{"id":241468,"date":"2023-08-14T12:00:13","date_gmt":"2023-08-14T11:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=241468"},"modified":"2023-08-10T06:14:39","modified_gmt":"2023-08-10T05:14:39","slug":"this-week-in-history-164","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/08\/this-week-in-history-164\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

14 \u2013 20 August 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cIf a branch is too rigid, it will break. Resist, and you will perish. Know how to yield, and you will survive.<\/em><\/a>\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – Liezi<\/a><\/p>\n

—————————<\/p>\n

14 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

1791\u00a0 \u00a0Slaves from plantations in\u00a0Saint-Domingue<\/a>\u00a0hold a\u00a0Vodou<\/a>\u00a0ceremony led by\u00a0houngan<\/a>\u00a0Dutty Boukman<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0Bois Ca\u00efman<\/a>, marking the start of the\u00a0Haitian Revolution<\/a><\/p>\n

1816\u00a0 The United Kingdom formally annexes the\u00a0Tristan da Cunha<\/a>\u00a0archipelago, administering the islands from the\u00a0Cape Colony<\/a>\u00a0in South Africa.<\/p>\n

1900\u00a0 \u00a0Battle of Peking<\/a>: The\u00a0Eight-Nation Alliance<\/a>\u00a0occupies Beijing, China, in a campaign to end the bloody\u00a0Boxer Rebellion<\/a>\u00a0in China.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0\u00a0China declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.<\/a><\/p>\n

1941\u00a0\u00a0Atlantic Charter<\/a>\u00a0is declared.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Atlantic Charter<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe origin of the\u00a0Charter<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/a>of the\u00a0United Nations<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/a>can be traced back to the\u00a0Atlantic<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/a>Charter, signed on 14 August 1941\u2026<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u201d.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

1945\u00a0\u00a0V-J Day<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The\u00a0Hirohito surrender broadcast<\/a>\u00a0(Japanese<\/a>:\u00a0\u7389\u97f3\u653e\u9001,\u00a0Hepburn<\/a>:\u00a0Gyokuon-h\u014ds\u014d<\/strong><\/em>, \u201cbroadcast in the emperor\u2019s voice\u201d)\u00a0was a radio broadcast of surrender given by\u00a0Hirohito<\/a>, the\u00a0emperor of Japan<\/a>, on 15 August 1945, JST. (14 August 1945, EDT)<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Imperial Rescript on Surrender \u2013 Wikisource, the free online library<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Did Japan Surrender Because of the Atomic Bomb? \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0When the Shooting Stopped, August 1945 > Naval Aviation News Magazine > Article Display (dodlive.mil)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Japan\u2019s Last Kamikaze Attack of WW2 | The Last Kamikaze Pilot: Admiral Matome Ugaki \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2192 One of the author\u2019s elementary school teachers was a former Kamikaze pilot. Before his turn, the War ended.\u00a0 After facing his death, he decided to teach the importance of peace to the school children.\u00a0 He was big and strong. He was a judo man with the fifth dan black belt. Therefore, some children who did not know about him were very afraid of him. However, he was really warmhearted and very kind. He was one of the very best teachers the author has ever met. Years have passed. His image and warm kindness have still been vividly alive in the author\u2019s mind.<\/p>\n

