition leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi<\/a> and Mahdi Karroubi<\/a>.[102]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Fatah\u2013Hamas rivalry<\/h3>\n

In late August, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad invited Hamas<\/a> Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh<\/a> to the summit, despite Fatah<\/a> leader Mahmoud Abbas<\/a>‘ attendance being contingent on Abbas serving as the sole representative of the Palestinians at the summit,[115]<\/a><\/sup> Haniyeh’s office said that he would attend the summit,[64]<\/a><\/sup> sparking a counter-protest. Fatah’s Prime Minister Salam Fayyad<\/a> condemned the invitation, accused Iran of being “against Palestinian national unity” and said that only his party’s representatives were the “sole and legitimate representative” of the Palestinians. Their Foreign Affairs Minister Riyad al-Maliki<\/a> said that if Haniyeh attends the conference Abbas would not attend and reiterated the stance that it was the only “legitimate Palestinian representative.”[116]<\/a><\/sup> The Palestine Liberation Organization<\/a> also condemned the invitation, saying that “Iran joined the Israeli choir which aims to undermine the Palestinian political system and its elected legitimacies.”[117]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

However, on 26 August, news agencies Mehr<\/a><\/em> and ISNA<\/a><\/em>[64]<\/a><\/sup> said that it had not invited Haniyeh. Mohammad Reza Forqani, the spokesman for the summit, said: “Only [Palestinian President] Mahmoud Abbas has been invited to the NAM summit.”[118]<\/a>[119]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

On the other hand, on 26 August, a source close to Hamas declared “After intense consultations in the last few hours, a decision was taken not to attend the NAM summit that will take place in Tehran at the end of this month.\u201d[120]<\/a><\/sup> Taher al-Nono, a Hamas spokesman, appropriating Ahmadinejad told this invitation shows Iran’s support of Palestine but Haniyeh excused and refrain for attendance in the summit to not intensify disagreements and divides of Palestinians, Arabs and Muslims.[121]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Error in translations<\/h3>\n

Iranian state media has been heavily criticized for distorting part of Egyptian President Morsi’s speech at the summit.[122]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

On 30 August 2012, during the summit, some Iranian media outlets reported that official Iranian stations were deceiving Iranians by tampering with the Persian translation of Egyptian President Morsi’s speech, in order to fit the Iranian government’s rhetoric \u2013 namely, opposing criticism of the Assad government in Syria, an ally of Iran. Iranian official state television refused to translate part of Morsi’s speech which criticized Syria.[122]<\/a><\/sup> One outlet reported that the Iranian interpreter translated part of Morsi’s speech which criticized Assad as in fact supporting Assad, saying that “we must support the ruling regime in Syria.” In another case, when Morsi denounced the Syrian government as “tyrannical”, the Iranian translator quoted Morsi as saying that “there’s a crisis in Syria and all of us must support the Syrian ruling system.”[123]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Jahan News and Asiran, which are close to the Iranian regime,[122]<\/a><\/sup> as well as other Iranian outlets, published the tampered speech, and deliberately highlighted parts of Morsi’s speech without referring to Morsi’s stance on Syria. In other cases, the Iranian translator exchanged the word Syria with Bahrain when discussing countries that have been affected by the Arab Spring,[122]<\/a><\/sup> as well as “Islamic Awakening” instead of “Arab Spring.” Iranian media activist Ameed Maqdam Maqdam reported that this could not have happened unless the translator received orders from Iranian higher authorities, aiming to deceive Iranian public opinion.[124]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In addition, Iranian media confirmed changes to speeches delivered by United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon<\/a> and United Nations General Assembly President Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser<\/a> and apologies to the people.[124]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

As a result, Bahrain criticized the Iranian media for distorting Morsi’s speech, and for replacing “Syria” with “Bahrain.”[123]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Tehran Summit’s Theme, Picture of Next 3-Year Path of NAM\/Presence of S Arabia Enhances Mutual Relation”<\/a>. NAMNA. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  2. ^<\/a><\/strong> “\u0686\u0647\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a [Chehelsoton Will Be Hosting NAM Summit]”<\/a>. Islamic Republic News Agency<\/a>. Retrieved 25 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  3. ^<\/a><\/strong> George, Varghese. “NAM summit: India says no to foreign intervention in Syria<\/a>,” Hindustan Times<\/a>, 30 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  4. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “Iran Challenges Isolation Imposed by Sanctions at Conference (Tehran)”<\/a>. Northjersey.com. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  5. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “Southern Africa: Media Briefing By Deputy Minister Ebrahim Ebrahim On International Developments”<\/a>. All Africa. