{"id":238848,"date":"2023-07-10T12:00:45","date_gmt":"2023-07-10T11:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=238848"},"modified":"2023-07-08T05:56:04","modified_gmt":"2023-07-08T04:56:04","slug":"ukraine-and-the-cluster-bombs-debate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/07\/ukraine-and-the-cluster-bombs-debate\/","title":{"rendered":"Ukraine and the Cluster Bombs Debate"},"content":{"rendered":"

7 Jul 2023 – <\/em>There is currently a debate, at the highest foreign policy-making level in the U.S.A., concerning the delivery of cluster bombs to Ukraine in support of the ongoing counter offensive.\u00a0 Ukraine military forces have used most of the cluster bombs they had.\u00a0 It would take a good bit of time to manufacture new cluster weapons.\u00a0 Thus, the request for cluster munitions from the U.S.A.\u00a0 However, cluster weapons have been outlawed by a Cluster Weapons Convention<\/em> signed by many states.<\/p>\n

In a remarkable combination of civil society pressure and leadership from a small number of progressive states, a strong ban on the use, manufacture and stocking of cluster bombs was agreed by 111 countries in Dublin, Ireland on 30 May 2008.\u00a0 However, bright sunshine casts a dark shadow.\u00a0 In this case, the dark shadow is the fact that the major makers and users of cluster munitions were deliberately absent from the agreement: Brazil, China, India, Israel, Pakistan, Russia, and the U.S.A.<\/p>\n

As arms negotiations at the United Nations go, the cluster bomb ban has been swift.\u00a0 They began in Oslo, Norway in February 2007 and were often called “the Oslo Process.”\u00a0 The negotiations were a justified reaction to their wide use by Israel in Lebanon during the July-August 2006 conflict.\u00a0 \u00a0The U.N. Mine Action Coordination Centre working in southern Lebanon reported that their density there is higher than in Kosovo and Iraq, especially in built-up areas, posing a constant threat to hundreds of thousands of people as well as to U.N. peacemakers.\u00a0 It is estimated that one million cluster bombs were fired in south Lebanon during the 34\u00a0 days of war, many during the last two days of war when a ceasefire was a real possibility.\u00a0 The Hezbollah militia also shot rockets with cluster bombs into northern Israel.<\/p>\n

Cluster munitions are warheads that scatter scores of smaller bombs.\u00a0 Many of these sub-munitions fail to detonate on impact, leaving them scattered on the ground, ready to kill and maim when disturbed or handled.\u00a0 Reports from humanitarian organizations have shown that civilians make up the vast majority of the victims of cluster bombs, especially children attracted by their small size and often bright colors.<\/p>\n

The failure rate of cluster munitions is high, ranging from 30 to 80 per cent.\u00a0 But “failure” may be the wrong word.\u00a0 They may, in fact, be designed to kill later.\u00a0 The large number of unexploded cluster bombs means that farm lands and forests cannot be used or used with great danger.\u00a0 Most people killed and wounded by cluster bombs in the 21 conflicts where they have been used were civilians–often young.\u00a0 Such persons often suffer severe injuries such as loss of limbs and loss of sight. It is difficult to resume work or schooling.<\/p>\n

Discussions on a ban on cluster weapons had begun in 1979 during the negotiations in Geneva which led to the 1980 “Convention on Prohibition on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May be Deemed to be Excessively\u00a0 Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects.”\u00a0 The indiscriminate impact of cluster bombs was raised by the representative of the Quaker United Nations Office in Geneva and by myself for the Association of World Citizens.\u00a0 My NGO text of August 1979 “Anti-Personnel Fragmentation Weapons ” called for a ban based on the 1868 St Petersburg Declaration and recommended the creation of “permanent verification and dispute-settlement procedures which may investigate all charges of the use of prohibited weapons whether in inter-State or internal conflicts and that such a permanent body include a consultative committee of experts who could begin their work without a\u00a0 prior resolution of the U.N. Security Council.”<\/p>\n

At the start of the review conference of the “Convention on Prohibition on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons ” then U.N. Secretary-General of the U.N. Kofi Annan called for a freeze on the transfer of cluster munitions – the heart of the current debate on U.S. transfers of cluster weapons to Ukraine.<\/p>\n

There was little public outcry ot the use by Ukrainian forces of cluster weapons since they were fighting against a stronger enemy.\u00a0 However, the debate in the U.S.A. may raise the awareness of the use of cluster weapons and lead to respect for the aim of the cluster weapon ban.<\/p>\n

______________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Ren\u00e9 Wadlow is a member of the <\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/a>. He is President of the Association of World Citizens, an international peace organization with consultative status with ECOSOC, the United Nations organ facilitating international cooperation and problem-solving in economic and social issues, and editor of <\/em>Transnational Perspectives.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

7 Jul 2023 – There is currently a debate, at the highest foreign policy-making level in the U.S.A., concerning the delivery of cluster bombs to Ukraine in support of the ongoing counter offensive.\u00a0However, cluster weapons have been outlawed on 30 May 2008 by the Cluster Weapons Convention, signed by many states.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":55053,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[3091,3092,2462,112,961,95,70],"class_list":["post-238848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-transcend-members","tag-cluster-bombs","tag-cluster-weapons-convention","tag-military-industrial-media-complex","tag-pentagon","tag-ukraine","tag-us-military","tag-usa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/238848","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=238848"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/238848\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":238849,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/238848\/revisions\/238849"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/55053"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=238848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=238848"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=238848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}