1947\u00a0\u00a0Pakistan<\/a>\u00a0gains\u00a0independence<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0British Empire<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 \u00a0The Troubles<\/a>: British troops are deployed in\u00a0Northern Ireland<\/a>\u00a0as\u00a0political and sectarian violence breaks out<\/a>, marking the start of the 37-year\u00a0Operation Banner<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 \u00a0Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa<\/a>\u00a0leads strikes at the\u00a0Gda\u0144sk<\/a>, Poland shipyards.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0\u00a0Lebanon War<\/a>: A ceasefire takes effect three days after the\u00a0United Nations Security Council<\/a>\u2019s approval of\u00a0United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701<\/a>, formally ending hostilities between\u00a0Lebanon<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Israel<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 \u00a0Sri Lankan Civil War<\/a>: Sixty-one schoolgirls killed in\u00a0Chencholai bombing<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0Sri Lankan Air Force<\/a>\u00a0air strike.<\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 The\u00a0Kahtaniya bombings<\/a>\u00a0kills at least 500 people.<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 \u00a0Egypt<\/a>\u00a0declares a\u00a0state of emergency<\/a>\u00a0as security forces\u00a0kill hundreds of demonstrators<\/a>\u00a0supporting former president\u00a0Mohamed Morsi<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2015 The\u00a0US Embassy<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Havana, Cuba<\/a>\u00a0re-opens after 54 years of being closed when\u00a0Cuba\u2013United States relations<\/a>\u00a0were broken off.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

15 August\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

1519\u00a0\u00a0Panama City, Panama<\/a>\u00a0is founded.<\/p>\n

1592\u00a0 \u00a0Imjin War<\/a>: At the\u00a0Battle of Hansan Island<\/a>, the Korean Navy, led by\u00a0Yi Sun-sin<\/a>,\u00a0Yi Eok-gi<\/a>, and\u00a0Won Gyun<\/a>, decisively defeats the Japanese Navy, led by\u00a0Wakisaka Yasuharu<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1760\u00a0 \u00a0Seven Years\u2019 War<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Liegnitz<\/a>:\u00a0Frederick the Great<\/a>\u2018s victory over the\u00a0Austrians<\/a>\u00a0under\u00a0Ernst Gideon von Laudon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1863\u00a0 The\u00a0Anglo-Satsuma War<\/a>\u00a0begins between the\u00a0Satsuma Domain<\/a>\u00a0of Japan and the United Kingdom (Traditional\u00a0Japanese date<\/a>: July 2, 1863).<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 The\u00a0Panama Canal<\/a>\u00a0opens to traffic with the transit of the cargo ship\u00a0SS\u00a0<\/a>Ancon<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 \u00a0World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0First Russian Army<\/a>, led by\u00a0Paul von Rennenkampf<\/a>, enters\u00a0East Prussia<\/a>..<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 World War I: Beginning of the\u00a0Battle of Cer<\/a>, the first\u00a0Allied<\/a>\u00a0victory of World War I.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 \u00a0Polish\u2013Soviet War<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Warsaw<\/a>, so-called Miracle at the Vistula.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 \u00a0Emperor Hirohito<\/a>\u00a0broadcasts his declaration of surrender<\/a>\u00a0following the effective\u00a0surrender of Japan<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0World War II<\/a>;\u00a0Korea<\/a>\u00a0gains\u00a0independence<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0Empire of Japan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201c<\/a>To Bear the Unbearable\u201d: Japan\u2019s Surrender, Part I | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans (nationalww2museum.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Why Japan went to war \u2013 Asia Times<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Surrender of Japan \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Timeline: Last Days of Imperial Japan (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The End of World War II in Japan and the Question of Democracy | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans (nationalww2museum.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0How the US and Japan Went From Enemies to Allies After WWII | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance | Council on Foreign Relations (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Why did the United States want control over Japan? \u00a0 \u2013 eNotes.com<\/a><\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 \u00a0President\u00a0Richard Nixon<\/a>\u00a0completes the break from the\u00a0gold standard<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0ending<\/a>\u00a0convertibility of the\u00a0United States dollar<\/a>\u00a0into gold by foreign investors.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nixon shock \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Here\u2019s Why the U.S. No Longer Follows a Gold Standard (stlouisfed.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Gold Standard Didn\u2019t Disappear In 1971, It Just Went Underground (forbes.com<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0History of the Gold Standard \u2013 ProCon.org<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bitcoin Vs. Gold: 10 Experts Told Us Which Asset They\u2019d Rather Hold (businessinsider.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gold-backed BRICS currency \u2018makes sense\u2019 and the U.S. is \u2018in a recession now\u2019 \u2013 Lobo Tiggre | Kitco News<\/a><\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 \u00a0Bahrain<\/a>\u00a0declares independence from Britain.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0\u00a0Vietnam War<\/a>: The USAF\u00a0bombing of Cambodia<\/a>\u00a0ends.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Secret Bombing of Cambodia \u2013 Nixon\u2019s Fatal Decision (cambodiabombing.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWhen President\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/a>Richard Nixon<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0ordered U.S. ground troops to invade Cambodia on April 28, 1970, he waited two days to announce on national television the Cambodian incursion had begun.<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0How Nixon\u2019s Invasion of Cambodia Triggered a Check on Presidential Power | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