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  6. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “Non-Aligned Movement summit opens in Tehran – Xinhua | English.news.cn”<\/a>. News.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  7. ^<\/a><\/strong> “16th NAM Summit”<\/a>. NAM. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  8. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Egyptian President Hands Over Nam’S Presidency to Iran”<\/a>. Nam News Network. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  9. ^<\/a><\/strong> “PressTV – 150-member Indian delegation to attend NAM summit in Iran: Envoy”<\/a>. Press TV. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  10. ^<\/a><\/strong> Grant, Cedric. “Equity in Third World Relations: A Third World Perspective”. International Affairs<\/a><\/em> 71, 3 (1995), 567\u2013587.<\/li>\n
  11. ^<\/a><\/strong> Suvedi, Suryaprasada (1996). Land and Maritime Zones of Peace in International Law<\/em>. Oxford: Clarendon Press<\/a>; New York City:Oxford University Press<\/a>. pp.\u00a0169\u2013170. ISBN<\/a>\u00a0978-0-198-26096-7<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  12. ^<\/a><\/strong> “NAM Member States”<\/a>. Nam.gov.za. 23 January 2002. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  13. ^<\/a><\/strong> Kin, Lai Kwon (2 September 1992). “Yugoslavia Casts Shadow over Non-Aligned Summit”<\/a>. Reuters. The Independent<\/a><\/em>). Retrieved 25 August 2012. “Iran and several other Muslim nations want the rump state of Yugoslavia kicked out, saying it no longer represents the country which helped to found the movement.”<\/li>\n
  14. ^<\/a><\/strong> Najam, Adil<\/a> (2003). “Chapter 9: The Collective South in Multinational Environmental Politics”<\/a>. In Nagel, Stuart S.<\/a>. Policymaking and Prosperity: A Multinational Anthology<\/em>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books<\/a>. p.\u00a0233. ISBN<\/a>\u00a0978-0-739-10460-6<\/a>. Retrieved 19 November 2009. “Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic are the most recent entrants. The application of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.”<\/li>\n
  15. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iran to host ‘historic’ NAM summit”<\/a>. GulfNews.com. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  16. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> d<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “NAM summit kicks off in Tehran”<\/a>. Tehran Times. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  17. ^<\/a><\/strong> “\u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\/ \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0646\u0645”<\/a>. Raja News. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  18. ^<\/a><\/strong> “110 Foreign Delegations Have Arrived Tehran”<\/a>. NAMNA. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  19. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Egypt’s Morsi steps out onto world stage – Middle East”<\/a>. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  20. ^<\/a><\/strong> Staff (22 June 2012). “Iran not to Invite Saudi King to NAM Summit in Tehran”<\/a>. Mehr News Agency<\/a> (via payvand.com). Retrieved 25 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  21. ^<\/a><\/strong> Khatinoglu, D. (24 August 2012). “Saudi Prince to Participate at NAM Summit in Iran”<\/a>. Journal of Turkish Weekly<\/a>. Retrieved 25 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  22. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> d<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> e<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> f<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> g<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> h<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> i<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “51 countries will participate in NAM summit at high level”<\/a>. Tehran Times. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  23. ^<\/a><\/strong> Algerian Parliament Speaker Entered Tehran<\/a><\/li>\n
  24. ^<\/a><\/strong> Elmar Mammadyarov to represent Azerbaijan in NAM Tehran Summit<\/a><\/li>\n
  25. ^<\/a><\/strong> “NAM: BANGLDESHI PM LEAVES FOR IRAN WEDNESDAY TO ATTEND 16TH NAM SUMMIT”<\/a>. Nam News Network. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  26. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Belarus to attend NAM summit”<\/a>. Belta. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  27. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> d<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “Iran, world, political, sport, economic news and headlines”<\/a>. Mehr News. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  28. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> d<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “SEVERAL FOREIGN MINISTERS ARRIVE IN TEHRAN FOR NAM MEETING”<\/a>. NAM News Agency. Retrieved 28 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  29. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Envoy: Bolivian President to Attend NAM Summit in Tehran”<\/a>. Fars News. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  30. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Cambodian PM to attend Non-Aligned Movement Summit in Tehran next week”<\/a>. Global Times. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  31. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/a><\/li>\n
