{"id":242814,"date":"2023-08-28T12:00:15","date_gmt":"2023-08-28T11:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=242814"},"modified":"2023-08-23T05:15:56","modified_gmt":"2023-08-23T04:15:56","slug":"this-week-in-history-166","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/08\/this-week-in-history-166\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

28 Aug \u2013 3 Sep 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

“<\/strong>An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind<\/em><\/a>.<\/a>\u201d\u00a0 – Mahatma Gandhi<\/a><\/p>\n

—————<\/p>\n

28 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

632\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fatimah<\/a>, daughter of the Islamic prophet\u00a0Muhammad<\/a>, dies, with her cause of death being a controversial topic among the\u00a0Sunni<\/a>\u00a0Muslims and\u00a0Shia<\/a>\u00a0Muslims.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 August 28, 632: Controversial Death of Fatimah, Daughter of Muhammad – History and Headlines<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Attack on Fatima’s house \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6.3 – The 3rd Ma\u2019soom \u2013 Fatimah Az-Zahra\u2019 (\u2018A) | Shi’a Islam: Belief System, Leadership And History | Al-Islam.org<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Burial of Fatima – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1189\u00a0 \u00a0Third Crusade<\/a>: The Crusaders begin the\u00a0Siege of Acre<\/a>\u00a0under\u00a0Guy of Lusignan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Crusades Timeline – World History Encyclopedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How many Crusades were there, and when did they take place? | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Crusades – World History Encyclopedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1521\u00a0 \u00a0Ottoman wars in Europe<\/a>: The\u00a0Ottoman Turks<\/a>\u00a0occupy\u00a0Belgrade<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1542\u00a0 Turkish\u2013Portuguese War<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Wofla<\/a>: The Portuguese are scattered, their leader\u00a0Christov\u00e3o da Gama<\/a>\u00a0is captured and later executed.<\/p>\n

1810\u00a0 \u00a0Napoleonic Wars<\/a>: The\u00a0French Navy<\/a>\u00a0accepts the surrender of a British\u00a0Royal Navy<\/a>\u00a0fleet at the\u00a0Battle of Grand Port<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Napoleonic era \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Napoleon\u2019s strategies and tactics in the Napoleonic Wars | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Napoleonic Wars – Military History – Oxford Bibliographies<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1833\u00a0 The\u00a0Slavery Abolition Act 1833<\/a>\u00a0receives\u00a0royal assent<\/a>, making the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal in the\u00a0British Empire<\/a>\u00a0with\u00a0exceptions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1849\u00a0 Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire<\/a>: After a month-long siege,\u00a0Venice<\/a>, which had declared itself independent as the\u00a0Republic of San Marco<\/a>, surrenders to Austria.<\/p>\n

1850\u00a0 \u00a0Richard Wagner<\/a>\u2019s\u00a0Lohengrin<\/em><\/a>\u00a0premieres at the\u00a0Staatskapelle Weimar<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Richard Wagner: Prelude to \u00abLohengrin\u00bb, Simon Rattle – YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

1879\u00a0 Anglo-Zulu War<\/a>:\u00a0Cetshwayo<\/a>, last king of the\u00a0Zulus<\/a>, is captured by the\u00a0British<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Disastrous Anglo-Zulu War – YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Major Events of the Anglo-Zulu War timeline | Timetoast timelines<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anglo-Zulu Wars 1879-1896 | South African History Online (sahistory.org.za)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The causes of the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The British Took On 30,000 Men & Lost: The Great Zulu Victory | War History Online<\/a><\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 World War I: Germany declares war on\u00a0Romania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 World War I:\u00a0Italy<\/a>\u00a0declares war on Germany.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>:\u00a0Marseille<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Toulon<\/a>\u00a0are liberated.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Gulf War<\/a>:\u00a0Iraq<\/a>\u00a0declares\u00a0Kuwait<\/a>\u00a0to be its\u00a0newest<\/a>\u00a0province<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Gulf War (1990\u20131991) \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gulf War syndrome – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 \u00a0Second Congo War<\/a>:\u00a0Loyalist troops<\/a>\u00a0backed by\u00a0Angolan<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Zimbabwean<\/a>\u00a0forces repulse the\u00a0RCD<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Rwandan<\/a>\u00a0offensive on\u00a0Kinshasa<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo’s crisis at a glance (concernusa.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe Second Congo War began with retaliation from Rwanda and Uganda. They planned an invasion, supporting a new rebel group, Rally for Congolese Democracy (RDC).<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