2005 \u00a0Israel\u2019s unilateral disengagement plan<\/a>\u00a0to evict all\u00a0Israelis<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0Gaza Strip<\/a>\u00a0and from four\u00a0settlements<\/a>\u00a0in the northern\u00a0West Bank<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

2021\u00a0 \u00a0Kabul<\/a>\u00a0falls<\/a>\u00a0into the hands of the\u00a0Taliban<\/a>\u00a0as\u00a0Ashraf Ghani<\/a>\u00a0flees Afghanistan along with local residents and foreign nationals, effectively reestablishing the\u00a0Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

16 August\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

1870\u00a0\u00a0Franco-Prussian War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Mars-la-Tour<\/a>\u00a0is fought, resulting in a\u00a0Prussian<\/a>\u00a0victory.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 \u00a0Polish\u2013Soviet War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Radzymin<\/a>\u00a0concludes; the Soviet\u00a0Red Army<\/a>\u00a0is forced to turn away from\u00a0Warsaw<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 The\u00a01929 Palestine riots<\/a>\u00a0break out in\u00a0Mandatory Palestine<\/a>\u00a0between\u00a0Palestinian Arabs<\/a>\u00a0and Jews and continue until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Arabs are killed.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0\u00a0Cyprus<\/a>\u00a0gains its independence from the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 \u00a0Vietnam War<\/a>: A\u00a0coup d\u2019\u00e9tat<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0replaces\u00a0D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Minh<\/a>\u00a0with General\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u00e1nh<\/a>\u00a0as President of\u00a0South Vietnam<\/a>. A new\u00a0constitution<\/a>\u00a0is established with aid from the\u00a0U.S. Embassy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 Vietnam War: The\u00a0House Un-American Activities Committee<\/a>\u00a0begins investigations of Americans who have aided the\u00a0Viet Cong<\/a>. The committee intends to introduce legislation making these activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupt the meeting and 50 people are arrested.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 Australian Prime Minister\u00a0Gough Whitlam<\/a>\u00a0symbolically hands over land to the\u00a0Gurindji people<\/a>\u00a0after the eight-year\u00a0Wave Hill walk-off<\/a>, a landmark event in the history of\u00a0Indigenous land rights in Australia<\/a>, commemorated in a 1991 song by\u00a0Paul Kelly<\/a>\u00a0and an annual celebration.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

17 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

1808\u00a0 The\u00a0Finnish War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Alavus<\/a>\u00a0is fought.<\/p>\n