  32. ^<\/a><\/strong> Cuba’s First VP Stresses Importance of Non-Aligned Movement<\/a><\/li>\n
  33. ^<\/a><\/strong> Ecuadorian security minister visits Isfahan<\/a><\/li>\n
  34. ^<\/a><\/strong> Jordan’s special envoy arrives in Tehran for NAM summit<\/a><\/li>\n
  35. ^<\/a><\/strong> “The South gathers in Tehran”<\/a>. Asia Times Online. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  36. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “NAM summit in Tehran”<\/a>. PressTV. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  37. ^<\/a><\/strong> \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/a> Young Journalists Club<\/em><\/li>\n
  38. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Malaysian FM heads for Iran”<\/a>. NAMNA. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  39. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Mongolian president visits Soltanieh Dome in Zanjan”<\/a>. Tehran Times. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  40. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Leaders at NAM”<\/a>. Fars News. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  41. ^<\/a><\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f<\/a><\/li>\n
  42. ^<\/a><\/strong> “North Korea’s Kim Yong-nam to attend Iran summit”<\/a>. BBC. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  43. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iranian Supreme Leader to Korea President: Iran determined to attain its lofty goals”<\/a>. AhlulBayt News Agency (ABNA). 01 September 2012. Retrieved 02 September 2012.<\/li>\n
  44. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> Firstpost (3 August 2012). “Zardari, Singh to meet at NAM summit”<\/a>. Firstpost. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  45. ^<\/a><\/strong> Lee, Matthew (20 August 2012). “US eyes Iran summit of non-aligned nations warily”<\/a>. The State. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  46. ^<\/a><\/strong> “VP Binay to represent PNoy at Iran summit”<\/a>. GMA Network. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  47. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Oman attends NAM meeting”<\/a>. Oman Observer. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  48. ^<\/a><\/strong> Emir to attend Tehran summit<\/a><\/li>\n
  49. ^<\/a><\/strong> “President Mahinda Rajapakse has been warmly welcome on arrival in Teheran to attend the 16th heads of state summit of the non-aligned-movement”<\/a>. Slbc. Retrieved 31 2012.<\/li>\n
  50. ^<\/a><\/strong> \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f<\/a><\/li>\n
  51. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Press Releases: XVI Summit of Heads of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Movement – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand”<\/a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Thailand. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  52. ^<\/a><\/strong> \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0631\u06cc\u06cc\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f<\/a> ISNA<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n
  53. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Uganda: Museveni Leaves for Tehran Summit”<\/a>. All Africa. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  54. ^<\/a><\/strong> UAE sends ruler of Umm al-Qaiwain to NAM summit in Tehran<\/a><\/li>\n
  55. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Savjetnik predsjednika Hrvatske Budimir Lon\u010dar doputovao u Teheran”<\/a> (in Bosnian). Ahlulbayt News Agency \u2013 www.abna.ir. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.<\/li>\n
  56. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iran”<\/a>. Mehr News. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  57. ^<\/a><\/strong> http:\/\/www.theaustralian.com.au\/national-affairs\/envoys-head-to-tehran-summit\/story-fn59niix-1226455279186<\/a><\/li>\n
  58. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iran”<\/a>. Mehr News. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  59. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iran”<\/a>. Mehr News. Retrieved 31 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  60. ^<\/a><\/strong> \u0646\u0628\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f<\/a><\/li>\n
  61. ^<\/a><\/strong> Tehran: OIC head to take part in NAM summit<\/a><\/li>\n
  62. ^<\/a><\/strong> “UN Confirms Presence Of Sec Gen Ban Ki-Moon At Tehran Nam Summit”<\/a>. Nam News Network. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  63. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Tehran NAM Summit significant: Mahathir Mohammad”<\/a>. Pakistan Today. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  64. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “Iran opens global summit with nuclear appeals”<\/a>. Al Jazeera English. August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  65. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Senior officials’ meeting of NAM issues draft document – Xinhua | English.news.cn”<\/a>. News.xinhuanet.com. 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  66. ^<\/a><\/strong> http:\/\/english.farsnews.com\/newstext.php?nn=9106060226<\/a><\/li>\n
  67. ^<\/a><\/strong> [1]<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/li>\n
