{"id":243209,"date":"2023-09-04T12:00:10","date_gmt":"2023-09-04T11:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=243209"},"modified":"2023-08-29T09:26:26","modified_gmt":"2023-08-29T08:26:26","slug":"this-week-in-history-167","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/09\/this-week-in-history-167\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

4-10 September 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cThe more you understand your true spiritual identity, and your connection with the Supreme, the easier it will be to love your Self.<\/em><\/a>\u201d – Stephen Knapp<\/a> (Sri Nandanadana dasa)<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

4 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

476\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Romulus Augustulus<\/a>\u00a0is deposed when\u00a0Odoacer<\/a>\u00a0proclaims himself “King of Italy<\/a>“, thus\u00a0ending the Western Roman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1870\u00a0 Emperor\u00a0Napoleon III<\/a>\u00a0of France is deposed and the\u00a0Third Republic<\/a>\u00a0is declared.<\/p>\n

1886\u00a0 American Indian Wars<\/a>: After almost 30 years of fighting,\u00a0Apache<\/a>\u00a0leader\u00a0Geronimo<\/a>, with his remaining warriors, surrenders to General\u00a0Nelson Miles<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Arizona<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1888\u00a0 George Eastman<\/a>\u00a0registers the trademark\u00a0Kodak<\/em><\/a>\u00a0and receives a patent for his\u00a0camera<\/a>\u00a0that uses roll film.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: Finland exits from the\u00a0war with Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 \u00a0American Civil Rights Movement<\/a>:\u00a0Little Rock Crisis<\/a>: The governor of Arkansas calls out the National Guard to prevent African American students from enrolling in\u00a0Little Rock Central High School<\/a>, resulting in the lawsuit\u00a0Cooper v. Aaron<\/em><\/a>\u00a0the following year.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0Operation Swift<\/a>\u00a0begins when\u00a0U.S. Marines<\/a>\u00a0engage the\u00a0North Vietnamese<\/a>\u00a0in battle in the\u00a0Que Son Valley<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Outline of the Vietnam War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact (history.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 The\u00a0Sinai Interim Agreement<\/a>\u00a0relating to the\u00a0Arab\u2013Israeli conflict<\/a>\u00a0is signed.<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 The discovery of\u00a0Buckminsterfullerene<\/a>, the first\u00a0fullerene<\/a>\u00a0molecule of carbon.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 Google<\/a>\u00a0is founded by\u00a0Larry Page<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Sergey Brin<\/a>, two students at\u00a0Stanford University<\/a>.<\/p>\n

———————————<\/p>\n

5 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

917\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Liu Yan<\/a>\u00a0declares himself emperor, establishing the\u00a0Southern Han<\/a>\u00a0state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.<\/p>\n

1666\u00a0 Great Fire of London<\/a>\u00a0ends: Ten thousand buildings, including\u00a0Old St Paul’s Cathedral<\/a>, are destroyed, but only six people are known to have died.<\/p>\n

1798\u00a0 Conscription<\/a>\u00a0is made mandatory in France by the\u00a0Jourdan law<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1877\u00a0 American Indian Wars<\/a>:\u00a0Oglala Sioux<\/a>\u00a0chief<\/a>\u00a0Crazy Horse<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0bayoneted<\/a>\u00a0by a United States soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at\u00a0Fort Robinson<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Nebraska<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1905\u00a0 Russo-Japanese War<\/a>: In\u00a0New Hampshire<\/a>, United States, the\u00a0Treaty of Portsmouth<\/a>, mediated by U.S. President\u00a0Theodore Roosevelt<\/a>, ends the war.<\/p>\n

