{"id":241024,"date":"2023-08-07T12:00:17","date_gmt":"2023-08-07T11:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=241024"},"modified":"2023-08-05T06:18:41","modified_gmt":"2023-08-05T05:18:41","slug":"this-week-in-history-163","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/08\/this-week-in-history-163\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

7-13 August 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cEverything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.<\/em><\/a>\u201d\u00a0 – Confucius <\/a><\/p>\n

—————————–<\/p>\n

7 August <\/strong><\/p>\n

1819<\/strong>\u00a0 A group of South American insurgents under\u00a0Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar<\/a>\u00a0defeated\u00a0Spanish<\/a>\u00a0forces at the\u00a0Battle of Boyac\u00e1<\/a>, which freed\u00a0New Granada<\/a>\u00a0(Colombia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Venezuela<\/a>) from Spanish control.<\/p>\n

1942<\/strong>\u00a0 Japanese airfield on Guadalcanal seized by Allies<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Battle of Guadalcanal | Facts, Map, & Significance | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Naval Battle of Guadalcanal \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Guadalcanal campaign \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Guadalcanal Campaign FULL DOCUMENTARY – Pacific War Animated – YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 <\/strong>C\u00f4te d’Ivoire\u00a0gained independence from\u00a0France.<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A Brief History of Cote D’Ivoire (thoughtco.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A Brief History of Cote D’Ivoire (studycountry.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Culture of C\u00f4te d’Ivoire – history, people, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social (everyculture.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

—————————-<\/p>\n

8 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

1918<\/strong>\u00a0 World War I: The Allies launch the Hundred Days Offensive, beginning with the Battle of Amiens where 500 tanks and 10 Allied divisions attacked German lines.<\/a><\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 President\u00a0<\/a>Harry Truman<\/a>\u00a0<\/a>signs the United Nations Charter<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Charter of the United Nations<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Preparatory Years: UN Charter History<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Today\u2019s Challenges Require More Effective and Inclusive Global Cooperation, Secretary-General Tells Security Council Debate on Multilateralism | UN Press<\/a><\/p>\n

—————————-<\/p>\n

9 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

48BC<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Caesar’s civil war: Battle of Pharsalus<\/a> –\u00a0Julius Caesar<\/a>\u00a0decisively defeats Pompey<\/a> at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Magazines | The Past (the-past.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The struggle between Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompey | Short history website<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Battle of Pharsalus: How Caesar Won a Civil War While Outnumbered Two to One (warhistoryonline.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Battle of Pharsalus animated map (battlemaps.eu)<\/a><\/p>\n

1810\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0Napoleon<\/a>\u00a0annexes Westphalia<\/a> as part of the First French Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Napoleon – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Westphalia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Evolution of the French Empire \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The First French Empire under Napoleon I, 1812 (Illustration) – World History Encyclopedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1877<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0American Indian Wars<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of the Big Hole<\/a>: A small band of\u00a0Nez Perc\u00e9 Indians<\/a>\u00a0clash with the\u00a0United States Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944<\/strong>\u00a0 Continuation War<\/a>: The\u00a0Vyborg\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive<\/a>, the largest offensive launched by Soviet Union against Finland during the Second World War, ends to a strategic stalemate. Both Finnish and Soviet troops at the Finnish front dug to defensive positions, and the front remains stable until the end of the war.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki (history.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hiroshima, Then Nagasaki: Why the US Deployed the Second A-Bomb | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What About the Bombing of Nagasaki? – The New Yorker | The New Yorker<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 HOW FAT MAN WORKS ? | Nuclear Bomb ON Nagasaki | WORLD’S BIGGEST NUCLEAR BOMB | Learn from the base. – YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History: \u201cWipe the Soviet Union Off the Map\u201d, 204 Atomic Bombs against 66 Major Cities, US Nuclear Attack against USSR Planned During World War II \u2013 The World We Live In (wordpress.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Hiroshima Nagasaki “Dress Rehearsal”: Oppenheimer and the U.S. War Department’s Secret September 15, 1945 “Doomsday Blueprint” to “Wipe the Soviet Union off the Map” – Global ResearchGlobal Research – Centre for Research on Globalization<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oppenheimer’s Legacy and the Long Shadow of the Nuclear Bomb (foreignpolicy.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One of the prominent survivors of the atomic bomb attack in Nagasaki was Dr. Takashi Nagai.<\/a>\u00a0 He published The Bells of Nagasaki<\/em><\/a> in 1946, just after WWII.\u00a0 This book can be read in PDF.<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trailer: “What never dies” (Takashi Nagai) | New York Encounter 2022 – YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Facade of the Urakami Cathedral: <\/strong><\/p>\n

