{"id":243448,"date":"2023-09-11T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-11T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=243448"},"modified":"2023-09-05T08:27:15","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T07:27:15","slug":"this-week-in-history-168","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/09\/this-week-in-history-168\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

11-17 September 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cSpirituality enters when an Einstein or a Picasso forge time and space into deeper unions, or a mathematician creates a new math with the old ones as special cases.<\/em><\/a>\u201d
\n\u2013 Johan Galtung<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

11 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

Year 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest<\/a>\u00a0ends: The\u00a0Roman Empire<\/a>\u00a0suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the\u00a0Rhine<\/a>\u00a0is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called\u00a0barbarians<\/a>\u00a0for the next four hundred years.<\/p>\n

1683\u00a0 \u00a0Battle of Vienna<\/a>: Coalition forces, including the famous\u00a0winged Hussars<\/a>, led by Polish King\u00a0John III Sobieski<\/a>\u00a0lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces.<\/p>\n

1697\u00a0 \u00a0Battle of Zenta<\/a>: a major engagement in the\u00a0Great Turkish War<\/a>\u00a0(1683\u20131699) and one of the most decisive defeats in\u00a0Ottoman<\/a>\u00a0history.<\/p>\n

1709\u00a0 Battle of Malplaquet<\/a>: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Austria fight against France.<\/p>\n

1758\u00a0 Battle of Saint Cast<\/a>: France repels British invasion during the\u00a0Seven Years’ War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1776\u00a0 British\u2013American\u00a0peace conference<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0Staten Island<\/a>\u00a0fails to stop nascent\u00a0American Revolutionary War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: Australia invades\u00a0German New Guinea<\/a>, defeating a German contingent at the\u00a0Battle of Bita Paka<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 The\u00a0Second Period of Russification<\/a>: The teaching of the\u00a0Russian language<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Russian history<\/a>\u00a0in Finnish schools is ordered to be considerably increased as part of the\u00a0forced Russification program<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Finland<\/a>\u00a0run by Tsar\u00a0Nicholas II<\/a><\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 The\u00a0Second Period of Russification<\/a>: The teaching of the\u00a0Russian language<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Russian history<\/a>\u00a0in Finnish schools is ordered to be considerably increased as part of the\u00a0forced Russification program<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Finland<\/a>\u00a0run by Tsar\u00a0Nicholas II<\/a><\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 United States Marine Corps invades Honduras<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1921\u00a0 Nahalal<\/a>, the first\u00a0moshav<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Palestine<\/a>, is settled as part of a\u00a0Zionist<\/a>\u00a0plan of creating a Jewish state, later to be\u00a0Israel<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Kars<\/a>\u00a0is ratified in\u00a0Yerevan<\/a>,\u00a0Armenia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Construction begins on\u00a0The Pentagon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Charles Lindbergh’s Des Moines Speech<\/a>\u00a0accusing the British, Jews and\u00a0FDR’s<\/a>\u00a0administration of pressing for war with Germany.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II<\/a>:\u00a0German troops<\/a>\u00a0occupy\u00a0Corsica<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Kosovo<\/a>–Metohija<\/a>\u00a0ending the\u00a0Italian occupation of Corsica<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0RAF<\/a>\u00a0bombing raid on\u00a0Darmstadt<\/a>\u00a0and the following firestorm kill 11,500.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 Indo-Pakistani War<\/a>: The\u00a0Indian Army<\/a>\u00a0captures<\/a>\u00a0the town of\u00a0Burki<\/a>, just southeast of\u00a0Lahore<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conflict Between India and Pakistan | Global Conflict Tracker (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 India and Pakistan came close to nuclear war: Pompeo – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List of wars between India and Pakistan in chronological order (jagranjosh.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 China’s\u00a0People’s Liberation Army<\/a>\u00a0(PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at\u00a0Nathu La<\/a>,\u00a0Sikkim<\/a>,\u00a0India<\/a>, which resulted in\u00a0military clashes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 The\u00a0Egyptian Constitution<\/a>\u00a0becomes official.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 A coup<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Chile<\/a>, headed by General\u00a0Augusto Pinochet<\/a>, topples the democratically elected president\u00a0Salvador Allende<\/a>. Pinochet exercises dictatorial power until ousted in\u00a0a referendum in 1988<\/a>, staying in power until 1990.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 A new\u00a0constitution of Chile<\/a>\u00a0is established under the influence of then Chilean dictator\u00a0Augusto Pinochet<\/a>, which is subject to controversy in Chile today.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 The international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of\u00a0Palestinian refugees<\/a>\u00a0following\u00a0Israel<\/a>‘s\u00a01982 Invasion of Lebanon<\/a>\u00a0leave\u00a0Beirut<\/a>. Five days later, several thousand refugees are massacred in the\u00a0Sabra and Shatila refugee camps<\/a>\u00a0by Phalange forces.<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 The\u00a0September 11 attacks<\/a>, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks killing 2,996 people using four aircraft hijacked by 19 members of\u00a0al-Qaeda<\/a>. Two aircraft crash into the\u00a0World Trade Center<\/a>\u00a0in New York City, a third crashes into\u00a0The <\/a>Pentagon<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Arlington County, Virginia<\/a>, and a fourth into a field near\u00a0Shanksville, Pennsylvania<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9\/11 Commission Report \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Planning of the September 11 attacks – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9\/11 conspiracy theories \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 September 11 intelligence before the attacks – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CIA Agent Confesses on Deathbed: \u2018We Blew Up WTC7 on 9\/11\u2019? | Snopes.com<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9\/11 and the Trans Afghan Pipeline Project (TAPI): The Invasion of Afghanistan Had Been Planned Prior to 9\/11. The Missing Enron Link – Global ResearchGlobal Research – Centre for Research on Globalization<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Afghanistan: The Cause and Effect of 9\/11 \u2013 CounterPunch.org<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oil and 9-11: The Connection | History News Network<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Afghan Pipeline You Don’t Know About | The Nation<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pipeline Politics: Oil, Gas And The US Interest In Afghanistan (outlookindia.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is the Afghan war about an oil pipeline? (slate.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Operation Northwoods | Military Wiki | Fandom<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Operation Northwoods: Blueprint for 9\/11? | by Brad Tracy | Medium<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Operation Northwoods, the 1960s government plan to fake terrorist attacks on the U.S. (gizmodo.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Bin Ladens and the Bushes: On 9\/11 George Herbert Walker Bush Meets Osama\u2019s Brother Shafiq bin Laden (substack.com)<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
–\u00a0 \u00a0 “...<\/i>since\u00a0George\u00a0H.\u00a0W.\u00a0Bush\u00a0was involved in project\u00a0Northwoods, one of the objectives of which was to stage terrorists attacks (including hijackings) in order to justify the\u00a0United States<\/i>\u00a0going to war<\/i>.”\u00a0\u00a0Operation Mongoose.pdf (ysmithcpallen.com)<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

