{"id":244207,"date":"2023-09-25T12:00:59","date_gmt":"2023-09-25T11:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=244207"},"modified":"2023-09-13T05:51:27","modified_gmt":"2023-09-13T04:51:27","slug":"this-week-in-history-170","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/09\/this-week-in-history-170\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

25 Sep \u2013 1 Oct 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cState sovereignty is a goner. Bankism and Military Capitalism rule the world in all respects now.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2013 Antonio C.S. Rosa<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

25 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1237\u00a0 England and Scotland sign the\u00a0Treaty of York<\/a>, establishing the location of their common border.<\/p>\n

1396\u00a0 Ottoman Emperor Bayezid I<\/a> defeats a Christian army at the\u00a0Battle of Nicopolis<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1555\u00a0 The\u00a0Peace of Augsburg<\/a>\u00a0is signed by Emperor Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1768\u00a0 \u00a0Unification of Nepal<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Nepal \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prithvi N\u0101r\u0101ya\u1e47 Shah | Unification of Nepal, Expansion of Gorkha Empire, Military Campaigns | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

1921\u00a0 Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism<\/a>\u00a0is founded in New York City.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Peace by P.E.A.C.E. (columbia.edu)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Peace Journalism vs. War Journalism | Georgie MacRae (wordpress.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TRANSCEND MEDIA SERVICE \u00bb (1) WHAT IS PEACE JOURNALISM?<\/a><\/p>\n

1915\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0Second Battle of Champagne<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 World War I: The end of the\u00a0Battle of Megiddo<\/a>, the climax of the British Army’s\u00a0Sinai and Palestine campaign<\/a>\u00a0under General\u00a0Edmund Allenby<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1926\u00a0 The international\u00a0Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery<\/a>\u00a0is first signed.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Slavery Convention (un.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Slavery Convention Signed at Geneva on 25 September 1926 <\/a><\/p>\n

1937\u00a0 Second Sino-Japanese War<\/a>: The Chinese Eighth Route Army gains a minor, but morale-boosting victory in the\u00a0Battle of Pingxingguan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Japan invades China. | World War 2 Facts<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 First Sino-Japanese War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List of military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Why did Japan invade China? (jluggage.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nanjing Massacre | History, Summary & Facts | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Japanese Occupation of China 1937-45: The Divided Opposition and its Consequences by David White | Open History Society<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 China’s War with Japan, 1937-1945: The Struggle for Survival by Rana Mitter \u2013 review | History books | The Guardian<\/a><\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria is formally proclaimed.\u00a0Ferhat Abbas<\/a>\u00a0is elected President of the provisional government.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 The\u00a0North Yemen Civil War<\/a>\u00a0begins when Abdullah al-Sallal<\/a> dethrones the newly crowned Imam al-Badr<\/a> and declares Yemen a republic under his presidency.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 The\u00a0Mozambican War of Independence<\/a>\u00a0against Portugal begins.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 The charter establishing the\u00a0Organisation of Islamic Cooperation<\/a>\u00a0is signed.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 Belize<\/a>\u00a0joins the United Nations.<\/p>\n

1987\u00a0 Fijian Governor-General\u00a0Penaia Ganilau<\/a>\u00a0is overthrown in a\u00a0coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0led by Lieutenant colonel\u00a0Sitiveni Rabuka<\/a>.<\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

26 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

715\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ragenfrid<\/a> defeats Theudoald<\/a> at the\u00a0Battle of Compi\u00e8gne<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1212\u00a0 The\u00a0Golden Bull of Sicily<\/a>\u00a0is issued to confirm the hereditary royal title in Bohemia for the P\u0159emyslid dynasty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1345\u00a0 Friso-Hollandic Wars<\/a>: Frisians defeat Holland in the\u00a0Battle of Warns<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1371\u00a0 Serbian\u2013Turkish wars<\/a>: Ottoman Turks fought against a Serbian army at the\u00a0Battle of Maritsa<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1423\u00a0 \u00a0Hundred Years’ War<\/a>: A French army defeats the English at the\u00a0Battle of La Brossini\u00e8re<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1687\u00a0 Morean War<\/a>: The\u00a0Parthenon<\/a>\u00a0in Athens, used as a gunpowder depot by the\u00a0Ottoman<\/a>\u00a0garrison, is partially destroyed after being bombarded during the\u00a0Siege of the Acropolis<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0Venetian<\/a>\u00a0forces.<\/p>\n