In Hiroshima, there is the very symbol of the atomic bomb attack;\u00a0the so-called Atomic Bomb Dorm or the former Commerce and Industry Hall of Hiroshima<\/em>.\u00a0 See \u2192 :\/\/www.touristinjapan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/hiroshima-atomic-bomb-dome.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n

However, there is no such symbolic item of the atomic bomb attack in Nagasaki.\u00a0 Why?\u00a0 Actually, the facade of the Urakami Cathedral was supposed to become the one.\u00a0 See \u2192 \u00a0\u00a0urakami-cathedral-nagasaki.jpg (208\u00d7186) (transcend.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

Today, a piece of the facade is exhibited at the southern edge of the Nagasaki Peace Park.\u00a0 See \u2192\u00a0\u00a0 https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/nipponya.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/Urakami_4.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n

Why only that piece?\u00a0 Because the facade itself was dismantled due to the U.S.-Christian politics.<\/p>\n

See \u2192 “The Politics of Reconstruction and Reconciliation in U.S-Japan Relations\u2014Dismantling the Atomic Bomb Ruins of Nagasaki\u2019s Urakami Cathedra<\/em><\/a>l<\/a>”<\/p>\n

What the author heard:<\/strong><\/p>\n

When the workers in Nagasaki were working to dismantle the facade n accordance with the instructions, they failed to do it many times because regardless of their many attempts, the facade did not fall down. It kept standing still. Some of the workers said that it was as if the facade resisted to the workers\u2019 attempts.\u00a0 When finally the facade fell down to the ground, it produced the deep sound, \u201cKeeeeeh!\u201d\u00a0 It was as if the sound was the final cry of the grief of the facade. All the workers, then, remained silent.<\/p>\n

1971<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0The Troubles<\/a>: In\u00a0Northern Ireland<\/a>, the British authorities launch\u00a0Operation Demetrius<\/a>. The operation involves the mass arrest and internment without trial of individuals suspected of being affiliated with the\u00a0Irish Republican Army<\/a>\u00a0(PIRA). Mass riots follow, and thousands of people flee or are forced out of their homes.<\/p>\n

1974<\/strong>\u00a0 As a direct result of the\u00a0Watergate scandal<\/a>,\u00a0Richard Nixon<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first President of the United States to resign from office.\u00a0Vice President<\/a>\u00a0Gerald Ford<\/a>\u00a0becomes president.<\/p>\n

—————————-<\/p>\n

10 August <\/strong><\/p>\n

1557<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Battle of St. Quentin<\/a>: Spanish victory over the French in the\u00a0Italian War of 1551\u201359<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1585<\/strong>\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Nonsuch<\/a>\u00a0signed by\u00a0Elizabeth I of England<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Dutch Rebels<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1792<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0French Revolution<\/a>:\u00a0Storming of the Tuileries Palace<\/a>:\u00a0Louis XVI of France<\/a>\u00a0is arrested and taken into custody as his\u00a0Swiss Guards<\/a>\u00a0are massacred by the Parisian mob.<\/p>\n

1864<\/strong>\u00a0 After Uruguay’s governing\u00a0Blanco Party<\/a>\u00a0refuses Brazil’s demands,\u00a0Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f4nio Saraiva<\/a>\u00a0announces that the Brazilian military will begin reprisals, beginning the\u00a0Uruguayan War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1905<\/strong>\u00a0 Russo-Japanese War<\/a>: Peace negotiations begin in\u00a0Portsmouth, New Hampshire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1913<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Second Balkan War<\/a>: Delegates from\u00a0Bulgaria<\/a>,\u00a0Romania<\/a>,\u00a0Serbia<\/a>,\u00a0Montenegro<\/a>, and Greece sign the\u00a0Treaty of Bucharest<\/a>, ending the war.<\/p>\n

