{"id":244148,"date":"2023-09-18T12:00:25","date_gmt":"2023-09-18T11:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=244148"},"modified":"2023-09-12T04:14:24","modified_gmt":"2023-09-12T03:14:24","slug":"this-week-in-history-169","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/09\/this-week-in-history-169\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

18-24 September 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cIt is when we all play safe that we create a world of utmost insecurity<\/em><\/a>.<\/em>\u201d
\n— Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

18 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1454\u00a0 Thirteen Years’ War<\/a>: In the\u00a0Battle of Chojnice<\/a>, the Polish army is defeated by the\u00a0Teutonic knights<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1739\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Belgrade<\/a>\u00a0is signed, whereby Austria cedes lands south of the Sava and Danube rivers to the Ottoman Empire<\/p>\n

1837\u00a0 Tiffany & Co.<\/a>\u00a0(first named Tiffany & Young) is founded by\u00a0Charles Lewis Tiffany<\/a>\u00a0and Teddy Young in New York City. The store is called a “stationery and fancy goods emporium”.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 The\u00a0Kingdom of Hungary<\/a>\u00a0is admitted to the\u00a0League of Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1931\u00a0 Imperial Japan instigates the\u00a0Mukden Incident<\/a>\u00a0as a pretext to\u00a0invade and occupy Manchuria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 The\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0is admitted to the\u00a0League of Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 \u00a0World War II: The radio show\u00a0Germany Calling<\/em><\/a>\u00a0begins transmitting Nazi propaganda.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II: Adolf Hitler orders the deportation of\u00a0Danish Jews<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 General\u00a0Douglas MacArthur<\/a>\u00a0moves his general headquarters from Manila to Tokyo.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 Operation Polo<\/a>\u00a0is terminated after the Indian Army accepts the surrender of the army of Hyderabad.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 Fidel Castro<\/a>\u00a0arrives in New York City as the head of the Cuban delegation to the United Nations.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fidel Castro’s First Speech at UN, Hours that Made History | FIDEL Soldier of Ideas<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fidel Castro’s 1960 Address to the U.N. General Assembly, Part 1 of 4 by Ron Kurtus – Succeed by Studying Historical Speeches: School for Champions (school-for-champions.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 U.N. Secretary-General\u00a0Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld<\/a>\u00a0dies in an\u00a0air crash<\/a>\u00a0while attempting to negotiate peace in the Katanga region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TRANSCEND MEDIA SERVICE \u00bb Dag Hammarskjold (29 Jul 1905 \u2013 18 Sep 1961): Crisis Manager and Longer-Range World Community Builder<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Death of Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld | Archives and Records Management Section | New York (un.org<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 UN Leader Dag Hammarskjold Died in Mysterious Circumstances in 1961. What Really Happened? | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dag Hammarskjold’s Plane Crash: What Really Happened to the U.N. Chief (foreignpolicy.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1961 Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cDag\u00a0Hammarskj\u00f6ld\u00a0died with 13 others in September 1961, when his plane crashed near Ndola, in what was then Northern Rhodesia. There has been speculation that the plane was brought down\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 RAF veteran \u2018admitted 1961 killing of UN secretary general\u2019 | Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld | The Guardian<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cHammarskj\u00f6ld\u2019s plane was shot down by Belgian pilot Jan van Risseghem, who had flown Royal Air Force fighters during World War II and at the time was a mercenary pilot on behalf of Congolese rebels\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cExclusive research reveals that a British-trained Belgian mercenary admitted the killing of Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld in 1961\u00a0RAF\u00a0veteran \u2018admitted 1961 killing of UN secretary general\u2019<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 UN document S\u00ad0888\u00ad0006\u00ad02\u00ad00001: Items\u00adin\u00adCongo \u00ad reports to the Secretary\u00adGeneral from the Officer\u00adln\u00adCharge of the UN: Operation in the Congo (5\/4531 \u00ad S\/5053\/Add. 13) \u00adVolume 1, 2,_S\/5053\/Add.l2 English Annex I Page 35<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cIntriguingly, the first person to see Hammarskj\u00f6ld’s body at the hospital in Ndole – Norwegian UN officer Bj\u00f8rn Egge – claimed it had a round hole in the forehead, which was airbrushed from the published photos.<\/em><\/a>\u201c<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe first U.N. official to identify his\u00a0body\u00a0swore that he had a bullet sized hole in his\u00a0forehead. But the autopsy, including X-rays of\u00a0Hammarskjold\u2019s\u00a0body, undercut such claims.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe post-mortem summary (the full autopsy report is nowhere to be found, and the in situ police photographs are believed to be in private hands) describes Hammarskj\u00f6ld\u2019s body as \u201ccomplete, unburnt and clothed\u201d.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld and spirituality at the United Nations | Share The World’s Resources (STWR) (sharing.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Markings of Maturity (spectrummagazine.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 Burundi<\/a>,\u00a0Jamaica<\/a>,\u00a0Rwanda<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Trinidad and Tobago<\/a>\u00a0are admitted to the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 Burundi<\/a>,\u00a0Jamaica<\/a>,\u00a0Rwanda<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Trinidad and Tobago<\/a>\u00a0are admitted to the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 The Bahamas<\/a>,\u00a0East Germany<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0West Germany<\/a>\u00a0are admitted to the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 The\u00a08888 Uprising<\/a>\u00a0in Myanmar comes to an end.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 General\u00a0Henri Namphy<\/a>, president of Haiti, is ousted from power in a\u00a0coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0led by General\u00a0Prosper Avril<\/a><\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Liechtenstein<\/a>\u00a0becomes a member of the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1997\u00a0 United States media magnate\u00a0Ted Turner<\/a>\u00a0donates US$1\u00a0billion to the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1997\u00a0 The\u00a0Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention<\/a>\u00a0is adopted.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History and Text | Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (apminebanconvention.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 International Campaign to Ban Landmines \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Landmines \u2013 UNODA<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Background Briefing on Landmine Use in Ukraine | Human Rights Watch (hrw.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 First mailing of\u00a0anthrax<\/a>\u00a0letters from\u00a0Trenton, New Jersey<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a02001 anthrax attacks<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 Buddhist monks join anti-government protesters in Myanmar, starting what some call the\u00a0Saffron Revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 Scotland\u00a0votes against<\/a>\u00a0independence from the United Kingdom, by 55% to 45%.<\/p>\n

