{"id":242512,"date":"2023-08-21T12:00:38","date_gmt":"2023-08-21T11:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=242512"},"modified":"2023-08-18T08:14:57","modified_gmt":"2023-08-18T07:14:57","slug":"this-week-in-history-165","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/08\/this-week-in-history-165\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

21-27 August 2023<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cGod grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

— Reinhold Niebuhr<\/a><\/p>\n

————————<\/p>\n

21 August<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1770\u00a0 \u00a0James Cook<\/a>\u00a0formally claims eastern Australia for\u00a0Great Britain<\/a>, naming it\u00a0New South Wales<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 Leon Trotsky <\/a>is assassinated by a Stalinist agent while in exile in Mexico City<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 French resistance<\/a> member Pierre \u201cFabien\u201d Georges<\/a> commits the first violent act of resistance against the Germans in Paris when he assassinates a German naval cadet in the Barches-Rochechouart Metro station<\/a>. More than 150 Parisians would be shot by the Germans in reprisal.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A Timeline of Nazi Occupied Paris: June 14, 1940 to August 21, 1944 | Judy McCarver<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Barb\u00e8s metro attack, 80 years later – Jowhar somali news leader<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Paris in World War II \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 German military administration in occupied France during World War II \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>: The\u00a0Guadalcanal Campaign<\/a>: American forces defeat an attack by\u00a0Imperial Japanese Army<\/a>\u00a0soldiers in the\u00a0Battle of the Tenaru<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 \u00a0Dumbarton Oaks Conference<\/a>, prelude to the\u00a0United Nations<\/a>, begins.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dumbarton Oaks Conference | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History \u2014 Dumbarton Oaks (doaks.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Dumbarton Oaks Conversations and the United Nations, 1944\u20131994 \u2014 Dumbarton Oaks (doaks.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 \u00a0United States President<\/a>\u00a0Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a>\u00a0signs an executive order proclaiming Hawaii the 50th state of the union. Hawaii’s admission is currently commemorated by\u00a0Hawaii Admission Day<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Devastating Effects of Colonization on Hawai’i (arcgis.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Struggle For Hawaiian Sovereignty – Introduction | Cultural Survival<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hawaii\u2019s Long Road to Becoming America\u2019s 50th State | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Hawaii \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The History of Hawaii-US Relations (allthatsinteresting.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Cold War<\/a>:\u00a0Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu<\/a>, leader of the Socialist Republic of Romania, publicly condemns the\u00a0Soviet<\/a>-led\u00a0Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia<\/a>, encouraging the\u00a0Romanian<\/a>\u00a0population to arm itself against possible Soviet reprisals.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of events in the Cold War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cold War | Summary, Causes, History, Years, Timeline, & Facts | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Warsaw Pact \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Warsaw Pact | Summary, History, Countries, Map, Significance, & Facts | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NATO – Declassified: NATO and Warsaw Pact: Force Comparisons<\/a><\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 Lebanese Civil War<\/a>: The first troops of a\u00a0multinational force<\/a>\u00a0lands in\u00a0Beirut<\/a>\u00a0to oversee the\u00a0Palestine Liberation Organization<\/a>‘s withdrawal from\u00a0Lebanon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Lebanese Civil War From 1975-1990 (thoughtco.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lebanese Civil War summary | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Alert_21_Lebanon_civil_war.pdf (europa.eu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Wars and Conflicts of Lebanon (historyguy.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List of wars involving Lebanon – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 \u00a0Latvia<\/a>\u00a0declares renewal of its full independence after its occupation by the Soviet Union since 1940.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Coup attempt<\/a>\u00a0against\u00a0Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>\u00a0collapses.<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 Hundreds of people are reported killed by\u00a0chemical attacks<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Ghouta<\/a>\u00a0region of\u00a0Syria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

————————<\/p>\n

22 August<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1614\u00a0 \u00a0Fettmilch Uprising<\/a>: Jews are expelled from\u00a0Frankfurt<\/a>,\u00a0Holy Roman Empire<\/a>, following the plundering of the\u00a0Judengasse<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>: German troops begin the\u00a0Siege of Leningrad<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 Brazil<\/a>\u00a0declares war on\u00a0Germany<\/a>, Japan and\u00a0Italy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Holocaust of Kedros<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Crete<\/a>\u00a0by German forces.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 \u00a0Nicaraguan Revolution<\/a>: The\u00a0FLSN<\/a>\u00a0seizes the\u00a0National Congress of Nicaragua<\/a>, along with over a thousand hostages.<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 \u00a0Ethnic clashes<\/a>\u00a0over\u00a0grazing rights<\/a>\u00a0for cattle in Kenya’s\u00a0Tana River District<\/a>\u00a0result in more than 52 deaths<\/p>\n

