{"id":240552,"date":"2023-07-31T12:00:10","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T11:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=240552"},"modified":"2023-07-30T08:37:12","modified_gmt":"2023-07-30T07:37:12","slug":"this-week-in-history-162","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/07\/this-week-in-history-162\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

31 Jul –> 6 Aug 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u201c<\/strong>True hospitality consists of giving the best of yourself to your guests<\/em>.\u201d<\/a>
\n– Eleanor Roosevelt<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>July 31:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BC 30<\/strong>\u00a0 Battle of Alexandria (30 BC) – Alchetron, the free social encyclopedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1904<\/strong> \u00a0Russo-Japanese War<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Hsimucheng<\/a>:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1917<\/strong> Third Battle of Ypres begins in Flanders | July 31, 1917 | HISTORY<\/a> \u2192World War I<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1941\u00a0 <\/strong>Preparations for the Final Solution begin | July 31, 1941 | HISTORY<\/a>\u00a0 \u2192 World War II<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1964\u00a0 <\/strong>Ranger 7 photographs moon | July 31, 1964 | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>1980<\/strong>\u00a0USSR performs nuclear Test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR \u2192 See<\/strong> List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

——————————<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>August 1:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1498\u00a0 <\/strong>Christopher Columbus<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first European to visit what is now\u00a0Venezuela<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1571\u00a0 <\/strong>The\u00a0Ottoman conquest of Cyprus<\/a>\u00a0is concluded, by the surrender of\u00a0Famagusta<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1759<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Seven Years’ War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Minden<\/a>, an allied Anglo-German army victory over the French. In Britain this was one of a number of events that constituted the\u00a0Annus Mirabilis of 1759<\/a>\u00a0and is celebrated as\u00a0Minden Day<\/a>\u00a0by certain British Army regiments.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1798<\/strong>\u00a0 French Revolutionary Wars<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of the Nile (Battle of Aboukir Bay)<\/a>: Battle begins when a British fleet engages the French Revolutionary Navy fleet in an unusual night action.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1834<\/strong>\u00a0 Slavery is abolished in the British Empire<\/a>\u00a0as the\u00a0Slavery Abolition Act 1833<\/a>\u00a0comes into force, although it remains legal in the possessions of the\u00a0East India Company<\/a>\u00a0until the passage of the\u00a0Indian Slavery Act, 1843<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1914\u00a0 <\/strong> \u00a0The\u00a0German Empire<\/a>\u00a0declares war on the\u00a0Russian Empire<\/a>\u00a0at the opening of\u00a0World War I<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1944<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Warsaw Uprising<\/a>\u00a0against the\u00a0Nazi German<\/a>\u00a0occupation breaks out in\u00a0Warsaw<\/a>, Poland.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1964\u00a0 <\/strong>The former\u00a0Belgian Congo<\/a>\u00a0is renamed the\u00a0Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a>.<\/p>\n

——————————<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>August 2:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1914\u00a0 <\/strong>The\u00a0German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I<\/a>\u00a0begins.\u2192 World War I<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1939<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Albert Einstein<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Leo Szilard<\/a>\u00a0write\u00a0a letter<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a>, urging him to begin the\u00a0Manhattan Project<\/a>\u00a0to develop a nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: End of the\u00a0Potsdam Conference<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1990<\/strong>\u00a0 Iraq invades Kuwait<\/a>, eventually leading to the\u00a0Gulf War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

——————————<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>August 3:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1601\u00a0 <\/strong>Long War<\/a>:\u00a0Austria<\/a>\u00a0captures\u00a0Transylvania<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Battle of Goroszl\u00f3<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1645<\/strong>\u00a0 Thirty Years’ War<\/a>: The\u00a0Second Battle of N\u00f6rdlingen<\/a>\u00a0sees French forces defeating those of the\u00a0Holy Roman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1903<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Macedonian rebels<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Kru\u0161evo<\/a>\u00a0proclaim the\u00a0Kru\u0161evo Republic<\/a>, which exists for only ten days before\u00a0Ottoman Turks<\/a>\u00a0lay waste to the town.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1914<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0World War I<\/a>: Germany declares war against France, while\u00a0Romania declares its neutrality<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1958<\/strong>\u00a0 The world’s first nuclear submarine, the\u00a0USS\u00a0Nautilus<\/em><\/a>, becomes the first vessel to complete a submerged transit of the geographical\u00a0North Pole<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1960<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Niger<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from France.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1972<\/strong>\u00a0 The\u00a0United States Senate<\/a>\u00a0ratifies the\u00a0Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2005<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0President of Mauritania<\/a>\u00a0Maaouya Ould Sid’Ahmed Taya<\/a>\u00a0is overthrown in a\u00a0military coup<\/a>\u00a0while attending the funeral of\u00a0King Fahd<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Saudi Arabia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>——————————<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>August 4:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1969\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0Vietnam War<\/a>: At the apartment of French intermediary\u00a0Jean Sainteny<\/a>\u00a0in Paris, American representative\u00a0Henry Kissinger<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0North Vietnamese<\/a>\u00a0representative\u00a0Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1ef7<\/a>\u00a0begin secret peace negotiations. The negotiations will eventually fail.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1995<\/strong>\u00a0 Operation Storm<\/a>\u00a0begins in\u00a0Croatia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2018<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Syrian civil war<\/a>: The\u00a0Syrian Democratic Forces<\/a>\u00a0(SDF) expel the\u00a0Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant<\/a>\u00a0(ISIL) from the\u00a0Iraq\u2013Syria border<\/a>, concluding the second phase of the\u00a0Deir ez-Zor campaign<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>——————————<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>August 5:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1716\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0Austro-Turkish War (1716\u20131718)<\/a>: One-fifth of a Turkish army and the\u00a0Grand Vizier<\/a>\u00a0are killed in the\u00a0Battle of Petrovaradin<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1962<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Apartheid<\/a>:\u00a0Nelson Mandela<\/a>\u00a0is jailed. He would not be released until\u00a01990<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1963<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Cold War<\/a>: The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union sign the\u00a0Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1965<\/strong>\u00a0 The\u00a0Indo-Pakistani War of 1965<\/a>\u00a0begins as Pakistani soldiers cross the\u00a0Line of Control<\/a>\u00a0dressed as locals.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1974\u00a0 \u00a0Watergate scandal<\/a>: President\u00a0Richard Nixon<\/a>, under orders of the\u00a0US Supreme Court<\/a>, releases the\u00a0“Smoking Gun” tape<\/a>, recorded on June 23,<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1979<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0In Afghanistan, Maoists undertake the\u00a0Bala Hissar uprising<\/a>\u00a0against the Leninist government.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1995\u00a0 <\/strong>Yugoslav Wars<\/a>: The city of\u00a0Knin<\/a>, Croatia, a significant\u00a0Serb<\/a>\u00a0stronghold, is liberated by\u00a0Croatian<\/a>\u00a0forces during\u00a0Operation Storm<\/a>. The date is celebrated in Croatia as\u00a0Victory Day<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u2192 Most Serb population in the Krajina<\/em> [pronounced \u201ccry-nah<\/em>\u201d] area, whose main city was Knin, left this area and move to Serbia during the Operation Storm. It was literally the Exodus at the end of the 21st<\/sup> Century. Many of them were poor local farmers.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 THOUSANDS OF SERB REFUGEES FLEE CROATIAN ARMY ADVANCE. – The Washington Post<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fleeing Croatia\u2019s Operation Storm: Serb Women Recall Their Traumatic Escape | Balkan Insight<\/a><\/p>\n