1876\u00a0 \u00a0Richard Wagner<\/a>\u2018s\u00a0G\u00f6tterd\u00e4mmerung<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, the last opera in his\u00a0Ring\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/a>cycle, premieres at the\u00a0Bayreuth Festspielhaus<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Wagner G\u00f6tterd\u00e4mmerung \u2013 Siegfried\u2019s death and Funeral march Klaus Tennstedt London Philharmonic \u2013 YouTube<\/a>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 \u00a0World War I<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Stallup\u00f6nen<\/a>: The German army of\u00a0General<\/a>\u00a0Hermann von Fran\u00e7ois<\/a>\u00a0defeats the Russian force commanded by\u00a0Paul von Rennenkampf<\/a>\u00a0near modern-day\u00a0Nesterov<\/a>, Russia.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 World War I:\u00a0Romania<\/a>\u00a0signs a\u00a0secret treaty<\/a>\u00a0with the\u00a0Entente Powers<\/a>. According to the treaty, Romania agreed to join the war on the Allied side.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 \u00a0Sukarno<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Mohammad Hatta<\/a>\u00a0proclaim the independence<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Indonesia<\/a>, igniting the\u00a0Indonesian National Revolution<\/a>\u00a0against the\u00a0Dutch Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 \u00a0Matsukawa derailment<\/a>: Unknown saboteurs cause a\u00a0passenger train<\/a>\u00a0to derail and overturn in\u00a0Fukushima Prefecture<\/a>,\u00a0Japan<\/a>, killing three crew members and igniting a political firestorm between the\u00a0Japanese Communist Party<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0government of Occupied Japan<\/a>\u00a0that will eventually lead to the\u00a0Japanese Red Purge<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 First meeting of\u00a0Narcotics Anonymous<\/a>\u00a0takes place, in\u00a0Southern California<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 The 7.6 Mw\u202f\u00a0\u0130zmit earthquake<\/a>\u00a0shakes northwestern\u00a0Turkey<\/a>\u00a0with a maximum\u00a0Mercalli intensity<\/a>\u00a0of IX (Violent<\/strong><\/em>), leaving 17,118\u201317,127 dead and 43,953\u201350,000 injured.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

18 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

1945\u00a0\u00a0Sukarno<\/a>\u00a0takes office as the\u00a0first president of Indonesia<\/a>, following the country\u2019s declaration of independence the previous day.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 \u00a0Soviet-Japanese War<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Shumshu<\/a>: Soviet forces land at Takeda Beach on\u00a0Shumshu Island<\/a>\u00a0and launch the\u00a0Battle of Shumshu<\/a>; the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u2019s\u00a0Invasion of the Kuril Islands<\/a>\u00a0commences.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 \u00a0Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0Operation Starlite<\/a>\u00a0begins:\u00a0United States Marines<\/a>\u00a0destroy a\u00a0Viet Cong<\/a>\u00a0stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in the first major American ground battle of the war.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 Vietnam War: Australia and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from\u00a0Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 The\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u2019s robotic probe\u00a0Luna 24<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0successfully lands on the\u00a0Moon<\/a><\/p>\n

2008\u00a0\u00a0War\u00a0<\/a>in<\/a>\u00a0Afghanistan<\/a>: The\u00a0Uzbin Valley ambush<\/a>\u00a0occurs.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Afghanistan War | History, Combatants, Facts, & Timeline | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Why NATO Failed in Afghanistan \u2013 The Geopolitics<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0NATO\u2019s Approach to Peace Operations and Peacebuilding | SpringerLink<\/a><\/p>\n

2019\u00a0 One hundred activists, officials, and other concerned citizens in\u00a0Iceland<\/a>\u00a0hold a funeral for\u00a0Okj\u00f6kull glacier<\/a>, which has completely melted after having once covered six square miles (15.5\u00a0km2).<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Why are glaciers and sea ice melting? | Pages | WWF (worldwildlife.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0How do glaciers affect sea level rise? \u2013 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (whoi.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

