{"id":216059,"date":"2022-07-04T12:00:41","date_gmt":"2022-07-04T11:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=216059"},"modified":"2022-07-02T09:29:14","modified_gmt":"2022-07-02T08:29:14","slug":"the-united-states-contests-the-chinese-belt-and-road-with-a-private-corporation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2022\/07\/the-united-states-contests-the-chinese-belt-and-road-with-a-private-corporation\/","title":{"rendered":"The United States Contests the Chinese Belt and Road with a Private Corporation"},"content":{"rendered":"

1 Jul 2022 – <\/em>At the G7 Summit in Germany on June 26, U.S. President Joe Biden made a pledge<\/a> to raise $200 billion within the United States for global infrastructure spending. It was made clear that this new G7 project\u2014the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII)<\/a>\u2014was intended to counter the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Given Biden\u2019s failure to pass the Build Back Better bill (with its scope being almost halved<\/a> from $3.5 trillion to $2.2 trillion), it is unlikely that he will get the U.S. Congress to go along with this new endeavor.<\/p>\n

The PGII is not the first attempt by the U.S. to match the Chinese infrastructure investment globally, which initially took place bilaterally, and then after 2013 happened through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). In 2004, as the U.S. war on Iraq unfolded, the United States government set up a body called the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC<\/a>), which it called an \u201cindependent U.S. foreign assistance agency<\/a>.\u201d Before that, most U.S. government development lending was done through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which was set up in 1961 as part of then-President John F. Kennedy administration\u2019s charm campaign against the Soviet Union and against the Bandung spirit of non-alignment in the newly assertive Third World.<\/p>\n

Former U.S. President George W. Bush said that USAID was too bureaucratic, and so the MCC would be a project that would include both the U.S. government and the private sector. The word \u201ccorporation\u201d in the title is deliberate. Each of the heads of the MCC, from Paul Applegarth to Alice P. Albright, has belonged to the private sector (the current head, Albright is the daughter of former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

One Belt One Road Initiative China<\/p><\/div>\n

The word \u201cchallenge\u201d in MCC refers to the fact that the grants are only approved if the countries can show that they meet 20 \u201cpolicy performance indicators<\/a>,\u201d ranging from civil liberties to inflation rates. These indicators ensure that the countries seeking the grants adhere to the conventional neoliberal framework. There are also great inconsistencies among these indicators: for instance, the countries must have a high immunization rate<\/a> (monitored by the World Health Organization), but at the same time they must follow the International Monetary Fund\u2019s requirements for a tight fiscal policy. This essentially means that the public health spending of a candidate country should be kept low, resulting in the required number of public health workers not being available for the immunization programs.<\/p>\n

The U.S. Congress provided $650 million to the MCC for its first year in 2004, as a U.S. government official told me; in 2022, the amount sought<\/a> was more than $900 million. In 2007, when Bush met with Nambaryn Enkhbayar, the former president of Mongolia, to sign an MCC grant, he said<\/a> that the Millennium Challenge Account\u2014which is administered<\/a> by MCC\u2014\u201cis an important part of our foreign policy. It\u2019s an opportunity for the United States and our taxpayers to help countries that fight corruption, that support market-based economies, and that invest in the health and education of their people.\u201d Clearly, the MCC is an instrument of U.S. foreign policy, but its aim seems to be not so much to tackle the Sustainable Development Goals<\/a> of the United Nations (on hunger, health and education), as Bush said, but to ensure extension of the reach of U.S. influence and to inculcate the habits and structures of U.S.-led globalization (\u201cmarket-based economies\u201d).<\/p>\n

In 2009, then-U.S. President Barack Obama developed a \u201cpivot to Asia<\/a>,\u201d a new foreign policy orientation that had the U.S. establishment focus more attention on East and South Asia. As part of this pivot, in 2011, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave an important speech<\/a> in Chennai, India, where she spoke about the creation of a New Silk Road Initiative. Clinton argued that the United States government, under Obama\u2019s \u201cpivot to Asia,\u201d policy was going to develop an economic agenda that ran from the Central Asian countries to the south of India, and would thereby help integrate the Central Asian republics into a U.S. project and break the ties the region had formed with Russia and China. The impetus<\/a> for the New Silk Road was to find a way to use this development as an instrument to undermine the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan. This U.S. project floundered due to lack of congressional funding and due to its sheer impossibility, since Afghanistan\u2014which was the heart of this road project\u2014could not be persuaded to submit to U.S. interests.<\/p>\n