2007\u00a0 Russia tests the largest\u00a0conventional weapon<\/a>\u00a0ever, the\u00a0Father of All Bombs<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 The U.S. embassy in\u00a0Benghazi<\/a>, Libya is\u00a0attacked<\/a>, resulting in four deaths.<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

12 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

490BC\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Battle of Marathon<\/a>: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The\u00a0Athenians<\/a>\u00a0and their\u00a0Plataean<\/a>\u00a0allies defeat the\u00a0first Persian invasion force of Greece<\/a><\/p>\n

1213\u00a0 Albigensian Crusade<\/a>:\u00a0Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester<\/a>, defeats\u00a0Peter II of Aragon<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0Battle of Muret<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1229\u00a0 Battle of Portop\u00ed<\/a>: The Aragonese army under the command of\u00a0James I of Aragon<\/a>\u00a0disembarks at\u00a0Santa Pon\u00e7a<\/a>,\u00a0Majorca<\/a>, with the purpose of conquering the island.<\/p>\n

1683\u00a0 Austro-Ottoman War<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Vienna<\/a>: Several European armies join forces to defeat the\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1762\u00a0 The\u00a0Sultanate of Sulu<\/a>\u00a0ceded\u00a0Balambangan Island<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0British East India Company<\/a><\/p>\n

1847\u00a0 Mexican\u2013American War<\/a>: the\u00a0Battle of Chapultepec<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1848\u00a0 A new constitution marks the establishment of\u00a0Switzerland as a federal state<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1897\u00a0 Tirah Campaign<\/a>: In the\u00a0Battle of Saragarhi<\/a>, ten thousand Pashtun tribesmen suffer several hundred casualties while attacking 21 Sikh soldiers in British service.<\/p>\n