2016\u00a0 The\u00a02016 Uri attack<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Jammu and Kashmir, India<\/a>\u00a0by terrorist group\u00a0Jaish-e-Mohammed<\/a>\u00a0results in the deaths of nineteen Indian Army soldiers and all four attackers<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

19 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1410\u00a0 End of the\u00a0Siege of Marienburg<\/a>: The\u00a0State of the Teutonic Order<\/a>\u00a0repulses the joint\u00a0Polish<\/a>\u2014Lithuanian<\/a>\u00a0forces.<\/p>\n

1870\u00a0 Franco-Prussian War<\/a>: The\u00a0siege of Paris<\/a>\u00a0begins. The city held out for over four months before surrendering.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: During the East African Campaign, colonial forces of the Belgian Congo (Force Publique) under the command of Charles Tombeur\u00a0capture the town of Tabora<\/a>\u00a0after heavy fighting.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Witold Pilecki<\/a>\u00a0is voluntarily captured and sent to\u00a0Auschwitz concentration camp<\/a>\u00a0to gather and smuggle out information for the resistance movement<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Moscow Armistice<\/a>\u00a0between Finland and the Soviet Union is signed, which officially ended the\u00a0Continuation War<\/a><\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 The\u00a0Council of Europe<\/a>\u00a0is founded following a speech by Winston Churchill at the University of Zurich.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 Korean War<\/a>: An attack by\u00a0North Korean forces<\/a>\u00a0was repelled at the\u00a0Battle of Nam River<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Korean War | Combatants, Summary, Years, Map, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 The\u00a0Solomon Islands<\/a>\u00a0join the United Nations.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 The Thai army\u00a0stages a coup<\/a>. The Constitution is revoked and martial law is declared.<\/p>\n

2019\u00a0 A drone strike by the United States kills 30 civilian farmers in\u00a0Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Afghan Civilians | Costs of War (brown.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 U.S. and Afghan Forces Killed More Civilians Than Taliban Did, Report Finds\u00a0 The New York Times (nytimes.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

20 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1058\u00a0 Agnes of Poitou<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Andrew I of Hungary<\/a>\u00a0meet to negotiate about the border territory of\u00a0Burgenland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1187\u00a0 Saladin<\/a>\u00a0begins the\u00a0Siege of Jerusalem<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1260\u00a0 The\u00a0Great Prussian Uprising<\/a>\u00a0among the old Prussians begins against the Teutonic Knights.<\/p>\n

1602\u00a0 The Spanish-held Dutch town of\u00a0Grave<\/a>\u00a0capitulates to a besieging Dutch and English army<\/a>\u00a0under the command of\u00a0Maurice of Orange<\/a><\/p>\n

1697\u00a0 he\u00a0Treaty of Ryswick<\/a>\u00a0is signed by France, England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic, ending the Nine Years’ War.<\/p>\n