1799\u00a0 War of the 2nd Coalition<\/a>: French troops\u00a0defeat<\/a>\u00a0Austro-Russian forces, leading to the collapse of Suvorov’s campaign<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1905\u00a0 \u00a0Albert Einstein<\/a>\u00a0publishes the third of his\u00a0Annus Mirabilis papers<\/a>, introducing the special theory of relativity.<\/p>\n

1907\u00a0 \u00a0Four months after the\u00a01907 Imperial Conference<\/a>, New Zealand and Newfoundland are promoted from colonies to dominions within the British Empire.<\/p>\n

1910\u00a0 Indian journalist\u00a0Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai<\/a>\u00a0is arrested after publishing criticism of the government of Travancore and is exiled.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 \u00a0World War I: The\u00a0Battle of Polygon Wood<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 World War I: The\u00a0Meuse-Argonne Offensive<\/a>\u00a0began which would last until the total surrender of German forces.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 \u00a0The German government accepts the\u00a0occupation of the Ruhr<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1936\u00a0 Spanish Civil War<\/a>:\u00a0Lluis Companys<\/a>\u00a0reshuffles<\/a>\u00a0the\u00a0Generalitat de Catalunya<\/a>, with the\u00a0marxist<\/a>\u00a0POUM<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0anarcho-syndicalist<\/a>\u00a0CNT<\/a>\u00a0joining the government.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 \u00a0Holocaust<\/a>: Senior SS official August Frank<\/a> issues\u00a0a memorandum<\/a>\u00a0detailing how Jews should be “evacuated”.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 August Frank memorandum \u2013 History of Sorts (dirkdeklein.net)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 WWII THIS MONTH…SEPTEMBER 1942 (magzter.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Step By Step: Phases of the Holocaust | Facing History & Ourselves<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Responsibility for the Holocaust \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How did the Holocaust happen? \u2013 The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Final Solution \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 Korean War: United Nations troops\u00a0recapture Seoul<\/a>\u00a0from North Korean forces.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Korean War Timeline | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Korean War | Combatants, Summary, Years, Map, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 In Chicago, the first televised\u00a0debate<\/a>\u00a0takes place between presidential candidates Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 Abbey Road<\/em><\/a>, the last recorded album by\u00a0The Beatles<\/a>, is released.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cultural impact of the Beatles \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 20 ways The Beatles changed the world | Yardbarker<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How the Beatles Changed the World (Documentary) | Amplified \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Beatles: Standing For Peace And Social Justice | TaprootMusic.com<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Beatles: Their Anti-War Legacy And Role In The Anti-War Movement | TaprootMusic.com<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Remembering John Lennon’s Contentious Interview About Peace \u2013 InsideHook<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 John Lennon, stamps inspiring message of peace, on UN’s big week | UN News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IMAGINE all the people living life in peace. (johnlennon.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Exploring The Memories Of World War II Through The Eyes Of The Beatles | TaprootMusic.com<\/a><\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 Soviet Air Force officer\u00a0Stanislav Petrov<\/a>\u00a0identifies a report of an incoming nuclear missile as a computer error and not an American first strike.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stanislav Petrov: The Man Who Prevented a Nuclear War – Owlcation<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Russian officer who prevented nuclear disaster in 1983 | Nuclear Weapons News | Al Jazeera<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1983: Doomsday | Alternative History | Fandom<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov (1939-2017) – Find a Grave Memorial<\/a><\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 The United Kingdom and China agree to a\u00a0transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong<\/a>, to take place in 1997.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sino-British Joint Declaration \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The secret negotiations behind the Hong Kong handover | CNN<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Hong Kong Came Under ‘One Country, Two Systems’ Rule | HISTORY<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hong Kong profile – Timeline – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 China says Sino-British Joint Declaration on Hong Kong no longer has meaning | Reuters<\/a><\/p>\n

———————-<\/p>\n

27 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

1331\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of P\u0142owce<\/a>\u00a0is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order. The Poles are defeated but their leaders escape capture.<\/p>\n