1915\u00a0 French soldiers rescue over 4,000\u00a0Armenian genocide<\/a>\u00a0survivors stranded on\u00a0Musa Dagh<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 Southern Rhodesia<\/a>, today called\u00a0Zimbabwe<\/a>, is annexed by the\u00a0United Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1938\u00a0 Adolf Hitler<\/a>\u00a0demands autonomy and self-determination for the\u00a0Germans<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Sudetenland<\/a>\u00a0region of\u00a0Czechoslovakia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 Cave paintings<\/a>\u00a0are discovered in\u00a0Lascaux<\/a>, France.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II<\/a>:\u00a0RMS\u00a0<\/a>Laconia<\/em><\/a>, carrying civilians, Allied soldiers and Italian\u00a0POWs<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0torpedoed<\/a>\u00a0off the coast of\u00a0West Africa<\/a>\u00a0and sinks with a heavy loss of life.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II: First day of the\u00a0Battle of Edson’s Ridge<\/a>\u00a0during the\u00a0Guadalcanal Campaign<\/a>.\u00a0U.S. Marines<\/a>\u00a0protecting\u00a0Henderson Field<\/a>\u00a0are attacked by\u00a0Imperial Japanese Army<\/a>\u00a0troops.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II: Benito Mussolini is\u00a0rescued from house arrest<\/a>\u00a0by German commando forces led by Otto Skorzeny.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0liberation of Yugoslavia from Axis occupation<\/a>\u00a0continues.\u00a0Bajina Ba\u0161ta<\/a>\u00a0in western Serbia is among the liberated cities.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 The\u00a0People’s Republic of Korea<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed, bringing an end to\u00a0Japanese rule over Korea<\/a><\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 Chinese Civil War<\/a>: Marshal\u00a0Lin Biao<\/a>, commander-in-chief of the Chinese communist\u00a0Northeast Field Army<\/a>, launched a massive offensive toward\u00a0Jinzhou<\/a>,\u00a0Liaoshen Campaign<\/a>\u00a0has begun<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 The\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0launches a large rocket,\u00a0Lunik II<\/a>, at the Moon.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 The\u00a0African and Malagasy Union<\/a>\u00a0is founded.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 President\u00a0John F. Kennedy<\/a>\u00a0delivers his “We choose to go to the Moon<\/a>” speech at Rice University.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 JFK – We choose to go to the Moon, full length – YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

1977\u00a0 South African\u00a0anti-apartheid activist<\/a>\u00a0Steve Biko<\/a>\u00a0dies in police custody.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 The\u00a043rd government of Turkey<\/a>\u00a0is overthrown in a\u00a0coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0led by General\u00a0Kenan Evren<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 The\u00a0USSR<\/a>\u00a0vetoes a\u00a0United Nations Security Council<\/a>\u00a0Resolution deploring the Soviet destruction of\u00a0Korean Air Lines Flight 007<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 The two German states and the\u00a0Four Powers<\/a>\u00a0sign the\u00a0Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany<\/a>\u00a0in Moscow, paving the way for\u00a0German reunification<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 The\u00a0Red Cross organizations of mainland China<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Taiwan<\/a>\u00a0sign\u00a0Kinmen Agreement<\/a>\u00a0on repatriation of illegal immigrants and criminal suspects after two days of talks in\u00a0Kinmen<\/a>,\u00a0Fujian Province<\/a>\u00a0in response to the two tragedies in repatriation in the previous two months. It is the first agreement reached by private organizations across the\u00a0Taiwan Strait<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 The\u00a0United Nations<\/a>\u00a0lifts\u00a0sanctions<\/a>\u00a0against\u00a0Libya<\/a>\u00a0after that country agreed to accept responsibility and recompense the families of victims in the\u00a01988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 Iraq War<\/a>: In\u00a0Fallujah<\/a>, U.S. forces mistakenly shoot and kill eight Iraqi police officers.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Iraq War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2003 invasion of Iraq \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rationale for the Iraq War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 WHY DID THE UNITED STATES INVADE IRAQ IN 2003?<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Lies that Led to the Iraq War and the Myth of ‘Intelligence Failure’ (foreignpolicyjournal.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. The Iraq war: the enduring controversies and challenges | SIPRI<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How the U.S. Invasion of Iraq Affected the Middle East (thoughtco.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Costs of War in Iraq | Costs of War (brown.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cMore than one million Iraqis have died as a result of the conflict in their country since the U.S.-led invasion in 2003, according to research conducted by one of Britain\u2019s leading polling groups.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Iraqi Civilians | Costs of War (brown.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Human Cost of the War in Iraq (mit.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 Israeli-Palestinian conflict<\/a>: the\u00a0Israeli disengagement from Gaza<\/a>\u00a0is completed, leaving some 2,530 homes demolished.<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 NASA<\/a>\u00a0confirms that its\u00a0Voyager 1<\/a>\u00a0probe has become the first\u00a0manmade object to enter interstellar space<\/a><\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