—————<\/p>\n

29 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

1315\u00a0 Battle of Montecatini<\/a>: The army of the\u00a0Republic of Pisa<\/a>, commanded by\u00a0Uguccione della Faggiuola<\/a>, wins a decisive victory against the joint forces of the\u00a0Kingdom of Naples<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Republic of Florence<\/a>\u00a0despite being outnumbered.<\/p>\n

1526\u00a0 \u00a0Battle of Moh\u00e1cs<\/a>: The\u00a0Ottoman Turks<\/a>\u00a0led by\u00a0Suleiman the Magnificent<\/a>\u00a0defeat and kill the last\u00a0Jagiellonian<\/a>\u00a0king of\u00a0Hungary<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Bohemia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1541\u00a0 The\u00a0Ottoman Turks<\/a>\u00a0capture\u00a0Buda<\/a>, the capital of the\u00a0Hungarian Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1842\u00a0 \u00a0Treaty of Nanking<\/a>\u00a0signing ends the\u00a0First Opium War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Opium Wars | Timeline | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 First Opium War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How The Opium War Changed China Forever | The National Interest<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cFrom colonial China\u2019s opium wars to Cold War US politics, we trace the rise of the global drug trade and its political backers.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Drugs and War: What Is the Relationship? | Annual Review of Political Science (annualreviews.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

1885\u00a0 Gottlieb Daimler<\/a>\u00a0patents the world’s first\u00a0internal combustion<\/a>\u00a0motorcycle<\/a>, the\u00a0Reitwagen<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

1898\u00a0 The\u00a0Goodyear<\/a>\u00a0tire company is founded in\u00a0Akron, Ohio<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1910\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0Japan\u2013Korea Treaty of 1910<\/a>, also known as the Japan\u2013Korea Annexation Treaty, becomes effective, officially starting the\u00a0period of Japanese rule<\/a>\u00a0in Korea.<\/p>\n

1911\u00a0 \u00a0Ishi<\/a>, considered the last\u00a0Native American<\/a>\u00a0to make contact with European Americans, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern\u00a0California<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 World War II<\/a>:\u00a0Tallinn<\/a>, the capital of\u00a0Estonia<\/a>, is occupied by\u00a0Nazi Germany<\/a>\u00a0following an occupation by the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Slovak National Uprising<\/a>\u00a0takes place as 60,000\u00a0Slovak<\/a>\u00a0troops turn against the\u00a0Nazis<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 \u00a0Soviet atomic bomb project<\/a>: The\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0tests its first\u00a0atomic bomb<\/a>, known as\u00a0First Lightning<\/em><\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0Joe 1<\/em>, at\u00a0Semipalatinsk<\/a>,\u00a0Kazakhstan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Soviet Atomic Program – 1946 – Nuclear Museum<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Did The Soviets Learn To Make An Atom Bomb? – YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nuclear weapon – Soviet Union, Cold War, Arms Race | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the Russian Perspective: The Cold War Atomic Intelligence Game, 1945\u201370<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Radiological Conditions at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan: | IAEA<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Slow Death In Kazakhstan’s Land Of Nuclear Tests (rferl.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The nuclear sins of the Soviet Union live on in Kazakhstan (nature.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Kazakhstan Fought Back Against Soviet Nuclear Tests – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace<\/a><\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 Leading Egyptian thinker\u00a0Sayyid Qutb<\/a>\u00a0is executed for plotting the assassination of President\u00a0Gamal Abdel Nasser<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1997\u00a0 At least 98 villagers are killed by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria\u00a0GIA<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Rais massacre<\/a>,\u00a0Algeria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Armed Islamic Group (GIA) | Encyclopedia.com<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Algerian Civil War – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War | Military Wiki | Fandom<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 General Smail Lamari and the Massacres of 1997-8 \u2013 Algeria-Watch<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BBC NEWS | Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | Violent past haunts Algeria’s fresh start<\/a><\/p>\n