1422\u00a0 After the brief\u00a0Gollub War<\/a>, the Teutonic Knights sign the\u00a0Treaty of Melno<\/a>\u00a0with Poland and Lithuania.<\/p>\n

1529\u00a0 The\u00a0Siege of Vienna<\/a>\u00a0begins when Suleiman I attacks the city.<\/p>\n

1540\u00a0 The\u00a0Society of Jesus<\/a>\u00a0(Jesuits) receives its charter from Pope Paul III.<\/p>\n

1605\u00a0 The armies of Sweden are defeated by the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in the\u00a0Battle of Kircholm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1669\u00a0 The Venetians surrender the fortress of Candia<\/a> to the Ottomans, thus ending the 21-year-long\u00a0Siege of Candia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1822\u00a0 \u00a0Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion<\/a>\u00a0officially informs the Acad\u00e9mie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres<\/a> in France that he has deciphered the\u00a0Rosetta Stone<\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How the Rosetta Stone unlocked the secrets of ancient civilisations | National Geographic<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What Does the Rosetta Stone Say? | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Here’s What the Monumental Rosetta Stone Says (mymodernmet.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 Production of the Model T automobile begins at the\u00a0Ford Piquette Avenue Plant<\/a>\u00a0in Detroit.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 \u00a0Iyasu V<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed deposed as ruler of Ethiopia in a palace coup in favor of his aunt\u00a0Zewditu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1928\u00a0 The\u00a0Republic of China<\/a>\u00a0is recognized by the United States.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Tripartite Pact<\/a>\u00a0is signed in Berlin by Germany, Japan and Italy.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Performing the New Order: The Tripartite Pact, 1940\u20131945<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Axis Alliance in World War II | Holocaust Encyclopedia (ushmm.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Axis Powers: The Infamous Tripartite Pact – Warfare History Network<\/a><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 UN Charter, Article 107:<\/p>\n

\u201cNothing in the present Charter shall invalidate or preclude action, in relation to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory to the present Charter.\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 UN Charter, Article 53:<\/p>\n

\u201c1\u2026<\/em><\/a>.without the authorization of the Security Council, with the exception of measures against any enemy state, as defined in paragraph 2 of this Article, provided for pursuant to Article 107\u00a0\u2026<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The term enemy state as used in paragraph 1 of the Article applies to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory of the present Charter.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    1962\u00a0 The\u00a0Yemen Arab Republic<\/a>\u00a0is established.<\/p>\n

    1988\u00a0 The\u00a0National League for Democracy<\/a>\u00a0is formed by\u00a0Aung San Suu Kyi<\/a>\u00a0and others to fight dictatorship in Myanmar.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Myanmar: Timeline of a fragile democracy | Military News | Al Jazeera<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Myanmar – Myanmar since 1988 | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

    1996\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of Kabul<\/a>\u00a0ends in a Taliban victory; an\u00a0Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan<\/a>\u00a0is established.<\/p>\n

    1998\u00a0 The\u00a0Google<\/a>\u00a0internet search engine retroactively claims this date as its birthday.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Google Impacted the World | AMA | SEO & Digital Marketing (weareama.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Google Has Changed Our Lives: Is Life Without It Even Possible Anymore? | by Naincy Sharma | Live Your Life On Purpose | Medium<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scientists say Google is changing our brains | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How Google Is Changing The Way We Think | HuffPost Impact<\/a><\/p>\n

    2019\u00a0 Over two million people participated in\u00a0worldwide strikes to protest climate change<\/a>\u00a0across 2,400 locations worldwide.<\/p>\n

    2020\u00a0 Second Nagorno-Karabakh war<\/a>:\u00a0Azerbaijan<\/a>\u00a0launched an offensive against the self-proclaimed\u00a0Republic of Artsakh<\/a>, inhabited predominantly by\u00a0ethnic Armenians<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A Summary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict | Warsaw Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 First Nagorno-Karabakh War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Nagorno-Karabakh – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    ———————-<\/p>\n

    28 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1901\u00a0 \u00a0Philippine\u2013American War<\/a>: Filipino guerrillas\u00a0kill<\/a>\u00a0more than forty American soldiers while losing 28 of their own.<\/p>\n