1835\u00a0 The decade-long\u00a0Ragamuffin War<\/a>\u00a0starts when rebels capture\u00a0Porto Alegre<\/a>\u00a0in Brazil.<\/p>\n

1854\u00a0 \u00a0Crimean War<\/a>: British and French troops defeat Russians at the\u00a0Battle of Alma<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Crimean War: A Timeline Of Key Moments | HistoryExtra<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Crimean War – Summary, Facts & Causes (history.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8 Facts About the Crimean War | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

1893\u00a0 Charles Duryea<\/a>\u00a0and his brother road-test the first American-made gasoline-powered automobile.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 Irish War of Independence<\/a>: British police known as “Black and Tans<\/a>”\u00a0burn the town of Balbriggan<\/a>\u00a0and kill two local men in revenge for an\u00a0IRA<\/a>\u00a0assassination.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Irish War of Independence – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Irish War of Independence | Summary, Guerrilla War, Death Toll, & Anglo-Irish Treaty | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 The Holocaust in Lithuania<\/a>: Lithuanian Nazis and local police begin a mass execution of 403 Jews in\u00a0Nemen\u010din\u0117<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Holocaust in Lithuania | Facing History & Ourselves<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lithuania \u2013 The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools<\/a><\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 The first\u00a0Cannes Film Festival<\/a>\u00a0is held, having been delayed for seven years due to World War II.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 Six days after a\u00a0referendum<\/a>, King Christian X of Denmark annuls the declaration of independence of the Faroe Islands.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty on Relations between the USSR and the GDR<\/a>\u00a0is signed.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 \u00a0James Meredith<\/a>, an African American, is temporarily barred from entering the University of Mississippi.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 Following the\u00a0Battle of Burki<\/a>, the Indian Army captures Dograi<\/a> in during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 – Wikiwand<\/a><\/p>\n

1977\u00a0 Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0is admitted to the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 A French-supported\u00a0coup d’\u00e9tat<\/em><\/a>\u00a0in the Central African Empire<\/a> overthrows Emperor Bokassa I<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Decline and Fall of the Central African Empire (Chapter 7) – France’s Wars in Chad (cambridge.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Jean-B\u00e9del Bokassa | Central African Dictator, Emperor & Military Leader | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe empire would be dissolved less than three years later when French and Central African forces overthrew Bokassa and re-established the Central African Republic on 21 September 1979.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Colonialism in the Central African Republic – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 South Ossetia<\/a>\u00a0declares its independence from Georgia<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 The United States military ends its “don’t ask, don’t tell<\/a>” policy, allowing gay men and women to serve openly for the first time.<\/p>\n

2019\u00a0 Roughly four\u00a0million people, mostly students,\u00a0demonstrate across the world to address climate change<\/a>. \u00a0Sixteen-year-old\u00a0Greta Thunberg<\/a>\u00a0from Sweden leads the demonstration in New York City.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Climate movement \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Youth for climate action | UNICEF<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline: The Politics of Climate Change | FRONTLINE (pbs.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Climate change: How do we know it is happening and caused by humans? – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 12 Important Moments in the History of Climate Action: In Photos (globalcitizen.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

21 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1860\u00a0 Second Opium War<\/a>: An Anglo-French force defeats Chinese troops at the\u00a0Battle of Palikao<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Opium \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Opium | Drug, Physiological Actions, & History | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Opium Wars \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Opium Wars | Timeline | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The 1st and 2nd Opium Wars: Britain Versus China (thoughtco.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Milestones: 1830\u20131860 – Office of the Historian (state.gov)<\/a><\/p>\n