13 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

585BC\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lucius Tarquinius Priscus<\/a>, king of\u00a0Rome<\/a>, celebrates a\u00a0triumph<\/a>\u00a0for his\u00a0victories<\/a>\u00a0over the\u00a0Sabines<\/a>, and the surrender of\u00a0Collatia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1759\u00a0 \u00a0Battle of the Plains of Abraham<\/a>: the British defeat the French near\u00a0Quebec City<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Seven Years’ War<\/a>, known in the United States as the\u00a0French and Indian War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1847\u00a0 Mexican\u2013American War<\/a>: Six teenage military\u00a0cadets<\/a>\u00a0known as\u00a0Ni\u00f1os H\u00e9roes<\/a>\u00a0die defending\u00a0Chapultepec Castle<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Battle of Chapultepec<\/a>. American troops under General\u00a0Winfield Scott<\/a>\u00a0capture Mexico City in the Mexican\u2013American War.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Aisne<\/a>\u00a0begins between Germany and France.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 The final act of the\u00a0Greco-Turkish War<\/a>, the\u00a0Great Fire of Smyrna<\/a>, commences.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 Following a\u00a0military coup<\/a>\u00a0in Spain,\u00a0Miguel Primo de Rivera<\/a>\u00a0takes over, setting up a dictatorship.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Second day of the\u00a0Battle of Edson’s Ridge<\/a>\u00a0in the Guadalcanal Campaign. U.S. Marines successfully defeat attacks by the Japanese with heavy losses for the Japanese forces.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: Start of the\u00a0Battle of Meligalas<\/a>\u00a0between the Greek Resistance forces of the Greek People’s Liberation Army (ELAS) and the collaborationist security battalions.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 Nikita Khrushchev<\/a>\u00a0is appointed\u00a0General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 An appeals court orders the University of Mississippi to admit\u00a0James Meredith<\/a>, the first African-American student admitted to the segregated university.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 Martin Luther King Jr.<\/a>\u00a0addresses a crowd of 20,000 West Berliners on Sunday, in\u00a0Waldb\u00fchne<\/a><\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Cold War<\/a>:\u00a0Albania<\/a>\u00a0leaves the\u00a0Warsaw Pact<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Albanian\u2013Soviet split \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Albania leaves Warsaw Pact (famousdaily.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why did Albania withdraw from the Warsaw Pact in 1968? : r\/AskHistorians (reddit.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Albania in the Warsaw Pact | Wilson Center<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What Was the Warsaw Pact and Why Was It Important? | Sporcle Blog<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NATO and the Warsaw Pact | History of Western Civilization II (lumenlearning.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 Chairman\u00a0Mao Zedong<\/a>‘s second in command and successor Marshal\u00a0Lin Biao<\/a>\u00a0flees China after the failure of an alleged coup. His plane crashes in\u00a0Mongolia<\/a>, killing all aboard.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 South Africa grants independence to the “homeland” of\u00a0Venda<\/a>\u00a0(not recognised outside South Africa).<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Largest anti-Apartheid<\/a>\u00a0march in South Africa, led by\u00a0Desmond Tutu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anti-Apartheid Movement \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) | South African History Online (sahistory.org.za)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anti-Apartheid Movement – Leaders, Activists, And Notable Supporters \u2013 WorldAtlas<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 31 Mind Blowing Desmond Tutu Quotes (2023) | Wealthy Gorilla<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Tragic Truth About Desmond Tutu (grunge.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Desmond Tutu – The Forgiveness Project<\/a><\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 Israeli Prime Minister\u00a0Yitzhak Rabin<\/a>\u00a0shakes hands with\u00a0Palestine Liberation Organization<\/a>\u00a0chairman\u00a0Yasser Arafat<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0White House<\/a>\u00a0after signing the\u00a0Oslo Accords<\/a>\u00a0granting limited Palestinian autonomy.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Negotiations | Shattered Dreams Of Peace | FRONTLINE | PBS<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oslo Timeline: 20 Years Of Failed US-Led Peace Talks | IMEU<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oslo Accords: the full story and all the secrets (aljazeera.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Failure of the Oslo Accords \u2013 UC Press Blog<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Israelis and Palestinians Need to Face the Truth – The Atlantic<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who killed the Oslo Accords? | Palestinian Authority | Al Jazeera<\/a><\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples<\/a>\u00a0is adopted by the\u00a0United Nations General Assembly<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 Taliban<\/a>\u00a0insurgents\u00a0attack the United States consulate in Herat<\/a>,\u00a0Afghanistan<\/a>, with two members of the\u00a0Afghan National Police<\/a>\u00a0reported dead and about 20 civilians injured.<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