    1918\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0Fifth Battle of Ypres<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

    1939\u00a0 \u00a0World War II<\/a>: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union\u00a0agree<\/a>\u00a0on a division of Poland.<\/p>\n

    1939\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0siege of Warsaw<\/a>\u00a0comes to an end.<\/p>\n

    1944\u00a0 World War II: Soviet Army troops liberate\u00a0Klooga concentration camp<\/a>\u00a0in Estonia.<\/p>\n

    1961\u00a0 A\u00a0military coup<\/a>\u00a0in Damascus effectively ends the\u00a0United Arab Republic<\/a>, the union between Egypt and Syria.<\/p>\n

    1995\u00a0 \u00a0Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin<\/a> and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat <\/a>sign the\u00a0Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Palestinian territories \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe\u00a0Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip\u00a0commonly known as\u00a0Oslo II\u00a0or\u00a0Oslo 2, was a key and complex agreement in the\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Israeli\u2013Palestinian peace process<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (a.k.a. “Oslo II”) – Question of Palestine (un.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oslo Accords (history.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oslo Accords: Why the Israeli-Palestinian peace process failed (nzz.ch)<\/a><\/p>\n

    2009\u00a0 The military junta leading Guinea\u00a0attacks a protest rally<\/a>, killing or wounding 1,400 people.<\/p>\n

    2012\u00a0 Somali and African Union forces launch a coordinated\u00a0assault<\/a>\u00a0on the Somali port of Kismayo<\/a> to take back the city from al-Shabaab<\/a> militants.<\/p>\n

    ———————-<\/p>\n

    29 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1267\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0Treaty of Montgomery<\/a>\u00a0recognizes Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales<\/a>, but only as a vassal of King Henry III.<\/p>\n

    1364\u00a0 During the\u00a0Hundred Years’ War<\/a>, Anglo-Breton forces\u00a0defeat<\/a>\u00a0the Franco-Breton army in Brittany, ending the\u00a0War of the Breton Succession<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1567\u00a0 During the\u00a0French War of Religion<\/a>, Protestant coup officials in\u00a0N\u00eemes<\/a>\u00a0massacre Catholic priests in an event now known as the\u00a0Michelade<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1714\u00a0 The\u00a0Cossacks<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Russian Empire<\/a>\u00a0kill about 800 people overnight in\u00a0Hailuoto<\/a>\u00a0during the\u00a0Great Wrath<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1789\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0United States Department of War<\/a>\u00a0first establishes a\u00a0regular army<\/a>\u00a0with a strength of several hundred men.<\/p>\n

    1848\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of P\u00e1kozd<\/a>\u00a0is a stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces and is the first battle of the\u00a0Hungarian Revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1864\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Lisbon<\/a>\u00a0defines the boundaries between Spain and Portugal and abolishes the\u00a0Couto Misto<\/a>\u00a0micro-state.<\/p>\n

    1911\u00a0 Italy\u00a0declares war<\/a>\u00a0on the\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1918\u00a0 Bulgaria signs the\u00a0Armistice of Salonica<\/a>\u00a0ending its participation in\u00a0World War I<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1918\u00a0 Germany’s\u00a0Supreme Army Command<\/a>\u00a0tells Kaiser\u00a0Wilhelm II<\/a>\u00a0and Imperial Chancellor\u00a0Georg Michaelis<\/a>\u00a0to open negotiations for an\u00a0armistice<\/a>\u00a0to end World War I.<\/p>\n

    1920\u00a0 Ukrainian War of Independence<\/a>: The\u00a0Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic<\/a>\u00a0agree to a\u00a0truce<\/a>\u00a0with the\u00a0Makhnovshchina<\/a><\/p>\n

    1923\u00a0 The\u00a0Mandate for Palestine<\/a>\u00a0takes effect, creating\u00a0Mandatory Palestine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1923\u00a0 The\u00a0Mandate for Syria and Lebanon<\/a>\u00a0takes effect.<\/p>\n

    1941\u00a0 During\u00a0World War II<\/a>, German forces, with the aid of local\u00a0Ukrainian collaborators<\/a>, begin the two-day\u00a0Babi Yar<\/a>\u00a0massacre.<\/p>\n

    1954\u00a0 The convention establishing\u00a0CERN<\/a>\u00a0(the European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed<\/p>\n