—————<\/p>\n

30 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

70\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Titus<\/a>\u00a0ends the\u00a0siege of Jerusalem<\/a>\u00a0after destroying\u00a0Herod’s Temple<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1721\u00a0 The\u00a0Great Northern War<\/a>\u00a0between\u00a0Sweden<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Russia<\/a>\u00a0ends in the\u00a0Treaty of Nystad<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1813\u00a0 \u00a0Creek War<\/a>:\u00a0Fort Mims massacre<\/a>:\u00a0Creek<\/a>\u00a0“Red Sticks<\/a>” kill over 500 settlers (including over 250 armed militia) in Fort Mims, north of\u00a0Mobile, Alabama<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1835\u00a0 Australia:\u00a0Melbourne, Victoria<\/a>\u00a0is founded.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 The\u00a0Japanese occupation of Hong Kong<\/a>\u00a0comes to an end.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 Japan conducts a test of the\u00a0NAMC YS-11<\/a>, its first aircraft since World War II and its only successful commercial aircraft from before or after the war.<\/p>\n

1963\u00a0 The\u00a0Moscow\u2013Washington hotline<\/a>\u00a0between the leaders of the U.S. and the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0goes into operation.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 President\u00a0Mohammad-Ali Rajai<\/a>\u00a0and Prime Minister\u00a0Mohammad-Javad Bahonar<\/a>\u00a0of Iran are assassinated in a bombing committed by the\u00a0People’s Mujahedin of Iran<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1995\u00a0 Bosnian War<\/a>:\u00a0NATO<\/a>\u00a0launches\u00a0Operation Deliberate Force<\/a>\u00a0against\u00a0Bosnian Serb<\/a>\u00a0forces.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bosnian War timeline | Timetoast timelines<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bosnia and Herzegovina\u2013NATO relations – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 \u00a0Second Congo War<\/a>: Armed forces of the\u00a0Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a>\u00a0(DRC) and their\u00a0Angolan<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Zimbabwean<\/a>\u00a0allies recapture\u00a0Matadi<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Inga dams<\/a>\u00a0in the western DRC from\u00a0RCD<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Rwandan<\/a>\u00a0troops.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of the Second Congo War (thoughtco.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo’s crisis at a glance (concernusa.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eastern Congo: A Legacy of Intervention: <\/a>1960-2023<\/a><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 \u00a0Prime Minister of Lesotho\u00a0Tom Thabane<\/a>\u00a0flees to South Africa as the army\u00a0allegedly stages a coup<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 The last remaining\u00a0American troops leave Afghanistan<\/a>, ending U.S. involvement in\u00a0the war<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (2001\u20132021) \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Costs of the 20-year war on terror: $8 trillion and 900,000 deaths | Brown University<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 United States documents leak of the War in Afghanistan \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Afghan War Diary, 2004-2010 \u2013 WikiLeaks<\/a><\/p>\n

—————<\/p>\n

31 August<\/strong><\/p>\n

1795\u00a0 \u00a0War of the First Coalition<\/a>: The British\u00a0capture Trincomalee<\/a>\u00a0(present-day\u00a0Sri Lanka<\/a>) from the Dutch in order to keep it out of French hands.<\/p>\n

1813\u00a0 \u00a0Peninsular War<\/a>: Spanish troops repel a French attack in the\u00a0Battle of San Marcial<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1895\u00a0 German Count\u00a0Ferdinand von Zeppelin<\/a>\u00a0patents his\u00a0navigable balloon<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