  68. ^<\/a><\/strong> http:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/content\/730076.shtml<\/a><\/li>\n
  69. ^<\/a><\/strong> http:\/\/www.nam.gov.ir\/Portal\/File\/ShowFile.aspx?ID=f176b8d6-eb5c-4618-804d-891768adff82<\/a><\/li>\n
  70. ^<\/a><\/strong> http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/middleeast\/2012\/08\/2012831202943830728.html<\/a><\/li>\n
  71. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iran committed to Mideast free of nuclear weapons, Leader tells NAM<\/a>,” Tehran Times<\/a><\/em>, August 30, 2012.<\/li>\n
  72. ^<\/a><\/strong> Sandeep Dikshit. “News \/ International\u00a0: Khamenei slams U.N., West over nuclear \u2018hypocrisy\u2019”<\/a>. The Hindu. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  73. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “In stinging rebuke to hosts, UN chief denounces Iranian anti-Israel threats and Holocaust denial”<\/a>. The Times of Israel; Associated Press<\/em>. The Times of Israel. August 30, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.<\/li>\n
  74. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Leading News Resource of Pakistan”<\/a>. Daily Times. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  75. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iran not hankering after n-weapons: Ayatollah Khamenei – NY Daily News”<\/a>. India.nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  76. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Supreme Leader\u2019s Inaugural Speech at the 16th Non-Aligned Summit”<\/a>. Khamenei.ir. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  77. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iran committed to Mideast free of nuclear weapons, Leader tells NAM”<\/a>. Tehran Times. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  78. ^<\/a><\/strong> Bar, Zvi. “In Iran meet, UN chief denounces threats to destroy Israel, Holocaust denial – Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper”<\/a>. Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  79. ^<\/a><\/strong> “News\u00a0:: Middle East\u00a0:: Iran’s policies attacked by U.N. head, Egyptian leader”<\/a>. The Daily Star. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  80. ^<\/a><\/strong> “World leaders squirm as Iran summit turns tense”<\/a>. The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  81. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “UN chief slams Iran over Holocaust, anti-Israel remarks: Voice of Russia”<\/a>. :. 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  82. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> Davari, Mohammad (August 30, 2012). “World leaders squirm as Iran summit turns tense”<\/a>. AFP. Retrieved August 30, 2012.<\/li>\n
  83. ^<\/a><\/strong> Reuters 8:15 a.m. CDT, August 30, 2012. “U.N. chief excoriates Iran for threats to Israel, Holocaust denial”<\/a>. chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  84. ^<\/a><\/strong> By Reuters. “Ban condemns Iran’s threats, Hol… JPost – Iranian Threat – News”<\/a>. Jpost.com. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  85. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Un Chief Praises Iran’S Cooperation With The Iaea”<\/a>. Nam News Network. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  86. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Syria walks out during Morsy’s speech in Tehran”<\/a>. Reuters<\/em>. The Jerusalem Post. August 30, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.<\/li>\n
  87. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> d<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/08\/31\/world\/middleeast\/ban-ki-moon-broaches-delicate-topics-with-iranian-officials.html?pagewanted=all<\/a><\/li>\n
  88. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Morsi criticises Syria at Tehran meeting – Middle East”<\/a>. Al Jazeera English. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  89. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Morsi supports rights of countries for employment of peaceful N-energy”<\/a>. Al Bawaba. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  90. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Egyptian President Calls For Recognition Of Palestinian State At Un”<\/a>. Nam News Network. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  91. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Non-aligned movement or just unaligned? – Al Jazeera Blogs”<\/a>. Blogs.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  92. ^<\/a><\/strong> FP Staff (2011-02-23). “Come together on Syria, reforms of global bodies: PM tells NAM”<\/a>. Firstpost. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  93. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/middleeast\/2012\/08\/201283112388923333.html<\/a><\/li>\n
  94. ^<\/a><\/strong> http:\/\/www.timesonline.com\/news\/world\/middle-east\/report-nonaligned-bloc-backs-iran-nuclear-energy\/article_6f778d47-bf47-541b-9501-46d8970f3586.html<\/a><\/li>\n
  95. ^<\/a><\/strong> http:\/\/www.indiatvnews.com\/news\/world\/iran-pressed-on-nuclear-activities-wraps-up-summit-8771.html<\/a><\/li>\n
  96. ^<\/a><\/strong> [3]<\/a><\/li>\n