    1971\u00a0 Oman joins the\u00a0Arab League<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Arab League | History, Purpose, Members, & Achievements | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Member states of the Arab League – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    1972\u00a0 Japan<\/a>\u00a0establishes\u00a0diplomatic relations<\/a>\u00a0with the\u00a0People’s Republic of China<\/a>\u00a0after breaking official ties with the\u00a0Republic of China<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThe\u00a0Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People’s Republic of China\u00a0was signed on September 29, 1972, in Beijing<\/em><\/a>.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThis study analyses the \u201cone China\u201d framework’s significance for Japan\u2013Taiwan relations since Tokyo switched diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing in 1972<\/em><\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

    2016\u00a0 Eleven days after the\u00a0Uri attack<\/a>, the\u00a0Indian Army<\/a>\u00a0conducts “surgical strikes”<\/a>\u00a0against suspected militants in\u00a0Pakistani-administered Kashmir<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    ———————-<\/p>\n

    30 September<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1918\u00a0 \u00a0Ukrainian War of Independence<\/a>:\u00a0Insurgent forces<\/a>\u00a0led by\u00a0Nestor Makhno<\/a>\u00a0defeat the\u00a0Central Powers<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0battle of Dibrivka<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1938\u00a0 Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the\u00a0Munich Agreement<\/a>, whereby Germany annexes the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.<\/p>\n

    1938\u00a0 The\u00a0League of Nations<\/a>\u00a0unanimously outlaws “intentional bombings of civilian populations”.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 International Law – Bombing of Civilians (dannen.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Bombing of Civilians The proposals for prohibiting the bombing \u00bb 23 Sep 1938 \u00bb The Spectator Archive<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cOn 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two\u00a0<\/em><\/a>atomic bombs<\/em><\/a>\u00a0over the Japanese cities of\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Hiroshima<\/em><\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Nagasaki<\/em><\/a>\u00a0respectively. The bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cCivilians\u00a0under international humanitarian law are “persons who are not members of the\u00a0<\/em><\/a>armed forces<\/em><\/a>” and they are not “<\/em><\/a>combatants<\/em><\/a>\u00a0if they carry arms openly and respect the\u00a0<\/em><\/a>laws and customs of war<\/em><\/a>“.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Protection of civilians in armed conflict<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Protection of Civilians | How does law protect in war? – Online casebook (icrc.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Preventing violations of international humanitarian law and protecting civilians require closer cooperation, OSCE leaders say | OSCE<\/a><\/p>\n

    1941\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Babi Yar<\/a>\u00a0massacre comes to an end.<\/p>\n

    1947\u00a0 \u00a0Pakistan<\/a>\u00a0joins the United Nations.<\/p>\n

    1954\u00a0 The U.S. Navy submarine\u00a0USS\u00a0<\/a>Nautilus<\/em><\/a>\u00a0is commissioned as the world’s first nuclear-powered vessel.<\/p>\n

    1966\u00a0 \u00a0Bechuanaland<\/a> declares its independence, and becomes the\u00a0Republic of Botswana<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    2000\u00a0 \u00a0Israeli-Palestinian conflict<\/a>: Twelve-year-old\u00a0Muhammad al-Durrah<\/a>\u00a0is shot and killed on the second day of the\u00a0Second Intifada<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Israel-Palestine conflict explained: The history behind the Gaza flare-up – The Washington Post<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 First intifada | Israeli\u2013Palestinian history | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Second intifada | Israeli\u2013Palestinian history | Britannica<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict – Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    ———————-<\/p>\n

    1 October<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1800\u00a0 Via the\u00a0Third Treaty of San Ildefonso<\/a>, Spain cedes Louisiana to France, which would\u00a0sell the land<\/a>\u00a0to the United States thirty months later.<\/p>\n

    1814\u00a0 The\u00a0Congress of Vienna<\/a>\u00a0opens with the intention of redrawing Europe’s political map after the defeat of Napoleon in the previous spring.<\/p>\n

    1827\u00a0 Russo-Persian War<\/a>: The Russian army under\u00a0Ivan Paskevich<\/a>\u00a0storms\u00a0Yerevan<\/a>, ending a millennium of Muslim domination of\u00a0Armenia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1887\u00a0 Balochistan<\/a>\u00a0is conquered by the British Empire.<\/p>\n