Two years later, in 2013, the Chinese government inaugurated<\/a> the Silk Road Economic Belt project, which is now known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Rather than go from North to South, the BRI went from East to West, linking China to Central Asia and then outward to South Asia, West Asia, Europe and Africa. The aim of this project was to bring together<\/a> the Eurasian Economic Community<\/a> (established in 2000) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization<\/a> (set up in 2001) to work on this new, and bigger project. Roughly $4 trillion<\/a> has been invested since 2013 in a range of projects by the BRI and its associated funding mechanisms (including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund). The investments were paid for by grants from Chinese institutions and through debt incurred by the projects at rates that are competitive with those of Western infrastructure lending programs.<\/p>\n

The U.S. government\u2019s \u201cIndo-Pacific Strategy Report\u201d (2019) notes<\/a> that China uses \u201ceconomic inducements and penalties\u201d to \u201cpersuade other states to comply with its agenda.\u201d The report provides no evidence, and indeed, scholars<\/a> who have looked into these matters do not see any such evidence. U.S. Admiral Philip S. Davidson, who previously commanded the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, told<\/a> the U.S. Congress that China is \u201cleveraging its economic instrument of power\u201d in Asia. The MCC, and other instruments, including a new International Development Finance Corporation<\/a>, were hastily set up to give America an edge over China in a U.S.-driven contest over the creation of infrastructure investment globally. There is no doubt that the MCC is part of the broad Indo-Pacific strategy of the United States to undermine Chinese influence in Asia.<\/p>\n

Only a handful of countries have thus far received MCC grants\u2014 starting with Honduras and Madagascar. These are often not very large grants, although for a country the size of Malawi or Jordan, these can have a considerable impact. No large countries have been drawn into the MCC compact, which suggests that the United States wants to give these grants to mainly smaller countries, to strengthen their ties with the United States. Nepal\u2019s accession<\/a> to the MCC must be seen in this broader context. Although the discovery<\/a> of uranium in Nepal\u2019s Upper Mustang region in 2014 seems to play an important role in the pressure campaign on that country.<\/p>\n

In May 2017, Nepal\u2019s government signed<\/a> a BRI framework agreement, which included an ambitious plan to build a railway link between China and Nepal through the Himalayas; this rail link would allow Nepal to lessen its reliance on Indian land routes for trade purposes. Various projects began to be discussed and feasibility studies were commissioned under the BRI plan. These projects, more details for which emerged<\/a> in 2019, were the extension<\/a> of an electricity transmission line and the creation of a technical university in Nepal, and of course, construction of a vast network of roads and rail, which included the trans-Himalayan railway from Keyrung to Kathmandu.<\/p>\n

During this time, the United States entered the picture with a full-scale effort to disparage the BRI funding in Nepal and to promote the use of MCC money there instead. In September 2017, the government of Nepal signed an agreement<\/a> with the United States called the Nepal Compact. This agreement\u2014worth $500 million\u2014is for an electricity transmission project and for a road maintenance project. At this point, Nepal had access to both BRI and MCC funds and neither of the parties seemed to mind that fact. This provided an opportunity for Nepal to use both these resources to develop much-needed infrastructure, or as former Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal told me<\/a> in 2020, his country could get new loans from the Asian Development Bank.<\/p>\n

After both deals had been signed, a political dispute broke out within Nepal, which resulted in the split<\/a> of the Communist Party of Nepal and the fall of the left government. One major issue on the table was the MCC and its role<\/a> in the overall Indo-Pacific strategy of the United States, which seems to be targeted against China.<\/p>\n

_______________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a> <\/em>Vijay Prashad is an Indian historian, editor and journalist. He is a writing fellow and chief correspondent at<\/em> Globetrotter. He is the director of <\/em>Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research<\/a><\/em> and a senior non-resident fellow at <\/em>Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies<\/a><\/em>, Renmin University of China. He has written more than 20 books, including <\/em>The Darker Nations<\/a> and <\/em>The Poorer Nations<\/a>. His latest book is <\/em>Washington Bullets<\/a>, with an introduction by Evo Morales Ayma.<\/em><\/p>\n

This article was produced by<\/em> Globetrotter<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

At the G7 Summit in Germany, Joe Biden made a pledge to raise $200 billion for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment. It was made clear that this new G7 project was intended to counter the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":102287,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[1037,2197,244,803,2670,1397,1126,1050],"class_list":["post-216059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-in-focus","tag-belt-road","tag-biden","tag-china","tag-competition","tag-exceptionalism","tag-g7","tag-hegemony","tag-imperialism"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216059","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=216059"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216059\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/102287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=216059"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=216059"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=216059"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}