14 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

629\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Emperor\u00a0Heraclius<\/a>\u00a0enters\u00a0Constantinople<\/a>\u00a0in triumph after his victory over the\u00a0Persian Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1763\u00a0 Seneca<\/a>\u00a0warriors defeat British forces at the\u00a0Battle of Devil’s Hole<\/a>\u00a0during\u00a0Pontiac’s War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1808\u00a0 Finnish War<\/a>: Russians defeat the Swedes at the\u00a0Battle of Oravais<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1812\u00a0 Napoleonic Wars<\/a>: The French\u00a0Grande Arm\u00e9e<\/a>\u00a0enters Moscow. The\u00a0Fire of Moscow<\/a>\u00a0begins as soon as Russian troops leave the city.<\/p>\n

1829\u00a0 The\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>\u00a0signs the\u00a0Treaty of Adrianople<\/a>\u00a0with Russia, thus ending the\u00a0Russo-Turkish War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 The\u00a0Russian Empire<\/a>\u00a0is formally replaced by the\u00a0Russian Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The Estonian military boards the Polish submarine\u00a0ORP\u00a0<\/a>Orze\u0142<\/em><\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Tallinn<\/a>, sparking a\u00a0diplomatic incident<\/a>\u00a0that the Soviet Union will later use to justify the annexation of Estonia.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 Ip massacre<\/a>: The\u00a0Hungarian Army<\/a>, supported by\u00a0local Hungarians<\/a>, kill 158\u00a0Romanian<\/a>\u00a0civilians in\u00a0Ip, S\u0103laj<\/a>, a village in\u00a0Northern Transylvania<\/a>, an act of\u00a0ethnic cleansing<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Wehrmacht<\/a>\u00a0starts a three-day\u00a0retaliatory<\/a>\u00a0operation targeting several Greek villages in the region of\u00a0Viannos<\/a>, whose death toll would eventually exceed 500 persons.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Maastricht<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first Dutch city to be liberated by\u00a0allied forces<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 The\u00a0Indian Army<\/a>\u00a0captures the city of\u00a0Aurangabad<\/a>\u00a0as part of\u00a0Operation Polo<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1954\u00a0 In a\u00a0top secret nuclear test<\/a>, a Soviet\u00a0Tu-4 bomber<\/a>\u00a0drops a 40\u00a0kiloton<\/a>\u00a0atomic weapon just north of\u00a0Totskoye<\/a>\u00a0village.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC<\/a>) is founded.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 Congo Crisis<\/a>: Mobutu Sese Seko seizes power in a military coup, suspending parliament and the constitution.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 The Constitutional Court of\u00a0Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>\u00a0declares the breakaway\u00a0Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia<\/a>\u00a0to be illegal.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 Kiribati<\/a>,\u00a0Nauru<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Tonga<\/a>\u00a0join the\u00a0United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2000\u00a0 Microsoft<\/a>\u00a0releases\u00a0Windows Me<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 Historic National Prayer Service held at\u00a0Washington National Cathedral<\/a>\u00a0for victims of the\u00a0September 11 attacks<\/a>. A similar service is held in Canada on\u00a0Parliament Hill<\/a>, the largest vigil ever held in the nation’s capital.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 In a referendum,\u00a0Estonia<\/a>\u00a0approves joining the\u00a0European Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 Bissau-Guinean President\u00a0Kumba Ial\u00e1<\/a>\u00a0is ousted from power in a\u00a0bloodless military coup<\/a>\u00a0led by General\u00a0Ver\u00edssimo Correia Seabra<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 Financial crisis of 2007\u20132008<\/a>: The\u00a0Northern Rock<\/a>\u00a0bank experiences the first\u00a0bank run<\/a>\u00a0in the United Kingdom in 150 years.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2007 Financial Crisis: Explanation, Causes, Timeline (thebalancemoney.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What Was the Financial Crisis of 2007\u20132008? Causes, Outcomes & Lessons Learned – TheStreet<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The 2007\u20132008 Financial Crisis in Review (investopedia.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The 2008 Crash: What Happened to All That Money? | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Defense Spending During Economic Crisis | Council on Foreign Relations (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fiscal Year 2007: Army Budget: An Analysis: <\/a>Association of\u00a0 the United States Army<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Defense FY 2008 Budget Analysis: Four Percent for Freedom | The Heritage Foundation<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NATO in the aftermath of the financial crisis<\/a><\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