1907\u00a0 Russia and the United Kingdom sign the\u00a0Anglo-Russian Convention<\/a>, by which the UK recognizes Russian preeminence in northern Persia, while Russia recognizes British preeminence in southeastern Persia and Afghanistan. Both powers pledge not to interfere in Tibet.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Avalon Project – The Anglo-Russian Entente – 1907 (yale.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe\u00a0Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/a>made a neutral buffer of Tibet, recognized Britain\u2019s interest in Afghanistan, and partitioned Persia into spheres of influence.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 \u00a0World War I<\/a>: Start of the\u00a0Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin<\/a>, a successful assault by the\u00a0Australian Corps<\/a>\u00a0during the\u00a0Hundred Days Offensive<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 \u00a0Polish\u2013Soviet War<\/a>: A decisive Polish victory in the\u00a0Battle of Komar\u00f3w<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 \u00a0Nazi Germany<\/a>\u00a0mounts a\u00a0false flag<\/a>\u00a0attack on the Gleiwitz radio station<\/a>, creating an excuse to attack Poland the following day, thus starting\u00a0World War II in Europe<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>:\u00a0Serbian paramilitary forces<\/a>\u00a0defeat Germans in the\u00a0Battle of Loznica<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1963\u00a0 \u00a0Crown Colony of North Borneo<\/a>\u00a0(now\u00a0Sabah<\/a>) achieves\u00a0self governance<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 \u00a0Kyrgyzstan<\/a>\u00a0declares its independence from the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 Russia completes removing its troops from\u00a0Lithuania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 Russia completes removing its troops from\u00a0Estonia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 \u00a0Saddam Hussein<\/a>‘s troops seized Irbil after the Kurdish\u00a0Masoud Barzani<\/a>\u00a0appealed for help to defeat his Kurdish rival\u00a0PUK<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ba’athist Iraq \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Iraqi\u2013Kurdish conflict – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Kurds’ Story | The Survival Of Saddam | FRONTLINE | PBS<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Kurds – A Chronology | The Survival Of Saddam | FRONTLINE | PBS<\/a><\/p>\n

—————<\/p>\n

1 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1880\u00a0 The army of\u00a0Mohammad Ayub Khan<\/a>\u00a0is routed by the British at the\u00a0Battle of Kandahar<\/a>, ending the\u00a0Second Anglo-Afghan War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 The\u00a0Great Kant\u014d earthquake<\/a>\u00a0devastates Tokyo and\u00a0Yokohama<\/a>, killing about 105,000 people.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>:\u00a0Nazi Germany<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Slovakia<\/a>\u00a0invade Poland<\/a>, beginning the European phase of World War II.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 \u00a0J. Robert Oppenheimer<\/a>\u00a0and his student\u00a0Hartland Snyder<\/a>\u00a0publish the\u00a0Oppenheimer\u2013Snyder model<\/a>, proving for the first time in contemporary physics how\u00a0black hole<\/a>s could develop.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 \u00a0Six-Day War<\/a>: The\u00a0Khartoum Resolution<\/a>\u00a0is issued at the Arab Summit, and eight countries adopt the “three ‘no’s against Israel”.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline: The Six Day War : NPR<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 EVENTS LEADING UP TO SIX-DAY WAR<\/a><\/p>\n

1974\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0SR-71 Blackbird<\/em><\/a>\u00a0sets (and holds) the record for flying from New York to London in the time of one hour, 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds at a speed of 1,435.587 miles per hour (2,310.353\u00a0km\/h).<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 \u00a0A\u00a0coup<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Libya<\/a>\u00a0brings\u00a0Muammar Gaddafi<\/a>\u00a0to power.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline: Gaddafi’s 42 years in power | Reuters<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 Central African President\u00a0David Dacko<\/a>\u00a0is ousted from power in a\u00a0bloodless military coup<\/a>\u00a0led by General\u00a0Andr\u00e9 Kolingba<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 The United States\u00a0Air Force Space Command<\/a>\u00a0is founded.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 Cold War<\/a>:\u00a0Korean Air Lines Flight 007<\/a>\u00a0is shot down by a\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0jet fighter when the commercial aircraft enters\u00a0Soviet<\/a>\u00a0airspace, killing all 269 on board, including\u00a0Congressman<\/a>\u00a0Lawrence McDonald<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of events in the Cold War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Cold War: Costs and Results<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cold War propaganda (alphahistory.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Propaganda Campaigns During the Cold War (stanford.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 \u00a0Iraq War<\/a>: The\u00a0United States Armed Forces<\/a>\u00a0transfers control of\u00a0Anbar Province<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0Iraqi Armed Forces<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2003 invasion of Iraq – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Iraq War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Iraq has changed, and how the war changed people, 20 years after the U.S.-led invasion – CBS News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Financial cost of the Iraq War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Costs of War in Iraq | Costs of War (brown.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Casualties of the Iraq War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