  97. ^<\/a><\/strong> “UN sec gen confirms he will participate in Tehran NAM summit”<\/a>. Tehran Times. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  98. ^<\/a><\/strong> “NAM foreign secretaries begin deliberations in Tehran”<\/a>. Zeenews.india.com. 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  99. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iran, Egypt call each other \u2018strategic allies\u2019”<\/a>. PressTV. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  100. ^<\/a><\/strong> Cohen, Dudi (29 August 2012). “UN chief to Khamenei: Stop threatening Israel”<\/a>. Yedioth Ahronot. Retrieved 29 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  101. ^<\/a><\/strong> “UN chief meets Iran leaders before NAM summit – Middle East”<\/a>. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2012-08-31.<\/li>\n
  102. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “UN chief hits host Iran over human rights”<\/a>. Associated Press. Yedioth Ahronot. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  103. ^<\/a><\/strong> http:\/\/balatarin.com\/permlink\/2012\/8\/29\/3131918<\/a><\/li>\n
  104. ^<\/a><\/strong> (Xinhua<\/em>)<\/a><\/li>\n
  105. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Nam: Nam Participants Can Visit Iran’S Nuclear Facilities”<\/a>. Nam News Network. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  106. ^<\/a><\/strong> Iran uses summit to reset its image<\/a><\/li>\n
  107. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Iranian traditional art, handicrafts exhibited for NAM guests”<\/a>. Press TV. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  108. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Tehran museums ready to receive visitors from NAM summit”<\/a>. Tehran Times. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  109. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Ban in the Hot Seat over NAM in Iran | The Sundaytimes Sri Lanka”<\/a>. Sundaytimes.lk. 19 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  110. ^<\/a><\/strong> Barrister Harun ur Rashid (23 August 2012). “Non-aligned Summit: Boost for Iran”<\/a>. Thedailystar.net. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  111. ^<\/a><\/strong> Firstpost (17 August 2012). “US finds Tehran ‘inappropriate’ as NAM Summit host”<\/a>. Firstpost. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  112. ^<\/a><\/strong> Shalev, Chemi. “Israel fears UN chief’s visit to Iran will undermine efforts to thwart nuclear program – Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper”<\/a>. Haaretz.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  113. ^<\/a><\/strong> “UPDATE 2-U.N. chief to visit Iran in defiance of U.S., Israel | Reuters”<\/a>. In.reuters.com. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  114. ^<\/a><\/strong> Staff (22 August 2012). “Despite Israeli Pressure, UN Chief to Attend Summit in Iran\u00a0\u2013 Ban Ki-moon’s Spokesman Says He Is ‘Fully Aware of the Sensitivities’ of the Visit, But Not to Go to Tehran Would Be a Missed Opportunity”<\/a>. Associated Press (via The Times of Israel<\/a><\/em>). Retrieved 25 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  115. ^<\/a><\/strong> Staff (25 August 2012). “Ahmadinejad Invites Hamas’s Haniyeh to NAM Summit in Tehran”<\/a>. The Jerusalem Post<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved 26 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  116. ^<\/a><\/strong> Shmulovich, Michal; Ben Zion, Ilan (25 August 2012). “Haniyeh Accepts Iranian Invitation to Attend Non-Aligned Conference\u00a0\u2013 Fayyad Says Hamas Presence a ‘Stab in the Back’ for National Unity, Calls PA the ‘Sole and Legitimate’ Representative of the Palestinian People”<\/a>. The Times of Israel<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved 26 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  117. ^<\/a><\/strong> Staff (26 August 2012). “PLO Blasts Iran over Haniyeh Invitation”<\/a>. Saudi Gazette<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved 26 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  118. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Hamas not invited to Non-Aligned summit”<\/a>. The News. 19 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  119. ^<\/a><\/strong> “Mahmoud Abbas invited to NAM summit in Tehran: Iran”<\/a>. PressTV. Retrieved 27 August 2012.<\/li>\n
  120. ^<\/a><\/strong> Haniyeh Won\u2019t Attend NAM Summit in Tehran<\/a><\/li>\n
  121. ^<\/a><\/strong> http:\/\/www.asriran.com\/fa\/news\/229211<\/a> – “\u00ab\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648\u00bb\u060c \u0633\u062e\u0646\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0632\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0630\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0698\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a.”<\/li>\n
  122. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> c<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> d<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> Al-Zahid, Masoud (August 31, 2012). “Iran state media under fire over distortion of Mursi\u2019s speech”<\/a>. Al Arabiya. Retrieved August 31, 2012.<\/li>\n
  123. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> “Bahrain slams Iran media for speech tampering”<\/a>. Trade Arabia. August 31, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012.<\/li>\n
  124. ^ a<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> b<\/sup><\/em><\/strong><\/a> Kais, Roi (August 31, 2012). “Iran: Persian interpreter tampers with Morsi’s NAM speech”<\/a>. Yedioth Ahronot. Retrieved August 31, 2012.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    External links<\/strong><\/p>\n