15 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

984\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Major\u00a0Fatimid<\/a>\u00a0victory over the\u00a0Byzantine Empire<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0Battle of the Orontes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1794\u00a0 French Revolutionary Wars<\/a>:\u00a0Arthur Wellesley<\/a>\u00a0(later Duke of Wellington) sees his first combat at the\u00a0Battle of Boxtel<\/a>\u00a0during the\u00a0Flanders Campaign<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1795\u00a0 Britain\u00a0seizes<\/a>\u00a0the\u00a0Dutch Cape Colony<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0southern Africa<\/a>\u00a0to prevent its use by the\u00a0Batavian Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1812\u00a0 The\u00a0Grande Arm\u00e9e<\/a>\u00a0under\u00a0Napoleon<\/a>\u00a0reaches the\u00a0Kremlin<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Moscow<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1873\u00a0 Franco-Prussian War<\/a>: The last\u00a0Imperial German Army<\/a>\u00a0troops leave\u00a0France<\/a>\u00a0upon completion of payment of\u00a0indemnity<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1894\u00a0 First Sino-Japanese War<\/a>:\u00a0Japan<\/a>\u00a0defeats\u00a0Qing dynasty<\/a>\u00a0China in the\u00a0Battle of Pyongyang<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 World War I<\/a>:\u00a0Tanks<\/a>\u00a0are used for the first time in battle, at the\u00a0Battle of the Somme<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1935\u00a0 Nazi Germany<\/a>\u00a0adopts a new\u00a0national flag<\/a>\u00a0bearing the\u00a0swastika<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 The\u00a0F-86 Sabre<\/a>\u00a0sets the\u00a0world aircraft speed record<\/a>\u00a0at 671 miles per hour (1,080\u00a0km\/h).<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 Korean War<\/a>: The\u00a0U.S. X Corps<\/a>\u00a0lands at Inchon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Korean War Timeline | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Inch\u2019\u014fn landing | Korean War, MacArthur\u2019s Plan, U.S. Victory | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Inchon Invasion in the Korean War (Operation Chromite) (thoughtco.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Korean War (1950-1953): Inchon Invasion | SparkNotes<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Korean War 1950-1953 – Battle of Inchon 1950 – COLD WAR DOCUMENTARY – YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

1952\u00a0 The\u00a0United Nations<\/a>\u00a0cedes\u00a0Eritrea<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0Ethiopia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 Nikita Khrushchev<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first\u00a0Soviet<\/a>\u00a0leader to visit the United States.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 The first Greenpeace ship departs from Vancouver to protest against the upcoming\u00a0Cannikin<\/a>\u00a0nuclear weapon test in Alaska.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 Israeli<\/a>\u00a0premier<\/a>\u00a0Menachem Begin<\/a>\u00a0resigns.<\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 Lehman Brothers<\/a>\u00a0files for\u00a0Chapter 11<\/a>\u00a0bankruptcy, the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history.<\/p>\n

2020\u00a0 Signing of the\u00a0Bahrain\u2013Israel normalization agreement<\/a>\u00a0occurs in\u00a0Washington, D.C.<\/a>, normalizing relations between\u00a0Israel<\/a>\u00a0and two Arab nations, the\u00a0United Arab Emirates<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Bahrain<\/a>.<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