    1918\u00a0 \u00a0World War I<\/a>: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force\u00a0captures Damascus<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1936\u00a0 Spanish Civil War: The\u00a0Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia<\/a>\u00a0dissolves itself, handing control of\u00a0Catalan<\/a>\u00a0defence militias<\/a>\u00a0over to the\u00a0Generalitat<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1938\u00a0 Pursuant to the\u00a0Munich Agreement<\/a>\u00a0signed the day before,\u00a0Nazi Germany<\/a>\u00a0begins the military occupation and annexation of\u00a0Czechoslovakia<\/a>‘s\u00a0Sudetenland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1939\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: After a one-month\u00a0siege<\/a>, German troops occupy Warsaw.<\/p>\n

    1943\u00a0 \u00a0World War II: After the\u00a0Four Days of Naples<\/a>, Allied troops enter the city.<\/p>\n

    1946\u00a0 Nazi leaders are sentenced at the\u00a0Nuremberg trials<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1946\u00a0 The\u00a0Daegu October incident<\/a>\u00a0occurs in Allied-occupied Korea.<\/p>\n

    1949\u00a0 The\u00a0People’s Republic of China<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0established<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1953\u00a0 A\u00a0United States-South Korea mutual defense treaty<\/a>\u00a0is concluded in Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

    1955\u00a0 The\u00a0Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region<\/a>\u00a0is established.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xinjiang profile – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of Xinjiang \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 History of the Uyghur people \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cXinjiang\u00a0is a key region in northwestern China, connecting East and West Eurasian populations and cultures for thousands of years<\/em><\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cIn the fall of\u00a02016, the Chinese government embarked on an unprecedented campaign of mass incarceration of the Uyghur population in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region<\/em><\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 UN says crimes against humanity may have occurred in China’s Xinjiang region : NPR<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who are the Uyghurs and why is China being accused of genocide? – BBC News<\/a><\/p>\n

    1960\u00a0 \u00a0Nigeria<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

    1961\u00a0 The United States\u00a0Defense Intelligence Agency<\/a>\u00a0is formed, becoming the country’s first centralized military intelligence organization.<\/p>\n

    1961\u00a0 East and West Cameroon merge to form the\u00a0Federal Republic of Cameroon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    1985\u00a0 \u00a0Israel-Palestinian conflict<\/a>:\u00a0Israel<\/a>\u00a0attacks the\u00a0Palestine Liberation Organization<\/a>‘s\u00a0Tunisia<\/a>\u00a0headquarters during\u00a0Operation Wooden Leg<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISRAELI PLANES ATTACK P.L.O. IN TUNIS, KILLING AT LEAST 30; RAID ‘LEGITIMATE,’ U.S. SAYS – The New York Times (nytimes.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IAF Raid on the PLO Headquarters in Tunis (jewishvirtuallibrary.org)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1985 in Israel \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict \u2013 Wikipedi”a<\/a><\/p>\n

    1991\u00a0 Croatian War of Independence:<\/a> The\u00a0Siege of Dubrovnik<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dubrovnik | Dubrovnik war (dubrovnikdigest.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Attack on Dubrovnik Planned at Highest Level | Institute for War and Peace Reporting (iwpr.net)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cHowever, Montenegrin politicians spread panic in Montenegro through media, saying that the Croatian army is gathering in Dubrovnik, and that they will attack Montenegro.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Split and Dubrovnik – The Jerusalem Post (jpost.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tudjman\u2019s Police Minister Admits Croatia Started the War by Attacking Serbs (freerepublic.com)<\/a><\/p>\n

    2018\u00a0 The\u00a0International Court of Justice<\/a>\u00a0rules that Chile is\u00a0not obliged to negotiate access to the Pacific Ocean<\/a>\u00a0with Bolivia.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 International Court of Justice: Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders–Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia vs Chile)<\/a><\/p>\n

    _____________________________________________<\/p>\n

    Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    25 Sep \u2013 1 Oct 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":62806,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-244207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/244207","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=244207"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/244207\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":244208,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/244207\/revisions\/244208"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=244207"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=244207"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=244207"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}