1915\u00a0 The pacifist\u00a0Zimmerwald Conference<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Whole territory of\u00a0Estonia<\/a>\u00a0is occupied by Nazi Germany.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 Cold War<\/a>:\u00a0Igor Gouzenko<\/a>, a\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0embassy clerk, defects to Canada, exposing Soviet espionage in North America, signalling the beginning of the Cold War.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 Muhammad Ali<\/a>\u00a0(then known as Cassius Clay) wins the gold medal in the\u00a0light heavyweight boxing competition at the Olympic Games<\/a>\u00a0in Rome.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 M\u1ef9 Lai Massacre<\/a>: U.S. Army\u00a0Lieutenant<\/a>\u00a0William Calley<\/a>\u00a0is charged with six specifications of premeditated murder for the death of 109\u00a0Vietnamese<\/a>\u00a0civilians in\u00a0My Lai<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 My Lai Massacre: Vietnam War & Colin Powell \u2013 HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cCalley and his soldiers, who had been expecting to engage the 48th VC Battalion, were not sure what to do in the absence of any enemy, much less any resistance to their entry into My Lai.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Ghosts of My Lai | History | Smithsonian Magazine<\/a><\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0Operation Jefferson Glenn<\/a>\u00a0begins: The\u00a0United States 101st Airborne Division<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0South Vietnamese<\/a>\u00a01st Infantry Division<\/a>\u00a0initiate a new operation in\u00a0Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean\u2013Hu\u1ebf Province<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Was My Lai just one of many massacres in Vietnam War? – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Vietnam War Crimes You Never Heard Of | History News Network<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List of massacres in Vietnam | Military Wiki | Fandom<\/a><\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 Munich massacre<\/a>: A\u00a0Palestinian terrorist<\/a>\u00a0group called “Black September<\/a>” attacks and takes hostage 11\u00a0Israeli<\/a>\u00a0athletes at the\u00a0Munich Olympic Games<\/a>. Two die in the attack and nine are murdered the following day.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 Camp David Accords<\/a>:\u00a0Menachem Begin<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Anwar Sadat<\/a>\u00a0begin peace discussions at\u00a0Camp David, Maryland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 The first women arrive at what becomes\u00a0Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp<\/a>\u00a0in the UK.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 Western Australia<\/a>\u00a0becomes the last Australian state to abolish\u00a0capital punishment<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Sri Lankan Civil War<\/a>: Sri Lankan Army soldiers\u00a0slaughter<\/a>\u00a0158 civilians.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TIMELINE: Sri Lanka — 25 years of civil war | Reuters<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Overview of the Sri Lankan Civil War (thoughtco.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

—————————<\/p>\n

6 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

394\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Battle of the Frigidus<\/a>:\u00a0Roman emperor<\/a>\u00a0Theodosius I<\/a>\u00a0defeats and kills\u00a0Eugenius<\/a>\u00a0the usurper. His\u00a0Frankish<\/a>\u00a0magister militum<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Arbogast<\/a>\u00a0escapes but commits suicide two days later.<\/p>\n

1492\u00a0 Christopher Columbus<\/a>\u00a0sails from\u00a0La Gomera<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Canary Islands<\/a>, his final port of call before crossing the Atlantic Ocean for the first time.<\/p>\n

1632\u00a0 Thirty Years’ War<\/a>: In the\u00a0Battle of N\u00f6rdlingen<\/a>, the Catholic Imperial army defeats Swedish and German Protestant forces.<\/p>\n

1803\u00a0 British scientist\u00a0John Dalton<\/a>\u00a0begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 World War II: South Africa\u00a0declares war<\/a>\u00a0on Germany.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: The city of\u00a0Ypres<\/a>, Belgium is liberated by Allied forces.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 The United States government begins the\u00a0Exercise Spade Fork<\/a>\u00a0nuclear readiness drill.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 Munich massacre<\/a>: Nine\u00a0Israeli<\/a>\u00a0athletes die (along with a German policeman) at the hands of the\u00a0Palestinian<\/a>\u00a0“Black September<\/a>” terrorist group after being taken hostage at the\u00a0Munich Olympic Games<\/a>. Two other Israeli athletes were slain in the initial attack the previous day.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 Cold War<\/a>:\u00a0Soviet Air Defence Forces<\/a>\u00a0pilot\u00a0Viktor Belenko<\/a>\u00a0lands a\u00a0Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25<\/a>\u00a0jet fighter at\u00a0Hakodate<\/a>\u00a0in Japan and requests\u00a0political asylum<\/a>\u00a0in the United States; his request is granted.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 The\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0admits to shooting down\u00a0Korean Air Lines Flight 007<\/a>, stating that its operatives did not know that it was a civilian aircraft when it reportedly violated Soviet airspace.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 The\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0recognizes the independence of the\u00a0Baltic states<\/a>\u00a0Estonia<\/a>,\u00a0Latvia<\/a>, and\u00a0Lithuania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1997\u00a0 The\u00a0Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales<\/a>\u00a0takes place in\u00a0London<\/a>. Well over a million people lined the streets and 21\u20442\u00a0billion watched around the world on television.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 Mahmoud Abbas<\/a>\u00a0resigns from his position of\u00a0Palestinian Prime Minister<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mahmoud Abbas | Biography & Facts | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Palestinian Authority – Mahmoud Abbas, Peace Process, Negotiations | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Palestinian President Abbas: Israel “destroying” two-state solution (axios.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 Israel<\/a>\u00a0executes the air strike\u00a0Operation Orchard<\/a>\u00a0to destroy a nuclear reactor in\u00a0Syria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Israel Destroyed a Syrian Nuclear Facility in 2007 | The National Interest<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Israel admits striking suspected Syrian nuclear reactor in 2007 – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Israel\u2013Syria relations – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