16 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1822\u00a0 French physicist\u00a0Augustin-Jean Fresnel<\/a>, in a “note” read to the\u00a0Academy of Sciences<\/a>, reports a direct refraction experiment verifying\u00a0David Brewster<\/a>‘s hypothesis that\u00a0photoelasticity<\/a>\u00a0(as it is now known) is stress-induced\u00a0birefringence<\/a><\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 The\u00a0General Motors Corporation<\/a>\u00a0is founded.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0Siege of Przemy\u015bl<\/a>\u00a0(present-day Poland) begins.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Italian troops\u00a0conquer Sidi Barrani<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Japanese occupation of Hong Kong<\/a>\u00a0comes to an end.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 The military coup to unseat President\u00a0Juan Per\u00f3n<\/a>\u00a0of Argentina is launched at midnight.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 A Soviet\u00a0Zulu-class submarine<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first to launch a\u00a0ballistic missile<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 The first successful photocopier, the\u00a0Xerox 914<\/a>, is introduced in a demonstration on live television from New York City.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 Pakistan establishes its\u00a0Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission<\/a>\u00a0with\u00a0Abdus Salam<\/a>\u00a0as its head.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 Papua New Guinea<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from Australia.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 Lebanon War<\/a>: The\u00a0Sabra and Shatila massacre<\/a>\u00a0in Lebanon takes place.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Lebanon War 1982 | ADL<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Lebanese Civil War From 1975-1990 (thoughtco.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline: Lebanon’s ordeal from civil war to port blast | Reuters<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lebanese Civil War | History, & Significance | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List of wars involving Lebanon – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 The trial of the deposed Panamanian dictator\u00a0Manuel Noriega<\/a>\u00a0ends in the United States with a 40-year sentence for drug trafficking and money laundering.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 Black Wednesday<\/a>: The British pound is forced out of the\u00a0European Exchange Rate Mechanism<\/a>\u00a0by currency speculators and is forced to devalue against the German mark.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 The British government lifts the\u00a0broadcasting ban<\/a>\u00a0imposed against members of Sinn F\u00e9in<\/a> and Irish paramilitary groups in 1988.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Sinn F\u00e9in \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provisional Irish Republican Army \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IRA Army Council – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IRA Timeline: The Troubles, Attacks & Ceasefire (history.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What\u2019s behind Sinn Fein\u2019s victory in Northern Ireland? | Politics | Al Jazeera<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gerry Adams – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List of bombings during the Troubles – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launches its\u00a0Kobani offensive<\/a>\u00a0against Syrian\u2013Kurdish forces.<\/p>\n

2019\u00a0 Five months before the\u00a0COVID-19 stock market crash<\/a>, an overnight spike in lending rates in the United States prompts the\u00a0Federal Reserve<\/a>\u00a0to conduct operations in the\u00a0repo market<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2022\u00a0 During the\u00a0Let Yet Kone massacre<\/a>, the\u00a0Burmese military<\/a>\u00a0kills 13 villagers, including 8 children, after attacking a school in\u00a0Sagaing Region<\/a>,\u00a0Myanmar<\/a>.<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>17 September<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

1176 The\u00a0Battle of Myriokephalon<\/a>\u00a0is the last attempt by the Byzantine Empire to recover central Anatolia from the Seljuk Turks.<\/p>\n

1462\u00a0 Thirteen Years’ War<\/a>: A Polish army under Piotr Dunin decisively defeats the Teutonic Order at the\u00a0Battle of \u015awiecino<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1577\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Bergerac<\/a>\u00a0is signed between King\u00a0Henry III of France<\/a>\u00a0and the Huguenots.<\/p>\n

1620\u00a0 Polish\u2013Ottoman War<\/a>: The Ottoman Empire defeats the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth during the\u00a0Battle of Cecora<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1631\u00a0 Sweden wins a major victory at the\u00a0Battle of Breitenfeld<\/a>\u00a0against the Holy Roman Empire during the\u00a0Thirty Years’ War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1778\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Fort Pitt<\/a>\u00a0is signed. It is the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Native American History Timeline<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Native American History and Culture – Partnership With Native Americans (nativepartnership.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Genocide and American Indian History | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Colonial America Depended on the Enslavement of Indigenous People | Smart News| Smithsonian Magazine<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Understanding Historical Trauma and Native Americans (nativehope.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Native tribes have lost 99% of their land in the United States | Science | AAAS<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Exploitation of Native Americans – Life for Native Americans – CCEA – GCSE History Revision – CCEA – BBC Bitesize<\/a><\/p>\n

1787\u00a0 The\u00a0United States Constitution<\/a>\u00a0is signed in Philadelphia.<\/p>\n