————————<\/p>\n

23 August<\/strong><\/h3>\n

30BC After the\u00a0successful invasion of Egypt<\/a>,\u00a0Octavian<\/a>\u00a0executes\u00a0Marcus Antonius Antyllus<\/a>, the eldest son of\u00a0Mark Antony<\/a>, and\u00a0Caesarion<\/a>, the last\u00a0king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt<\/a>\u00a0and only child of\u00a0Julius Caesar<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Cleopatra<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1799\u00a0 \u00a0Napoleon I of France<\/a>\u00a0leaves\u00a0Egypt<\/a>\u00a0for France en route to seizing power.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 The British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army begin their\u00a0Great Retreat<\/a>\u00a0before the German Army.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 \u00a0Hebron Massacre<\/a>\u00a0during the\u00a01929 Palestine riots<\/a>:\u00a0Arab<\/a>\u00a0attacks on the Jewish community in\u00a0Hebron<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0British Mandate of Palestine<\/a>\u00a0occur, continuing until the next day, resulting in the death of 65\u201368 Jews and the remaining Jews being forced to leave the city.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Soviet\u2013Japanese War<\/a>: The\u00a0USSR State Defense Committee<\/a>\u00a0issues Decree no. 9898cc “About Receiving, Accommodation, and Labor Utilization of the\u00a0Japanese Army Prisoners of War<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

1958\u00a0 \u00a0Chinese Civil War<\/a>: The\u00a0Second Taiwan Strait Crisis<\/a>\u00a0begins with the\u00a0People’s Liberation Army<\/a>‘s bombardment of\u00a0Quemoy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 Hans Tiedge<\/a>, top\u00a0counter-spy<\/a>\u00a0of West Germany, defects to\u00a0East Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Saddam Hussein<\/a>\u00a0appears on\u00a0Iraqi<\/a>\u00a0state television with a number of\u00a0Western<\/a>\u00a0“guests” (actually hostages) to try to prevent the\u00a0Gulf War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Armenia<\/a>\u00a0declares\u00a0its independence<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 West and East Germany announce that they will\u00a0reunite<\/a>\u00a0on October 3.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0World Wide Web<\/a>\u00a0is opened to the public.<\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 The skeletal remains of Russia’s last royal family members\u00a0Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia<\/a>, and his sister\u00a0Grand Duchess Anastasia<\/a>\u00a0are discovered near\u00a0Yekaterinburg<\/a>, Russia.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0Manila hostage crisis<\/a>\u00a0occurred near the\u00a0Quirino Grandstand<\/a>\u00a0in Manila, Philippines killing 9 people including the perpetrator while injuring 9 others.<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 \u00a0Libyan leader\u00a0Muammar Gaddafi<\/a>\u00a0is overthrown after the\u00a0National Transitional Council<\/a>\u00a0forces take control of\u00a0Bab al-Azizia<\/a>\u00a0compound during the\u00a0Libyan Civil War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

————————<\/p>\n

24 August<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1914\u00a0 \u00a0World War I<\/a>: German troops\u00a0capture Namur<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 Second day of two-day\u00a0Hebron massacre<\/a>\u00a0during the\u00a01929 Palestine riots<\/a>:\u00a0Arab<\/a>\u00a0attacks on the Jewish community in\u00a0Hebron<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0British Mandate of Palestine<\/a>, result in the death of 65\u201368 Jews; the remaining Jews are forced to flee the city.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: Allied troops begin\u00a0the attack on Paris<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 The treaty creating the\u00a0North Atlantic Treaty Organization<\/a>\u00a0goes into effect.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Formation of Nato – Purpose, Dates & Cold War | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of NATO \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NATO – Declassified: A short history of NATO<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why was\u00a0NATO\u00a0founded? –\u00a0We are NATO<\/a><\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 \u00a0Edith Sampson<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first black U.S. delegate to the\u00a0United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 African-American upper class \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Black Americans’ Views of Racial Inequality, Racism, Reparations and Systemic Change | Pew Research Center<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Examining systemic racism, advancing racial equity | Stanford News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How African-Americans were ‘shut out’ of the American dream – Marketplace<\/a><\/p>\n

1963\u00a0 Buddhist crisis<\/a>: As a result of the\u00a0X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Pagoda raids<\/a>, the\u00a0US State Department<\/a>\u00a0cables<\/a>\u00a0the\u00a0United States Embassy, Saigon<\/a>\u00a0to encourage\u00a0Army of the <\/a>Republic of Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0generals to\u00a0launch a coup<\/a>\u00a0against President\u00a0Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m<\/a>\u00a0if he did not remove his brother\u00a0Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Nhu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1995\u00a0 Microsoft\u00a0Windows 95<\/a>\u00a0was released to the public in North America.<\/p>\n