2018\u00a0 Supreme Court of India<\/a>\u00a0decriminalised all consensual sex among adults in private, making\u00a0homosexuality legal<\/a>\u00a0on the Indian lands.<\/p>\n

————————<\/p>\n

7 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

70\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A\u00a0Roman<\/a>\u00a0army under\u00a0Titus<\/a>\u00a0occupies and plunders<\/a>\u00a0Jerusalem<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1191\u00a0 Third Crusade<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Arsuf<\/a>:\u00a0Richard I of England<\/a>\u00a0defeats\u00a0Saladin<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0Arsuf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1652\u00a0 Around 15,000\u00a0Han<\/a>\u00a0farmers and militia\u00a0rebel<\/a>\u00a0against\u00a0Dutch rule<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0Taiwan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1812\u00a0 French invasion of Russia<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Borodino<\/a>, the bloodiest battle of the\u00a0Napoleonic Wars<\/a>, is fought near Moscow and results in a French victory.<\/p>\n

1860\u00a0 Unification of Italy<\/a>:\u00a0Giuseppe Garibaldi<\/a>\u00a0enters Naples.<\/p>\n

1903\u00a0 The\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>\u00a0launches a counter-offensive against the\u00a0Strandzha Commune<\/a>, which dissolves.<\/p>\n

1921\u00a0 The\u00a0Legion of Mary<\/a>, the largest\u00a0apostolic<\/a>\u00a0organization of lay people in the Catholic Church, is founded in Dublin, Ireland.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 The\u00a0International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)<\/a>\u00a0is formed.<\/p>\n

1932\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of Boquer\u00f3n<\/a>, the first major battle of the\u00a0Chaco War<\/a>, commences.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0German 17th Army<\/a>\u00a0begins its evacuation of the\u00a0Kuban bridgehead<\/a>\u00a0(Taman Peninsula) in southern Russia and moves across the Strait of Kerch to the Crimea.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 The\u00a0Berlin Victory Parade of 1945<\/a>\u00a0is held.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 Nikita Khrushchev<\/a>\u00a0is elected\u00a0first secretary<\/a>\u00a0of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 During an\u00a0Indo-Pakistani War<\/a>, China announces that it will reinforce its troops on the Indian border.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline: India-Pakistan relations | News | Al Jazeera<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conflict Between India and Pakistan | Global Conflict Tracker (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>: In a follow-up to August’s\u00a0Operation Starlite<\/a>, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate\u00a0Operation Piranha<\/a>\u00a0on the Batangan Peninsula.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Outline of the Vietnam War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vietnam War: Causes, Facts & Impact (history.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 North Vietnam – Why the USA lost the war in Vietnam – Higher History Revision – BBC Bitesize<\/a><\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 Fighting<\/a>\u00a0begins between Arab guerrillas and government forces in Jordan.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 Desmond Tutu<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first black man to lead the\u00a0Anglican Diocese of Cape Town<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 \u00a0Chilean<\/a>\u00a0dictator\u00a0Augusto Pinochet<\/a>\u00a0survives\u00a0an assassination attempt<\/a>\u00a0by the\u00a0FPMR<\/a>; 5 of Pinochet’s bodyguards are killed. <\/u><\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 Egypt holds its first-ever\u00a0multi-party presidential election<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of modern Egypt \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Egypt – Politics, Society, Economy | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Elections in Egypt – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 Canada officially\u00a0cuts diplomatic ties<\/a>\u00a0with\u00a0Iran<\/a>\u00a0by closing its embassy in\u00a0Tehran<\/a>\u00a0and orders the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from\u00a0Ottawa<\/a>, over nuclear plans and purported human rights abuses.<\/p>\n

—————————<\/p>\n

8 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

617\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Battle of Huoyi<\/a>:\u00a0Li Yuan<\/a>\u00a0defeats a\u00a0Sui dynasty<\/a>\u00a0army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital\u00a0Chang’an<\/a>\u00a0and the eventual establishment of the\u00a0Tang dynasty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1331\u00a0 Stefan Du\u0161an<\/a>\u00a0declares himself king of Serbia.<\/p>\n

1380\u00a0 Battle of Kulikovo<\/a>: Russian forces defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols, stopping their advance.<\/p>\n

1514\u00a0 Battle of Orsha<\/a>: In one of the biggest battles of the century, Lithuanians and Poles defeat the Russian army.<\/p>\n