1920<\/strong>\u00a0 World War I<\/a>:\u00a0Ottoman sultan<\/a>\u00a0Mehmed VI<\/a>‘s representatives sign the\u00a0Treaty of S\u00e8vres<\/a>\u00a0that divides up the\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>\u00a0between the\u00a0Allies<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Guam<\/a>\u00a0comes to an effective end.<\/p>\n

1944<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Battle of Narva<\/a>\u00a0ends with a defensive German victory.<\/p>\n

1953<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0First Indochina War<\/a>: The\u00a0French Union<\/a>\u00a0withdraws its forces from\u00a0Operation Camargue<\/a>\u00a0against the\u00a0Viet Minh<\/a>\u00a0in central\u00a0Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1961<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Vietnam War<\/a>: The U.S. Army begins\u00a0Operation Ranch Hand<\/a>, spraying an estimated 20\u00a0million US gallons (76,000\u00a0m3) of defoliants and herbicides over rural areas of South Vietnam in an attempt to deprive the\u00a0Viet Cong<\/a>\u00a0of food and vegetation cover.<\/p>\n

1993<\/strong>\u00a0 Two\u00a0earthquakes affect New Zealand<\/a>. A 7.0 Mw\u202f shock (intensity VI (Strong<\/em>)) in the\u00a0South Island<\/a>\u00a0was followed nine hours later by a 6.4 Mw\u202f event (intensity VII (Very strong<\/em>)) in the North Island.<\/p>\n

—————————-<\/p>\n

11 August <\/strong><\/p>\n

3114BC<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The\u00a0Mesoamerican Long Count calendar<\/a>, used by several\u00a0pre-Columbian<\/a>\u00a0Mesoamerican<\/a>\u00a0civilizations, notably the\u00a0Maya<\/a>, begins.<\/p>\n

490<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Battle of Adda <\/a>River<\/a>: The\u00a0Goths<\/a>\u00a0under\u00a0Theodoric the Great<\/a>\u00a0and his ally\u00a0Alaric II<\/a>\u00a0defeat the forces of\u00a0Odoacer<\/a>\u00a0on the\u00a0Adda River<\/a>, near\u00a0Milan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1315<\/strong>\u00a0 The\u00a0Great Famine of Europe<\/a>\u00a0becomes so dire that even the king of England has difficulties buying bread for himself and his entourage.<\/p>\n

1332<\/strong>\u00a0 Wars of Scottish Independence<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Dupplin Moor<\/a>: Scots under\u00a0Domhnall II, Earl of Mar<\/a>\u00a0are routed by\u00a0Edward Balliol<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1473<\/strong>\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of Otlukbeli<\/a>:\u00a0Mehmed the Conqueror<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>\u00a0decisively defeats\u00a0Uzun Hassan<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Aq Qoyunlu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1675<\/strong>\u00a0 Franco-Dutch War<\/a>: Forces of the\u00a0Holy Roman Empire<\/a>\u00a0defeat the\u00a0French<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Battle of Konzer Br\u00fccke<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1812<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Peninsular War<\/a>: French troops engage\u00a0British<\/a>–Portuguese<\/a>\u00a0forces in the\u00a0Battle of Majadahonda<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1898<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Spanish\u2013American War<\/a>: American troops enter the city of\u00a0Mayag\u00fcez, Puerto Rico<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918<\/strong>\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Amiens<\/a>\u00a0ends.<\/p>\n

1920<\/strong>\u00a0 The\u00a0Latvian\u2013Soviet Peace Treaty<\/a>, which relinquished\u00a0Russia<\/a>‘s authority and pretenses to\u00a0Latvia<\/a>, is signed, ending the\u00a0Latvian War of Independence<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1962<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Vostok 3<\/a>\u00a0launches from the\u00a0Baikonur Cosmodrome<\/a>\u00a0and cosmonaut\u00a0Andrian Nikolayev<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first person to float in\u00a0microgravity<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Vietnam War<\/a>: The last United States ground combat unit leaves\u00a0South Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1972 in the Vietnam War – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1975<\/strong>\u00a0 East Timor<\/a>: Governor\u00a0M\u00e1rio Lemos Pires<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Portuguese Timor<\/a>\u00a0abandons the capital\u00a0Dili<\/a>, following a coup by the\u00a0Timorese Democratic Union<\/a>\u00a0(UDT) and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and\u00a0Fretilin<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003<\/strong>\u00a0 NATO<\/a>\u00a0takes over command of the\u00a0peacekeeping force<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Afghanistan<\/a>, marking its first major operation outside\u00a0Europe<\/a>\u00a0in its 54-year-history.<\/p>\n