19 August\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

295BC\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The first temple to\u00a0Venus<\/a>, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by\u00a0Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges<\/a>\u00a0during the\u00a0Third Samnite War<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1666\u00a0 \u00a0Second Anglo-Dutch War<\/a>: Rear Admiral\u00a0Robert Holmes<\/a>\u00a0leads a raid on the Dutch island of\u00a0Terschelling<\/a>, destroying 150 merchant ships, an act later known as \u201cHolmes\u2019s Bonfire<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 The\u00a0Tambov Rebellion<\/a>\u00a0breaks out, in response to the\u00a0Bolshevik<\/a>\u00a0policy of\u00a0Prodrazvyorstka<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 The\u00a0German referendum of 1934<\/a>\u00a0approves\u00a0Adolf Hitler<\/a>\u2018s appointment as head of state with the title of\u00a0F\u00fchrer<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1936\u00a0 The\u00a0Great Purge<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0begins when the first of the\u00a0Moscow Trials<\/a>\u00a0is convened.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 \u00a0Germany<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Romania<\/a>\u00a0sign the\u00a0Tiraspol Agreement<\/a>, rendering the region of\u00a0Transnistria<\/a>\u00a0under control of the latter.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Liberation of Paris<\/a>: Paris, France rises against German occupation with the help of Allied troops.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cFrom August 19 to General de Gaulle\u2019s triumphal parade down the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es on August 26, 1944, Paris rose against the enemy<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 \u00a0August Revolution<\/a>:\u00a0Viet Minh<\/a>\u00a0led by\u00a0Ho Chi Minh<\/a>\u00a0take power in Hanoi, Vietnam.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0\u00a0Cold War<\/a>: The\u00a0CIA<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0MI6<\/a>\u00a0help to\u00a0overthrow<\/a>\u00a0the government of\u00a0Mohammad Mosaddegh<\/a>\u00a0in Iran and reinstate the\u00a0Shah<\/a>\u00a0Mohammad Reza Pahlavi<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 Cold War: In Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union, downed American\u00a0U-2<\/a>\u00a0pilot\u00a0Francis Gary Powers<\/a>\u00a0is sentenced to ten years imprisonment by the Soviet Union for\u00a0espionage<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 \u00a0Sputnik program<\/a>:\u00a0Korabl-Sputnik 2<\/strong><\/em><\/a>: The Soviet Union launches the satellite with the\u00a0dogs<\/a>\u00a0Belka and Strelka<\/a>, 40 mice, two rats and a variety of plants.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 \u00a0Polish president\u00a0Wojciech Jaruzelski<\/a>\u00a0nominates\u00a0Solidarity<\/a>\u00a0activist\u00a0Tadeusz Mazowiecki<\/a>\u00a0to be the first non-communist<\/a>\u00a0prime minister<\/a>\u00a0in 42 years.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Several hundred\u00a0East Germans<\/a>\u00a0cross the frontier between Hungary and Austria during the\u00a0Pan-European Picnic<\/a>, part of the events that began the process of the\u00a0Fall of the Berlin Wall<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 \u00a0Dissolution of the Soviet Union<\/a>: The\u00a0August Coup<\/a>\u00a0begins when\u00a0Soviet President<\/a>\u00a0Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>\u00a0is placed under\u00a0house arrest<\/a>\u00a0while on holiday in the town of\u00a0Foros, Ukraine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 \u00a0In\u00a0Belgrade<\/a>,\u00a0Yugoslavia<\/a>, tens of thousands of\u00a0Serbians<\/a>\u00a0rally to demand the resignation of\u00a0Federal Republic of Yugoslavia President<\/a>\u00a0Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 A\u00a0truck-bomb attack<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0United Nations<\/a>\u00a0headquarters in\u00a0Iraq<\/a>\u00a0kills the agency\u2019s top envoy\u00a0S\u00e9rgio Vieira de Mello<\/a>\u00a0and 21 other employees.<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 The first-ever joint military exercise between Russia and China, called\u00a0Peace Mission 2005<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 \u00a0Operation Iraqi Freedom<\/a>\u00a0ends, with the last of the United States\u00a0brigade<\/a>\u00a0combat teams crossing the border to\u00a0Kuwait<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0NATO\u00a0\u2013 Topic:\u00a0NATO Mission Iraq<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0NATO \u2013 Topic: NATO and the 2003 campaign against Iraq<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0NMI |\u00a0NATO\u00a0Mission\u00a0Iraq\u00a0\u2013 Allied Joint Force Command Naples<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