2017\u00a0 The\u00a0National Space Agency<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Taiwan<\/a>\u00a0successfully launches the observation satellite\u00a0Formosat-5<\/a>\u00a0into space.<\/p>\n

————————<\/p>\n

25 August<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1609\u00a0 \u00a0Galileo Galilei<\/a>\u00a0demonstrates his first telescope to\u00a0Venetian<\/a>\u00a0lawmakers.<\/p>\n

Seven Years’ War<\/a>:\u00a0Frederick II of Prussia<\/a>\u00a0defeats the Russian army at the\u00a0Battle of Zorndorf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1883\u00a0 \u00a0France<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Viet Nam<\/a>\u00a0sign the\u00a0Treaty of Hu\u1ebf<\/a>, recognizing a French protectorate over Annam and Tonkin.<\/p>\n

1904\u00a0 \u00a0Russo-Japanese War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Liaoyang<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 \u00a0World War I<\/a>:\u00a0Japan<\/a>\u00a0declares war on\u00a0Austria-Hungary<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 \u00a0Polish\u2013Soviet War<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Warsaw<\/a>, which began on\u00a0August 13<\/a>, ends with the\u00a0Red Army<\/a>‘s defeat.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>: The first\u00a0Bombing of Berlin<\/a>\u00a0by the\u00a0British<\/a>\u00a0Royal Air Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0<\/u>Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran<\/a>: The\u00a0<\/u>United Kingdom<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a> jointly stage an invasion of the\u00a0Imperial State of Iran<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II: Second day of the\u00a0Battle of the Eastern Solomons<\/a>: \u00a0a\u00a0Japanese<\/a>\u00a0naval transport convoy headed towards\u00a0Guadalcanal<\/a>\u00a0is turned back by an\u00a0Allied<\/a>\u00a0<\/u>air attack.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 \u00a0World War II: Paris is liberated<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Liberation of Paris | Origins (osu.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Paris is liberated after four years of Nazi occupation (history.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The hidden history that tells of Paris’ brutal and bloody WWII occupation – The Local<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Artblog | Alan Riding: On Cultural Life In Nazi-Occupied Paris (theartblog.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vichy France – Wikipedia<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/u><\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 \u00a0Zimbabwe<\/a>\u00a0joins the\u00a0United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2017\u00a0 \u00a0Conflict in Rakhine State (2016\u2013present)<\/a>:<\/u> One hundred seventy people are killed in at least 26 separate attacks carried out by the\u00a0Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army<\/a>, leading to the governments of\u00a0<\/u>Myanmar<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/u>Malaysia<\/a>\u00a0designating the group as a terrorist organisation.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rohingya conflict \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The changing face of conflict in Myanmar\u2019s Rakhine State | Brookings<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An Avoidable War: Politics and Armed Conflict in Myanmar\u2019s Rakhine State | Crisis Group<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline: How the crackdown on Myanmar\u2019s Rohingya unfolded | Rohingya News | Al Jazeera<\/a><\/p>\n

————————<\/p>\n

26 August<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1642\u00a0 <\/u>Dutch\u2013Portuguese War<\/a>:\u00a0<\/u>Second Battle of San Salvador<\/a>: The Dutch force the Spanish garr<\/u>ison at San Salvador (modern day\u00a0Keelung<\/a>,\u00a0Taiwan<\/a>) to surrender, ending the short-lived\u00a0Spanish colony on Formosa<\/a>\u00a0and replacing it with\u00a0a new Dutch administration<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1789\u00a0 The\u00a0Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen<\/a>\u00a0is approved by the National Constituent Assembly of France.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 \u00a0Greco-Turkish War (1919\u201322)<\/a>: Turkish army launched what has come to be known to the Turks as the\u00a0Great Offensive<\/a>\u00a0(B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz). The major Greek defense positions were overrun.<\/p>\n

1936\u00a0 \u00a0Spanish Civil War<\/a>:\u00a0Santander falls<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0nationalists<\/a>\u00a0and the republican\u00a0interprovincial council<\/a>\u00a0is dissolved.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>:\u00a0Chad<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first French\u00a0colony<\/a>\u00a0to join the Allies under the administration of\u00a0F\u00e9lix \u00c9bou\u00e9<\/a>, France’s first black colonial\u00a0governor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 \u00a0The Holocaust in Ukraine<\/a>: At\u00a0Chortkiv<\/a>, the Ukrainian police and German\u00a0Schutzpolizei<\/a>\u00a0deport two thousand Jews to\u00a0Be\u0142\u017cec extermination camp<\/a>. Five hundred of the sick and children are murdered on the spot. This continued until the next day.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Charles de Gaulle<\/a>\u00a0enters Paris.<\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 The\u00a0South African Border War<\/a>\u00a0starts with the battle at\u00a0Omugulugwombashe<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1977\u00a0 The\u00a0Charter of the French Language<\/a>\u00a0is adopted by the\u00a0National Assembly of Quebec<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 Russia begins the\u00a0Second Chechen War<\/a>\u00a0in response to the\u00a0Invasion of Dagestan<\/a>\u00a0by the\u00a0Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Second Chechen War – Timeline – Historydraft<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ‘Welcome To Hell, Part II’: The Second Chechen War (rferl.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Russia still lives in the shadow of the Chechen war \u2013 DW \u2013 09\/30\/2019<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chechen involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