What Are the Basic Principles of Peacekeeping?\u00a0 In the case of the UN Peacekeeping, there are three basic principles as follows:<\/p>\n

Quote:<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are three basic principles that continue to set UN peacekeeping operations apart as a tool for maintaining international peace and security.<\/p>\n

These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Consent of the parties<\/li>\n
  2. Impartiality<\/li>\n
  3. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Unquote:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Source:<\/strong> Principles of peacekeeping | United Nations Peacekeeping<\/a><\/p>\n

    Some questions on the Peacekeeping of NATO can be raised. A few of them may be as follows:<\/p>\n

    – What are the basic principles of the peacekeeping of NATO?<\/p>\n

    – NATO was one of the warring parties in the War in Afghanistan<\/a>.\u00a0 Were the principles of the UN peacekeeping applied to NATO\u2019s peacekeeping in Afghanistan?\u00a0 If that was the case, for instance, how was it possible to be considered that NATO was \u201cimpartial\u201d in its peacekeeping in Afghanistan?<\/p>\n

    – Are the principles of NATO overall the same as those of the UN? (Or are there any substantial differences?<\/p>\n

    – What is \u201cpeacekeeping\u201d for NATO?\u00a0 (Or what is the definition of NATO\u2019s peacekeeping?)<\/p>\n

    – Why were not the UN Peacekeepers introduced to Afghanistan, instead of NATO\u2019s peacekeepers?<\/p>\n

    – What did the general public in Afghanistan consider NATO\u2019s peacekeepers?\u00a0 Did they consider the NATO forces as the peacekeepers or the occupation forces?<\/p>\n

    – What are the substantial or essential differences between the role of the Allied \u201cOccupation\u201d Forces of Japan, which brought the political reform to that country and that of the NATO\u2019s \u201cpeacekeepers\u201d to Afghanistan?<\/p>\n

    – What happened to \u201cNATO\u2019s Peacekeeping Operation\u201d when the U.S. troops withdrew from Afghanistan?\u00a0 See \u2192\u00a0 Withdrawal of United States troops from Afgh anistan (2020\u20132021) \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    – How about NATO\u2019s Peacekeeping in Kosovo, for instance?<\/p>\n

    Apart from the above-mentioned questions, by the way, did NATO\u2019s peacekeepers know that the national flower of Afghanistan was the tulip?<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Afghanistan National Flower: Tulip (nationalopedia.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

    How much did NATO\u2019s peacekeepers respect the culture of the country of their assignment, Afghanistan, for instance?<\/p>\n

    If Confucius was alive in 2003, he might have said, for instance, \u201cEvery country has beauty, but not every soldier (or every peacekeeper) in the country of their assignment sees it.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

    —————————–<\/p>\n

    12 August
    \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1099<\/strong>\u00a0 First Crusade<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Ascalon<\/a>\u00a0Crusaders under the command of\u00a0Godfrey of Bouillon<\/a>\u00a0defeat\u00a0Fatimid<\/a>\u00a0forces led by\u00a0Al-Afdal Shahanshah<\/a>. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade<\/p>\n

    1323<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0Treaty of N\u00f6teborg<\/a>\u00a0between Sweden and\u00a0Novgorod Republic<\/a>\u00a0is signed, regulating the border between the two countries for the first time.<\/p>\n

    1492<\/strong>\u00a0 Christopher Columbus<\/a>\u00a0arrives in the\u00a0Canary Islands<\/a>\u00a0on his first voyage to the New World.<\/p>\n

    1765<\/strong>\u00a0 Treaty of Allahabad<\/a>\u00a0is signed. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of\u00a0Company rule in India<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1898<\/strong>\u00a0 The\u00a0Hawaiian flag<\/a>\u00a0is lowered from\u00a0\u02bbIolani Palace<\/a>\u00a0in an elaborate annexation ceremony and replaced with the\u00a0flag of the United States<\/a>\u00a0to signify the transfer of sovereignty from the\u00a0Republic of Hawaii<\/a>\u00a0to the United States.<\/p>\n