20 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

1710\u00a0\u00a0War of the Spanish Succession<\/a>: A multinational army led by the Austrian commander\u00a0Guido Starhemberg<\/a>\u00a0defeats the Spanish-Bourbon army commanded by\u00a0Alexandre Ma\u00eetre, Marquis de Bay<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Battle of Saragossa<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1794\u00a0 \u00a0Northwest Indian War<\/a>: United States troops force a confederacy of\u00a0Shawnee<\/a>,\u00a0Mingo<\/a>,\u00a0Delaware<\/a>,\u00a0Wyandot<\/a>,\u00a0Miami<\/a>,\u00a0Ottawa<\/a>,\u00a0Chippewa<\/a>, and\u00a0Potawatomi<\/a>\u00a0warriors into a disorganized retreat at the\u00a0Battle of Fallen Timbers<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0\u00a0World War I<\/a>:\u00a0Brussels<\/a>\u00a0is captured during the\u00a0German invasion of Belgium<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0\u00a0World War II<\/a>:\u00a0British Prime Minister<\/a>\u00a0Winston Churchill<\/a>\u00a0makes the fourth of his famous wartime speeches, containing the line \u201cNever was so much owed by so many to so few<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0One hundred sixty-eight captured allied airmen<\/a>, including\u00a0Phil Lamason<\/a>, accused by the\u00a0Gestapo<\/a>\u00a0of being \u201cterror fliers\u201d, arrive at\u00a0Buchenwald concentration camp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 \u00a0World War II: The\u00a0Battle of Romania<\/a>\u00a0begins with a major\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0offensive.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 \u00a0Hungary<\/a>\u00a0adopts the\u00a0Hungarian Constitution of 1949<\/a>\u00a0and becomes a\u00a0People\u2019s Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 \u00a0Battle of Philippeville<\/a>: In\u00a0Morocco<\/a>, a force of\u00a0Berbers<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0Atlas Mountains<\/a>\u00a0region of\u00a0Algeria<\/a>\u00a0raid two rural settlements and kill 77 French nationals.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0\u00a0Iran\u2013Iraq War<\/a>: A ceasefire is agreed after almost eight years of war.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Iran-Iraq War \u2013 Summary, Timeline & Legacy (history.com<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Iran-Iraq War summary | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0How the Iran-Iraq war will shape the region for decades to come | Brookings<\/a><\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 \u00a0Dissolution of the Soviet Union<\/a>,\u00a0August Coup<\/a>: More than 100,000 people rally outside the Soviet Union\u2019s parliament building protesting the\u00a0coup<\/a>\u00a0aiming to depose\u00a0President<\/a>\u00a0Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0History of the Soviet Union \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Soviet Union \u2013 Countries, Cold War & Collapse | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse? | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0How the Soviet Union\u2019s collapse explains the current Russia-Ukraine tension : NPR<\/a><\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 \u00a0Estonia<\/a>, occupied by and incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940, issues a decision on the re-establishment of independence on the basis of\u00a0legal continuity<\/a>\u00a0of its pre-occupation statehood.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 \u00a0U.S. embassy bombings<\/a>: The United States launches\u00a0cruise missile attacks<\/a>\u00a0against alleged\u00a0al-Qaeda<\/a>\u00a0camps<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Afghanistan<\/a>\u00a0and a\u00a0suspected chemical\u00a0<\/a>weapons plant<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Sudan<\/a>\u00a0in retaliation for the\u00a0August 7<\/a>\u00a0bombings of American embassies in\u00a0Kenya<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Tanzania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 \u00a0Sri Lankan Civil War<\/a>: Sri Lankan Tamil politician and former MP\u00a0S. Sivamaharajah<\/a>\u00a0is shot dead at his home in\u00a0Tellippalai<\/a>.<\/p>\n

_____________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/strong><\/a>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.\u00a0 His interest and\/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, mathematics, quantum science, project\/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental\/ecological issues, audio\/visual documentation of nature and culture, and more.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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