—————<\/p>\n

2 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

31BC\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Final War of the Roman Republic<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Actium<\/a>: Off the western coast of Greece, forces of\u00a0Octavian<\/a>\u00a0defeat troops under\u00a0Mark Antony<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Cleopatra<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/u>1666\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0Great Fire of London<\/a>\u00a0breaks out and burns for three days, destroying 10,000 buildings, including\u00a0Old St Paul’s Cathedral<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1807\u00a0 Napoleonic Wars<\/a>: The British Royal Navy\u00a0bombards Copenhagen<\/a>\u00a0with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to prevent Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Napoleonic Wars Timeline – World History Encyclopedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Napoleonic tactics – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1856\u00a0 The\u00a0Tianjing incident<\/a>\u00a0takes place in\u00a0Nanjing<\/a>, China.<\/p>\n

1898\u00a0 \u00a0Battle of Omdurman<\/a>: British and Egyptian troops defeat\u00a0Sudanese<\/a>\u00a0tribesmen and establish British dominance in Sudan.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>: Following the start of the\u00a0invasion of Poland<\/a>\u00a0the previous day, the\u00a0Free City of Danzig<\/a>\u00a0(now\u00a0Gda\u0144sk<\/a>, Poland) is annexed by\u00a0Nazi Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 The last execution of a Finn in\u00a0Finland<\/a>\u00a0takes place when soldier\u00a0Olavi Laiho<\/a>\u00a0is executed by shooting in\u00a0Oulu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 \u00a0World War II: The\u00a0Japanese Instrument of Surrender<\/a>\u00a0is signed by Japan and the major warring powers aboard the battleship\u00a0USS\u00a0<\/a>Missouri<\/em><\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Tokyo Bay<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 \u00a0Communist leader\u00a0Ho Chi Minh<\/a>\u00a0proclaimed<\/a>\u00a0the\u00a0Democratic Republic of Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0after the end of the\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n dynasty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 The\u00a0Interim Government of India<\/a>\u00a0is formed, headed by\u00a0Jawaharlal Nehru<\/a>\u00a0as vice president with the powers of a Prime Minister.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 \u00a0President\u00a0Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0South Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0becomes\u00a0the first foreign head of state to make a state visit to Australia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 The first election of the\u00a0Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile<\/a>. The Tibetan community observes this date as Democracy Day.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 \u00a0Operation OAU<\/a>\u00a0begins during the\u00a0Nigerian Civil War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nigerian Civil War – Timeline<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970) \u2022 (blackpast.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List of wars involving Nigeria \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of Nigerian history – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 \u00a0Sri Lankan Civil War<\/a>: Sri Lankan Tamil politicians and former MPs\u00a0M. Alalasundaram<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0V. Dharmalingam<\/a>\u00a0are shot dead.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Sri Lankan Civil War and Its History, Revisited in 2020 (harvard.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Overview of the Sri Lankan Civil War (thoughtco.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 \u00a0Transnistria<\/a>\u00a0is unilaterally proclaimed a\u00a0Soviet<\/a>\u00a0republic; the\u00a0Soviet president<\/a>\u00a0Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>\u00a0declares the decision null and void.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 The\u00a0UN<\/a>‘s\u00a0International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda<\/a>\u00a0finds\u00a0Jean-Paul Akayesu<\/a>, the former\u00a0mayor<\/a>\u00a0of a small town in\u00a0Rwanda<\/a>, guilty of nine counts of\u00a0genocide<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 \u00a0Google<\/a>\u00a0launches its\u00a0Google Chrome<\/a>\u00a0web browser.<\/p>\n