    1914<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0World War I<\/a>: The United Kingdom and the\u00a0British Empire<\/a>\u00a0declare war on\u00a0Austria-Hungary<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1944<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Nazi German<\/a>\u00a0troops end the week-long\u00a0Wola massacre<\/a>, during which time at least 40,000 people are killed indiscriminately or in mass executions.<\/p>\n

    1948<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Babrra massacre<\/a>: About 600 unarmed members of the\u00a0Khudai Khidmatgar<\/a>\u00a0movement are shot dead on the orders of the Chief Minister of the\u00a0North-West Frontier Province<\/a>,\u00a0Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri<\/a>, on Babrra ground in the\u00a0Hashtnagar<\/a>\u00a0region of\u00a0Charsadda District<\/a>, North-West Frontier Province (now\u00a0Khyber Pakhtunkhwa<\/a>), Pakistan.<\/p>\n

    1950<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Korean War<\/a>:\u00a0Bloody Gulch massacre<\/a>: 75 American POWs are massacred by the\u00a0North Korean Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1952<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0Night of the Murdered Poets<\/a>: Thirteen prominent Jewish intellectuals are murdered in Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union.<\/p>\n

    1981<\/strong>\u00a0 The\u00a0IBM Personal Computer<\/a>\u00a0is released.<\/p>\n

    1985<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Japan Airlines Flight 123<\/a>\u00a0crashes into\u00a0Osutaka<\/a>\u00a0ridge in\u00a0Gunma Prefecture<\/a>, Japan, killing 520, to become the worst single-plane air disaster.<\/p>\n

    2016<\/strong>\u00a0 Syrian civil war<\/a>: The\u00a0Syrian Democratic Forces<\/a>\u00a0(SDF)\u00a0capture<\/a>\u00a0the city of\u00a0Manbij<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant<\/a>\u00a0(ISIL)<\/p>\n

    —————————–<\/p>\n

    13 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

    29BC<\/strong> \u00a0Octavian<\/a>\u00a0holds the first of three consecutive\u00a0triumphs<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Rome<\/a>\u00a0to celebrate the victory over the\u00a0Dalmatian tribes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    582<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Maurice<\/a>\u00a0becomes\u00a0Emperor<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Byzantine Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1819<\/strong>\u00a0 Spanish\u2013American War<\/a>: Spanish and American forces engage in a\u00a0mock battle<\/a>\u00a0for\u00a0Manila<\/a>, after which the Spanish commander surrendered in order to keep the city out of Filipino rebel hands.<\/p>\n

    1905<\/strong>\u00a0 Norwegians\u00a0vote<\/a>\u00a0to end the union with Sweden.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Union between Sweden and Norway \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Norway – Union Conflict, 1859-1905 | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendum \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    1918<\/strong>\u00a0 Women enlist in the\u00a0United States Marine Corps<\/a>\u00a0for the first time.\u00a0Opha May Johnson<\/a>\u00a0is the first woman to enlist.<\/p>\n

    1920<\/strong>\u00a0 Polish\u2013Soviet War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Warsaw<\/a>\u00a0begins and will last till\u00a0August 25<\/a>. The\u00a0Red Army<\/a>\u00a0is defeated.<\/p>\n

    1937<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Second Sino-Japanese War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Shanghai<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

    1961<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Cold War<\/a>:\u00a0East Germany<\/a>\u00a0closes the border between the\u00a0eastern<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0western sectors<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Berlin<\/a>\u00a0to thwart its inhabitants’ attempts to escape to the\u00a0West<\/a>, and construction of the\u00a0Berlin Wall<\/a>\u00a0is started. The day is known as\u00a0Barbed Wire Sunday<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    2008<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Russo-Georgian War<\/a>: Russian units\u00a0occupy<\/a>\u00a0the Georgian city of\u00a0Gori<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    2020<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Israel\u2013United Arab Emirates relations<\/a>\u00a0are formally established.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Israel\u2013United Arab Emirates relations \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Israel\u2013United Arab Emirates normalization agreement – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Five reasons why Israel’s peace deals with the UAE and Bahrain matter – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

    _____________________________________________<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Satoshi Ashikaga is <\/i><\/span><\/span>a member of the <\/i><\/span><\/span>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.\u00a0 His interest and\/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project\/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental\/ecological issues, audio\/visual documentation of nature and culture, and more.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    7-13 August 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":62806,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-241024","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241024","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=241024"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241024\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":241028,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241024\/revisions\/241028"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=241024"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=241024"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=241024"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}