1793\u00a0 \u00a0War of the Pyrenees<\/a>: France defeats a Spanish force at the\u00a0Battle of Peyrestortes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1794\u00a0 Flanders Campaign<\/a>: France completes its conquest of the Austrian Netherlands at the\u00a0Battle of Sprimont<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1809\u00a0 Peace between Sweden and Russia in the\u00a0Finnish War<\/a>; the territory that will become Finland is ceded to Russia by the\u00a0Treaty of Fredrikshamn<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Finnish War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Russo-Finnish War | Summary, Combatants, & Facts | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of Finnish history \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe\u00a0Grand Duchy of Finland, also translated as\u00a0Grand Principality of <\/em><\/a>Native tribes have lost 99% of their land in the United States<\/em><\/a> Finland,<\/em><\/a>[a]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/a>was the\u00a0<\/em><\/a>predecessor state<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/a>of modern\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Finland<\/em><\/a>. It existed between 1809 and 1917 as an\u00a0<\/em><\/a>autonomous<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/a>state within the former\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Russian Empire<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Russification of Finland \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A Look at Finland’s Troubled History with Russia Through Photos (un-aligned.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

1849\u00a0 American abolitionist\u00a0Harriet Tubman<\/a>\u00a0escapes from slavery.<\/p>\n

1901\u00a0 Second Boer War<\/a>: A Boer column defeats a British force at the\u00a0Battle of Blood River Poort<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1901\u00a0 Second Boer War: Boers capture a squadron of the 17th Lancers at the\u00a0Battle of Elands River<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 The Wright Flyer flown by Orville Wright, with Lieutenant\u00a0Thomas Selfridge<\/a>\u00a0as passenger, crashes, killing Selfridge, who becomes the first airplane fatality.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0Race to the Sea<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 World War I:\u00a0Manfred von Richthofen<\/a>\u00a0(“The Red Baron”), a flying ace of the German Luftstreitkr\u00e4fte, wins his first aerial combat near Cambrai, France.<\/p>\n

1924\u00a0 The\u00a0Border Protection Corps<\/a>\u00a0is established in the Second Polish Republic for the defence of the eastern border against armed Soviet raids and local bandits.<\/p>\n

1930\u00a0 The Kurdish\u00a0Ararat rebellion<\/a>\u00a0is suppressed by the Turks.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The\u00a0Soviet invasion of Poland<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0German submarine\u00a0<\/a>U-29<\/em><\/a>\u00a0sinks the British aircraft carrier\u00a0HMS\u00a0<\/a>Courageous<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: Soviet troops launch the\u00a0Tallinn Offensive<\/a>\u00a0against Germany and\u00a0pro-independence Estonian units<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 The\u00a0Nizam of Hyderabad<\/a>\u00a0surrenders his sovereignty over the\u00a0Hyderabad State<\/a>\u00a0and joins the\u00a0Indian Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1974\u00a0 Bangladesh<\/a>,\u00a0Grenada<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Guinea-Bissau<\/a>\u00a0join the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 The\u00a0Camp David Accords<\/a>\u00a0are signed by Israel and Egypt.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Avalon Project : Camp David Accords; September 17, 1978 (yale.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Significance of the Camp David Accords | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Jimmy Carter Brokered a Hard-Won Peace Deal Between Israel and Egypt | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Camp David Accords: Thirteen Days After Twenty-Five Years | Jimmy Carter Library<\/a><\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Estonia<\/a>,\u00a0North Korea<\/a>,\u00a0South Korea<\/a>,\u00a0Latvia<\/a>,\u00a0Lithuania<\/a>, the\u00a0Marshall Islands<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Micronesia<\/a>\u00a0join the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 The first version of the\u00a0Linux<\/a>\u00a0kernel (0.01) is released to the Internet.<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 The\u00a0New York Stock Exchange<\/a>\u00a0reopens for trading after the\u00a0September 11 attacks<\/a>, the longest closure since the\u00a0Great Depression<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 Occupy Wall Street<\/a>\u00a0movement begins in Zuccotti Park, New York City.<\/p>\n

2018\u00a0 A Russian reconnaissance aircraft carrying 15 people on board is\u00a0brought down<\/a>\u00a0by a Syrian surface-to-air missile over the Mediterranean Sea.<\/p>\n

_________________________________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

11-17 September 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":62806,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-243448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/243448","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=243448"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/243448\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":243726,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/243448\/revisions\/243726"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=243448"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=243448"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=243448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}