1655\u00a0 Warsaw falls without resistance to a small force under the command of\u00a0Charles X Gustav of Sweden<\/a>\u00a0during\u00a0The Deluge<\/a>, making it the first time the city is captured by a foreign army.<\/p>\n

1756\u00a0 French and Indian War:\u00a0Kittanning Expedition<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1813\u00a0 At the final stage of the\u00a0Peninsular War<\/a>, British-Portuguese troops capture the town of Donostia (now\u00a0San Sebasti\u00e1n<\/a>), resulting in a\u00a0rampage and eventual destruction<\/a>\u00a0of the town.<\/p>\n

1831\u00a0 November uprising<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Warsaw<\/a>\u00a0effectively ends the Polish insurrection.<\/p>\n

1855\u00a0 Crimean War<\/a>: The French\u00a0assault the tower of Malakoff<\/a>, leading to the capture of\u00a0Sevastopol<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1926\u00a0 Germany<\/a>\u00a0is admitted to the\u00a0League of Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1926 in Germany \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 International relations – Weimar Germany, 1924-1929 – OCR A – GCSE History Revision – OCR A – BBC Bitesize<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The League of Nations | UN GENEVA<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why the League of Nations was doomed before it began (nationalgeographic.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why Did the League of Nations Fail? Here Are Some Answers – History (historyonthenet.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: German forces begin the\u00a0Siege of Leningrad<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 The\u00a0division of Korea<\/a>\u00a0begins when United States troops arrive to partition the southern part of Korea in response to Soviet troops occupying the northern part of the peninsula a month earlier.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 True Story: Two U.S. Colonels Divided The Korean Peninsula | The National Interest<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Korea was divided and why the aftershocks still haunt us today – The Washington Post<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why Are North and South Korea Divided? | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Korea – Division, Geography, History | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

1954\u00a0 The\u00a0Southeast Asia Treaty Organization<\/a>\u00a0(SEATO) is established.<\/p>\n

1974\u00a0 Watergate scandal<\/a>: US President Gerald Ford signs the\u00a0pardon of Richard Nixon<\/a>\u00a0for any crimes Nixon may have committed while in office.<\/p>\n

2017\u00a0 Syrian civil war<\/a>: The\u00a0Syrian Democratic Forces<\/a>\u00a0(SDF) announce the beginning of the\u00a0Deir ez-Zor campaign<\/a>, with the stated aim of eliminating the\u00a0Islamic State<\/a>\u00a0(IS) from all areas north and east of the\u00a0Euphrates<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Syrian civil war – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why Is There a Civil War in Syria? | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Syria\u2019s War and the Descent Into Horror (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conflict in Syria | Global Conflict Tracker (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

2022\u00a0 \u00a0Queen Elizabeth II<\/a>\u00a0of the United Kingdom\u00a0dies<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0Balmoral Castle<\/a>\u00a0in Scotland after reigning for 70 years. Her son Charles, Prince of Wales, ascends the throne upon her death as\u00a0Charles III<\/a>.<\/p>\n

——————————–<\/p>\n

9 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1000\u00a0 Battle of Svolder<\/a>,\u00a0Viking Age<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1493\u00a0 Battle of Krbava Field<\/a>, a decisive defeat of\u00a0Croats<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Croatian<\/a>\u00a0struggle against the invasion by the\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1493\u00a0 Christopher Columbus<\/a>, with 17 ships and 1,200 men, sails on second voyage from Cadiz.<\/p>\n