1896\u00a0 Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan<\/a>: British forces under the command of\u00a0Horatio Kitchener<\/a>\u00a0take\u00a0Dongola<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1898\u00a0 Empress Dowager Cixi<\/a>\u00a0seizes power and ends the\u00a0Hundred Days’ Reform<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0China<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 The Holocaust in Ukraine<\/a>: On the Jewish holiday of\u00a0Yom Kippur<\/a>, Nazis send over 1,000 Jews of\u00a0Pidhaitsi<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0Be\u0142\u017cec extermination camp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The \u201cHolocaust by Bullets\u201d in Ukraine | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans (nationalww2museum.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ukraine \u2014 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 The Holocaust in Ukraine: In\u00a0Dunaivtsi<\/a>, Ukraine, Nazis murder 2,588 Jews.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 The Holocaust in Poland<\/a>: At the end of Yom Kippur, Germans order Jews to permanently move from Konstantyn\u00f3w to\u00a0Bia\u0142a Podlaska<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 The\u00a0Boeing B-29 Superfortress<\/a>\u00a0makes its maiden flight.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 Lieutenant\u00a0No Kum-sok<\/a>, a\u00a0North Korean<\/a>\u00a0pilot<\/a>, defects to\u00a0South Korea<\/a>\u00a0with his jet fighter.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 Malta<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from the\u00a0United Kingdom<\/a>, but remains in the\u00a0Commonwealth<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 The\u00a0North American XB-70 Valkyrie<\/a>, the world’s fastest bomber, makes its maiden flight from\u00a0Palmdale<\/a>, California.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 The Gambia<\/a>,\u00a0Maldives<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Singapore<\/a>\u00a0are admitted as members of the\u00a0United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 Bahrain<\/a>,\u00a0Bhutan<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Qatar<\/a>\u00a0join the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 Philippine President\u00a0Ferdinand Marcos<\/a>\u00a0begins authoritarian rule by\u00a0declaring martial law<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 Orlando Letelier<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0assassinated<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Washington, D.C<\/a>\u00a0because had been a member of the former Chilean Marxist government.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 Seychelles<\/a>\u00a0joins the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 Belize<\/a>\u00a0is granted full independence from the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 Sandra Day O’Connor<\/a>\u00a0is unanimously approved by the\u00a0U.S. Senate<\/a>\u00a0as the first female Supreme Court justice.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 Brunei<\/a>\u00a0joins the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Armenia<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 Russian President\u00a0Boris Yeltsin<\/a>\u00a0triggers a\u00a0constitutional crisis<\/a>\u00a0when he suspends\u00a0parliament<\/a>\u00a0and scraps\u00a0the constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 \u00a0A\u00a0Transair Georgian Airlines Tu-134 is shot down<\/a>\u00a0by a missile in the\u00a0Black Sea<\/a>\u00a0near Sukhumi, Georgia<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 The\u00a0Galileo spacecraft<\/a>\u00a0is terminated by sending it into Jupiter’s atmosphere.<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 Three\u00a0Egyptian<\/a>\u00a0militants open fire on a group of\u00a0Israeli soldiers<\/a>\u00a0in a\u00a0southern Israel cross-border attack<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 Al-Shabaab<\/a>\u00a0Islamic militants\u00a0attack the Westgate shopping mall<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Kenya<\/a>, killing at least 67 people.<\/p>\n

2018\u00a0 Killing of Zak Kostopoulos<\/a>, LGBT rights activist beaten to death on a busy street in Athens<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

22 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1499\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Basel<\/a>\u00a0concludes the\u00a0Swabian War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1586\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of Zutphen<\/a>\u00a0is a Spanish victory over the English and Dutch.<\/p>\n

1692\u00a0 The last hanging of those convicted of witchcraft in the\u00a0Salem witch trials<\/a>; others are all eventually released.<\/p>\n

1866\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of Curupayty<\/a>\u00a0is Paraguay’s only significant victory in the\u00a0Paraguayan War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1891\u00a0 The first\u00a0hydropower plant<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Finland<\/a>\u00a0was commissioned along the\u00a0Tammerkoski<\/a>\u00a0rapids in\u00a0Tampere<\/a>,\u00a0Pirkanmaa<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: A joint\u00a0German\u2013Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk<\/a>\u00a0is held to celebrate the successful invasion of Poland.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 The Holocaust in Ukraine<\/a>: On the Jewish New Year Day, the German SS murders 6,000 Jews in\u00a0Vinnytsia<\/a>, Ukraine. Those are the survivors of the previous killings that took place a few days earlier in which about 24,000 Jews were executed.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The \u201cHolocaust by Bullets\u201d in Ukraine | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans (nationalww2museum.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ukraine \u2014 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ukraine – Nazi Occupation, Soviet, Genocide | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 Israeli-Palestine conflict<\/a>: The\u00a0All-Palestine Government<\/a>\u00a0is established by the\u00a0Arab League<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Israeli-Palestinian Conflict | Global Conflict Tracker (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Historical Timeline: 1900-Present – Israeli-Palestinian – ProCon.org<\/a><\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 The Sudanese Republic is renamed Mali after the withdrawal of Senegal from the\u00a0Mali Federation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 The\u00a0Indo-Pakistani War of 1965<\/a>\u00a0between India and Pakistan over Kashmir ends after the United Nations calls for a ceasefire.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conflict Between India and Pakistan | Global Conflict Tracker (cfr.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What were the reasons behind India-Pakistan War and its effects? (jagranjosh.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 A\u00a0bright flash<\/a>, resembling the detonation of a nuclear weapon, is observed near the\u00a0Prince Edward Islands<\/a>. Its cause is never determined.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cOn September 22, 1979 a double flash was reported in the Indian Ocean near the Prince Edward Islands.<\/a>\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Blast From the Past \u2013 Foreign Policy<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Vela Incident (nuclearweaponarchive.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cNew Declassified Records Deepen the Debate on the 22 September 1979 Event \u2013 Including Whether Israel and South Africa Were Involved<\/em><\/a>.<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 Iraq\u00a0invades<\/a>\u00a0Iran, sparking the nearly eight year\u00a0Iran\u2013Iraq War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Iran Iraq War Timeline | Timetoast timelines<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Iran-Iraq War summary | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1 Million Dead: Why the Iran-Iraq War Was So Brutal – 19FortyFive<\/a><\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 The\u00a0Dead Sea Scrolls<\/a>\u00a0are made available to the public for the first time.<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 At least 75 people are killed in a\u00a0suicide bombing<\/a>\u00a0at a Christian church in\u00a0Peshawar<\/a>, Pakistan<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