—————<\/p>\n

3 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1411\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Selymbria<\/a>\u00a0is concluded between the\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Republic of Venice<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1855\u00a0 American Indian Wars<\/a>: In\u00a0Nebraska<\/a>, 700 soldiers under United States General\u00a0William S. Harney<\/a>\u00a0avenge the\u00a0Grattan massacre<\/a>\u00a0by attacking a\u00a0Sioux<\/a>\u00a0village and killing 100 men, women and children.<\/p>\n

1870\u00a0 \u00a0Franco-Prussian War<\/a>: The\u00a0Siege of Metz<\/a>\u00a0begins, resulting in a decisive\u00a0Prussian<\/a>\u00a0victory on October 23.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: Start of the\u00a0Battle of Grand Couronn\u00e9<\/a>, a German assault against French positions on high ground near the city of\u00a0Nancy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>: France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland, forming the Allied nations. The Viceroy of India also\u00a0declares war<\/a>, but without consulting the provincial legislatures.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 \u00a0The Holocaust<\/a>:\u00a0Karl Fritzsch<\/a>, deputy camp commandant of the\u00a0Auschwitz concentration camp<\/a>, experiments with the use of\u00a0Zyklon B<\/a>\u00a0in the gassing of Soviet POWs.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Auschwitz | Holocaust Encyclopedia (ushmm.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Auschwitz: Key Dates | Holocaust Encyclopedia (ushmm.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nazi human experimentation \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cAt the\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Auschwitz<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/a>camp in German-occupied Poland, they conducted experiments with Zyklon B\u00a0<\/em><\/a>(previously used for fumigation) by gassing some 600 Soviet prisoners of war and 250 ill prisoners in September 1941.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 Holocaust:\u00a0Diarist<\/a>\u00a0Anne Frank<\/a>\u00a0and her family are placed on the last transport train from the\u00a0Westerbork transit camp<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0Auschwitz concentration camp<\/a>, arriving three days later.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 A three-day celebration begins in China, following the\u00a0Victory over Japan Day<\/a>\u00a0on September 2.<\/p>\n

1954\u00a0 The\u00a0People’s Liberation Army<\/a>\u00a0begins shelling the\u00a0Republic of China<\/a>-controlled islands of\u00a0Quemoy<\/a>, starting the\u00a0First Taiwan Strait Crisis<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Taiwan Strait: A History Of Crisis Since 1949 (ndtv.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 China-Taiwan Conflict: Explained | Taiwan Strait Crisis (popularmechanics.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 China military drills send \u2018stern warning\u2019 to Taiwan after US visit | Conflict News | Al Jazeera<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Legacy and Lessons of the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis | Nippon.com<\/a><\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 The\u00a0Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women<\/a>, an international\u00a0bill of rights<\/a>\u00a0for women, is instituted by the\u00a0United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gender equality and women\u2019s rights | OHCHR<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What does gender equality look like today? | UN Women \u2013 Headquarters<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Discrimination against women | World Problems & Global Issues | The Encyclopedia of World Problems (uia.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The impact of gender discrimination on a Woman’s Mental Health – eClinicalMedicine (thelancet.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1987\u00a0 \u00a0In a\u00a0coup d’\u00e9tat in Burundi<\/a>, President\u00a0Jean-Baptiste Bagaza<\/a>\u00a0is deposed by Major\u00a0Pierre Buyoya<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 Beslan school siege<\/a>\u00a0results in over 330 fatalities, including 186 children.<\/p>\n

2016\u00a0 The U.S. and\u00a0China<\/a>, together responsible for\u00a040% of the world’s carbon emissions<\/a>, both formally ratify the\u00a0Paris global climate agreement<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How China And The U.S. Stack Up On Greenhouse Emissions, And How They Might Work Together To Reduce Them (forbes.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Greenhouse gas emissions by China \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Climate change in China – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Climate change in the United States – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

2017\u00a0 \u00a0North Korea<\/a>\u00a0conducts its sixth and most powerful\u00a0nuclear test<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 North Korea Nuclear Overview (nti.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nuclear Weapons Program – North Korea (fas.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Peaceful Origins of North Korea’s Nuclear Programme in the Cold War Period, 1945\u20131965 | The Historical Journal | Cambridge Core<\/a><\/p>\n

________________________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the <\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in w<\/em>ar zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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