1739\u00a0 Stono Rebellion<\/a>, the largest slave uprising in\u00a0Britain’s mainland North American colonies<\/a>\u00a0prior to the\u00a0American Revolution<\/a>, erupts near\u00a0Charleston, South Carolina<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1855\u00a0 Crimean War<\/a>: The\u00a0Siege of Sevastopol<\/a>\u00a0comes to an end when Russian forces abandon the city.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The creation of the\u00a0Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade<\/a>, the first fully mechanized unit in the British Army.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 The\u00a0Greco-Turkish War<\/a>\u00a0effectively ends with Turkish victory over the Greeks in\u00a0Smyrna<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1924\u00a0 Hanapepe massacre<\/a>\u00a0occurs on\u00a0Kauai<\/a>, Hawaii.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Fatherland Front<\/a>\u00a0takes power in\u00a0Bulgaria<\/a>\u00a0through a military coup<\/a>\u00a0in the capital and armed rebellion in the country. A new pro-Soviet<\/a>\u00a0government is established.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 Second Sino-Japanese War<\/a>: The\u00a0Empire of Japan<\/a>\u00a0formally surrenders to\u00a0China<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 September 9, 1945, Japan’s unconditional surrender to China – iMedia (min.news)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cOn Sept 9, 1945, the commander-in-chief of Japan’s China Expeditionary Army, Yasuji Okamura, signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender in Nanjing.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Second Sino-Japanese War | Summary, Combatants, Facts, & Map | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Witnessing Japan’s surrender in China – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 End of World War II in Asia – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1947\u00a0 First case of a\u00a0computer bug<\/a>\u00a0being found: A\u00a0moth<\/a>\u00a0lodges in a\u00a0relay<\/a>\u00a0of a\u00a0Harvard Mark II<\/a>\u00a0computer at\u00a0Harvard University<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1956\u00a0 Elvis Presley<\/a>\u00a0appears on\u00a0The Ed Sullivan Show<\/em><\/a>\u00a0for the first time.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Batticaloa massacre<\/a>: Massacre of 184\u00a0Tamil civilians<\/a>\u00a0by the Sri Lankan Army in\u00a0Batticaloa District<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Tajikistan<\/a>\u00a0declares independence from the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 Israeli\u2013Palestinian peace process<\/a>: The\u00a0Palestine Liberation Organization<\/a>\u00a0officially recognizes\u00a0Israel<\/a>\u00a0as a legitimate state.<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 Ahmad Shah Massoud<\/a>, leader of the\u00a0Northern Alliance<\/a>, is assassinated in\u00a0Afghanistan<\/a>\u00a0by two\u00a0al-Qaeda<\/a>\u00a0assassins who claimed to be Arab journalists wanting an interview.<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 The\u00a0Indian space agency<\/a>\u00a0puts into orbit its\u00a0heaviest<\/a>\u00a0foreign satellite yet, in a streak of 21 consecutive successful\u00a0PSLV<\/a>\u00a0launches.<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 A\u00a0wave of attacks<\/a>\u00a0kills more than 100 people and injure 350 others across\u00a0Iraq<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The long-lasting impact of the U.S. invasion of Iraq | PBS NewsHour<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What If the U.S. Hadn\u2019t Invaded Iraq in 2003? – The Atlantic<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The American invasion of Iraq through an Iraqi’s eyes | On Point (wbur.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

2016\u00a0 The government of\u00a0North Korea<\/a>\u00a0conducts its fifth and reportedly biggest\u00a0nuclear test<\/a>. World leaders condemn the act, with\u00a0South Korea<\/a>\u00a0calling it “maniacal recklessness”.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 North Korea’s Fifth Nuclear Test: What It Means – The Atlantic<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The 9 September 2016 North Korean Underground Nuclear TestShort Note | Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America | GeoScienceWorld<\/a><\/p>\n

———————————-<\/p>\n

10 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1547\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of Pinkie<\/a>, the last full-scale military confrontation between England and Scotland, resulting in a decisive victory for the forces of Edward VI.<\/p>\n

1798\u00a0 At the\u00a0Battle of St. George’s Caye<\/a>, British Honduras defeats Spain.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 Russian Civil War<\/a>: The Red Army\u00a0captures Kazan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 The\u00a0Republic of German-Austria<\/a>\u00a0signs the\u00a0Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye<\/a>, ceding significant territories to Italy, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Canadian declaration of war on Germany<\/a>\u00a0receives royal assent.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II: In the course of\u00a0Operation Achse<\/a>, German troops begin their occupation of Rome.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 The people of Gibraltar<\/a>\u00a0vote<\/a>\u00a0to remain a British dependency rather than becoming part of Spain.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the history of Gibraltar – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Gibraltar \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The History of Gibraltar and how it came to be British (historic-uk.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1974\u00a0 Guinea-Bissau<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from Portugal.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 Switzerland, traditionally a neutral country,\u00a0becomes a full member of the United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Switzerland decides to join UN | World news | The Guardian<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Swiss neutrality \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why is Switzerland a Neutral Country? | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How neutral is Switzerland, really? – SWI swissinfo.ch<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the League to the UN: ending Swiss isolationism – SWI swissinfo.ch<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The neutrality and the sanctions of Switzerland (admin.ch)<\/a><\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 Former Prime Minister of Pakistan\u00a0Nawaz Sharif<\/a>\u00a0returns to Pakistan after seven years in exile, following a military coup in October 1999.<\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 The\u00a0Large Hadron Collider<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0CERN<\/a>, described as the biggest scientific experiment in history, is powered up in Geneva, Switzerland.<\/p>\n

2022\u00a0 Death of Queen Elizabeth II<\/a>: King\u00a0Charles III<\/a>\u00a0is formally proclaimed as monarch at a meeting of the\u00a0Accession Council<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0St James’s Palace<\/a>.<\/p>\n

_______________________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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