However, some elderly people in the mountain area remained to stay.<\/p>\n

The Serbs in Krajina had been brought to that area a few centuries ago by the Hapsburg Empire in order to protect the Empire. The Krajina area was the border of the Empire.\u00a0 \u201cKraj\u201d means \u201cend\u201d or \u201cedge\u201d in the Serbian language.<\/p>\n

When my colleagues and I interviewed the elderly villagers by visiting their villages later years, they told us overall as follows:<\/p>\n

Approximately two weeks after the end of the Operation Storm, hooligans and thugs, not the regular Croatian soldiers, came to these remote villages and destroyed the villages and stole many items from these houses. They even set fire to these village houses. They were the ones who actually destroyed the villages in the areas. <\/em><\/p>\n

In fact, what I saw in these remote villages and hamlets were completely destroyed empty houses and ruins of the burnt houses.<\/p>\n

The Krajina area was huge. So, it took more than a few months for us to complete our human rights\/fact-finding investigative interviews with these farmers even only in some major spots of the area, because most of the areas were mountainous. Sometimes it was impossible for us to access to these hamlets by four-wheel-drive vehicle. We, then, had to walk through the narrow and winding mountain path to visit them.<\/p>\n

They welcomed us. Even in a peace time, it was very rare for them to see the visitors from outside the mountain area.<\/p>\n

When we visited these farmers, it was very often that they prepared coffee for us.\u00a0 Coffee was very precious for them because it was very rare for them to visit the town to buy coffee beans all the way from the mountain area.\u00a0 There was no shop in these hamlets.\u00a0 They visited the town down there only a few times a year. In addition, there were no tap water system in these areas. The farmers were drinking rain-water after boiling it.<\/p>\n

Nonetheless, they prepared their precious coffee for us! I never forget their extraordinary hospitality for us.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 ——————————<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>August 6:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1914\u00a0 <\/strong>World War I<\/a>:\u00a0U-boat campaign<\/a>: Two days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, ten German\u00a0U-boats<\/a>\u00a0leave their base in\u00a0Heligoland<\/a>\u00a0to attack\u00a0Royal Navy<\/a>\u00a0warships in the\u00a0North Sea<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1914<\/strong>\u00a0 World War I:\u00a0Serbia<\/a>\u00a0declares war on Germany; Austria declares war on Russia.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>:\u00a0Hiroshima<\/a>, Japan is\u00a0devastated<\/a>\u00a0when the\u00a0atomic bomb<\/a>\u00a0“Little Boy<\/a>” is dropped by the United States\u00a0B-29<\/a>\u00a0Enola Gay<\/em><\/a>. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and\u00a0radiation poisoning<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oppenheimer Atomic bomb How it Works | First Nuclear Bomb – YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1960\u00a0 <\/strong>Cuban Revolution<\/a>:\u00a0Cuba<\/a>\u00a0nationalizes American and foreign-owned property in the nation.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1990<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Gulf War<\/a>: The\u00a0United Nations Security Council<\/a>\u00a0orders a global\u00a0trade embargo<\/a>\u00a0against\u00a0Iraq<\/a>\u00a0in response to Iraq’s invasion of\u00a0Kuwait<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2011<\/strong>\u00a0 War in Afghanistan<\/a>:\u00a0A United States military helicopter is shot down<\/a>, killing 30 American special forces members and a working dog, seven Afghan soldiers, and one Afghan civilian. It was the deadliest single event for the United States in the War in Afghanistan.<\/p>\n

_____________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the <\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.\u00a0 His interest and\/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project\/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental\/ecological issues, audio\/visual documentation of nature and culture, and more.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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