23 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1409\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of Kherlen<\/a>\u00a0is the second significant victory over Ming dynasty China by the Mongols since 1368.<\/p>\n

1803\u00a0 Second Anglo-Maratha War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Assaye<\/a>\u00a0is fought between the\u00a0British East India Company<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Maratha Empire<\/a>\u00a0in India<\/p>\n

1905\u00a0 Norway and Sweden sign the Karlstad Treaty, peacefully\u00a0dissolving<\/a>\u00a0the Union between the two countries.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The\u00a0Matanikau action<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0Guadalcanal<\/a>\u00a0begins: U.S. Marines attack Japanese units along the\u00a0Matanikau River<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 Korean War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Hill 282<\/a>\u00a0is the first US friendly-fire incident on British military personnel since World War II.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Korean War – Causes, Timeline & Veterans | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Korean War Timeline | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 Argentine general election<\/a>:\u00a0Juan Per\u00f3n<\/a>\u00a0returns to power in Argentina.<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

24 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

787\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Second Council of Nicaea<\/a>: The council assembles at the church of Hagia Sophia.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Second Council of Nicaea | Description, History, Significance, & Facts | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

1674\u00a0 Second Tantrik Coronation of\u00a0Shivaji<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Shivaji Maharaj, Only King in the History Who Had 2 Coronation \u2013 Treachery of Brahmins – Velivada – Educate, Agitate, Organize<\/a><\/p>\n

1890\u00a0 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<\/a> officially\u00a0renounces<\/a>\u00a0polygamy.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What do Latter-day Saints Believe? (churchofjesuschrist.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

1906\u00a0 Racial tensions exacerbated by rumors lead to the\u00a0Atlanta Race Riot<\/a>, further increasing racial segregation.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 Cathay Pacific Airways<\/a>\u00a0is founded in Hong Kong.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 The top-secret\u00a0Clifford-Elsey Report<\/a>\u00a0on the Soviet Union is delivered to President Truman.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Elsey Report (researchgate.net)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NSC 68: America’s Cold War Blueprint (americainclass.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1946: A Year of Ideological Preconceptions | much of the volume concerns Soviet Union. Like Dean of the post … (brchlane.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X Article \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History 393 10.30.14 Flashcards | Quizlet<\/a><\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 The\u00a0Honda Motor Company<\/a>\u00a0is founded.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 Guinea-Bissau<\/a>\u00a0declares its independence from Portugal.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 Southwest Face expedition<\/a>\u00a0members become the first persons to reach the summit of Mount Everest by any of its faces, instead of using a ridge route.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 The Cambodian monarchy is restored, with\u00a0Norodom Sihanouk<\/a>\u00a0as king.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 Representatives of 71 nations sign the\u00a0Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty<\/a>\u00a0at the United Nations.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Full Text: COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR-TEST-BAN TREATY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SUMMARY OF THE\u00a0COMPREHENSIVE\u00a0NUCLEAR-TEST-BAN\u00a0TREATY\u00a0(CTBT)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Technical Issues in the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Ratification Debate: A 20 Year Retrospective (Technical Report) | OSTI.GOV<\/a><\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 Between 30,000 and 100,000 people take part in\u00a0anti-government protests<\/a>\u00a0in Yangon, Burma, the largest in 20 years.<\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 Thabo Mbeki<\/a>\u00a0resigns as president of South Africa.<\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 The\u00a0G20 summit<\/a>\u00a0begins in Pittsburgh with 30 global leaders in attendance.<\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 The\u00a0Mars Orbiter Mission<\/a>\u00a0makes India the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt.<\/p>\n

_____________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/a>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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