————————<\/p>\n

27 August<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1791\u00a0 \u00a0French Revolution<\/a>:\u00a0Frederick William II of Prussia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor<\/a>, issue the\u00a0Declaration of Pillnitz<\/a>, declaring the joint support of the\u00a0Holy Roman Empire<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Prussia<\/a>\u00a0for the\u00a0French monarchy<\/a>, agitating the French revolutionaries and contributing to the outbreak of the\u00a0War of the First Coalition<\/a><\/p>\n

1793\u00a0 French Revolutionary Wars<\/a>: The city of\u00a0Toulon<\/a>\u00a0revolts against the\u00a0French Republic<\/a>\u00a0and admits the British and Spanish fleets to seize\u00a0its port<\/a>, leading to the\u00a0Siege of Toulon<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0French Revolutionary forces<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1895\u00a0 \u00a0Japanese invasion of Taiwan<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Baguashan<\/a>: The\u00a0Empire of Japan<\/a>\u00a0decisively defeats a smaller\u00a0Formosan<\/a>\u00a0army at\u00a0Changhua<\/a>, crippling the short-lived\u00a0Republic of Formosa<\/a>\u00a0and leading to its surrender two months later.<\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0Qing dynasty<\/a>\u00a0promulgates the\u00a0Qinding Xianfa Dagang<\/a>, the first constitutional document in the\u00a0history of China<\/a>, transforming the Qing empire into a\u00a0constitutional monarchy<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 World War I: The\u00a0Kingdom of Romania<\/a>\u00a0declares war on\u00a0Austria-Hungary<\/a>, entering the war as one of the\u00a0Allied nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 \u00a0Greco-Turkish War<\/a>: The Turkish army takes the\u00a0Aegean<\/a>\u00a0city of\u00a0Afyonkarahisar<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0Kingdom of Greece<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1928\u00a0 The\u00a0Kellogg\u2013Briand Pact<\/a>\u00a0outlawing war is signed by fifteen nations. Ultimately sixty-one nations will sign it.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kellogg-Briand Pact | Facts, Purpose, & Significance | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Remembering the Kellogg-Briand Pact<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nuremberg Trials – International Law- Nuremberg Trials, Kellogg- Briand Pact, and the UN Charter – LibGuides at Charleston School of Law<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact: A Contemporary Criticism, 1928-29 | Teaching American History<\/a><\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II: Aerial bombardment by the\u00a0Luftwaffe<\/a>\u00a0razes<\/a>\u00a0to the ground the village of Vorizia in\u00a0Crete<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Razing of Vorizia – August 27, 1943 | Important Events on August 27th in History – CalendarZ<\/a><\/p>\n

1956\u00a0 The nuclear power station at\u00a0Calder Hall<\/a>\u00a0in the United Kingdom was connected to the national power grid becoming the world’s first commercial nuclear power station to generate electricity on an industrial scale.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 \u00a0South Vietnamese junta<\/a>\u00a0leader\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u00e1nh<\/a>\u00a0enters into a\u00a0triumvirate<\/a>\u00a0power-sharing arrangement with rival generals\u00a0Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u1ec7n Khi\u00eam<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Minh<\/a>, who had both been involved in plots to unseat Kh\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 The\u00a0European Community<\/a>\u00a0recognizes the independence of the\u00a0Baltic states<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Estonia<\/a>,\u00a0Latvia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Lithuania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 \u00a0Moldova<\/a>\u00a0declares independence from the\u00a0USSR<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 \u00a0Internal conflict in Myanmar<\/a>: The\u00a0Burmese military junta<\/a>\u00a0and ethnic armies begin\u00a0three days of violent clashes<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Kokang Special Region<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Myanmar civil war (2021\u2013present) \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Myanmar civil war (2021\u2013present) – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Myanmar\u2019s Troubled History: Coups, Military Rule, and Ethnic Conflict | Council on Foreign Relations (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The civil war in Myanmar: No end in sight | Brookings<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Human rights in Myanmar – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

___________________________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the <\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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