{"id":244586,"date":"2023-10-09T12:00:02","date_gmt":"2023-10-09T11:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=244586"},"modified":"2023-09-20T05:30:50","modified_gmt":"2023-09-20T04:30:50","slug":"this-week-in-history-172","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/10\/this-week-in-history-172\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/TWH-logo-e1694580467414.jpeg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62806\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/TWH-logo-e1694580467414.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"221\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>9-15 October 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Quote of the Week:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/quotes\/ralph_waldo_emerson_383633\" ><em>Once you make a decision, the universe conspires to make it happen.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<br \/>\n&#8212; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson\" >Ralph Waldo Emerson<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<h3><strong>9 October<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>1446\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hangul\" >Hangul<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Origin_of_Hangul\" >alphabet is published<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.duolingo.com\/history-of-korean-language\/\" >Korea<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1594\u00a0 Troops of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portuguese_Empire\" >Portuguese Empire<\/a>\u00a0are defeated on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Sri_Lanka#Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century_(1505\u20131594)\" >Sri Lanka<\/a>, bringing an end to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaign_of_Danture\" >Campaign of Danture<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/article\/2064\/european-discovery--conquest-of-sri-lanka\/\" >European Discovery &amp; Conquest of Sri Lanka<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1604\u00a0 \u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kepler%27s_Supernova\" >Kepler&#8217;s Supernova<\/a>\u00a0is the most recent supernova to be observed within the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milky_Way\" >Milky Way<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1740\u00a0 Dutch colonists and Javanese natives begin a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1740_Batavia_massacre\" >massacre<\/a>\u00a0of the ethnic Chinese population in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies\" >Batavia<\/a>, eventually killing at least 10,000.<\/p>\n<p>1760\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seven_Years%27_War\" >Seven Years&#8217; War<\/a>: Russian and Austrian troops\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raid_on_Berlin\" >briefly occupy Berlin<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1806\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Prussia\" >Prussia<\/a>\u00a0begins the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition\" >War of the Fourth Coalition<\/a>\u00a0against\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_French_Empire\" >France<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1802\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guayaquil\" >Guayaquil<\/a>\u00a0declares independence from Spain.<\/p>\n<p>1874\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Postal_Union\" >Universal Postal Union<\/a>\u00a0is created by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Bern\" >Treaty of Bern<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1900\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cook_Islands\" >Cook Islands<\/a>\u00a0become a territory of the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>1914\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)\" >Siege of Antwerp<\/a>\u00a0comes to an end.<\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 A coup in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama\" >Panama<\/a>\u00a0declares\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ricardo_Adolfo_de_la_Guardia_Arango\" >Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango<\/a>\u00a0the new president.<\/p>\n<p>1950\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goyang_Geumjeong_Cave_massacre\" >Goyang Geumjeong Cave massacre<\/a>\u00a0in Korea begins.<\/p>\n<p>1962\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uganda\" >Uganda<\/a>\u00a0becomes an independent\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_realm\" >Commonwealth realm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1966\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Korea_Army\" >Republic of Korea Army<\/a>\u00a0commits the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binh_Tai_Massacre\" >Binh Tai Massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1967\u00a0 A day after his capture,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernesto_%22Che%22_Guevara\" >Ernesto &#8220;Che&#8221; Guevara<\/a>\u00a0is executed for attempting to incite a revolution in Bolivia. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/che-guevara-is-executed\" >Che Guevara Executed<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB5\/index.html\" >The Death of Che Guevara: U.S. declassified documents<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3-jcvpV3peE\" >The Execution of Ernesto &#8220;Che&#8221; Chevara \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara\" >Legacy of Che Guevara<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1980\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope_John_Paul_II\" >Pope John Paul II<\/a>\u00a0greets the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14th_Dalai_Lama\" >Dalai Lama<\/a>\u00a0during a private audience in Vatican City.<\/p>\n<p>1981\u00a0 President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fran\u00e7ois_Mitterrand\" >Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand<\/a>\u00a0abolishes\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_France\" >capital punishment in France<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2006\u00a0 North Korea conducts its\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test\" >first nuclear test<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 North Korean Nuclear Program:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_North_Korean_nuclear_program\" >Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction\" >North Korea and weapons of mass destruction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/nuke\/IF10472.pdf\" >North Korea\u2019s Nuclear Weapons and Missile Programs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/20th-century\/why-north-korea-went-nuclear\/\" >Wh Korea went nuclear<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/dprkchron\" >Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy, 1985-2022<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rumsfeld and North Korea:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dawn.com\/news\/101161\/rumsfeld-s-firm-sold-reactors-to-n-korea\" >Rumsfeld\u2019s firm sold reactors to N. Korea<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/rense.com\/general37\/rummy.htm\" >The Two Faces Of Donald Rumsfeld<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Investment to Natural Resource Rich North Korea:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/blog\/reboot\/north-korea-oil-and-gas-superpower-wha-179605\" >North Korea: Oil and Gas Superpower? (Wha?)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/world\/la-fg-north-korea-investment-03172019-story.html\" >Investing in resource-rich North Korea seems like a good idea<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/news\/id-definitely-invest-north-korea-investing-guru-mark-mobius\/\" >I&#8217;d &#8220;Definitely&#8221; Invest in North Korea<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/northkoreaintheworld.org\/economic\/foreign-investment\" >Foreign Investment | North Korea in the World<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2019\/04\/11\/kim-jong-un-pursues-this-energy-strategy-to-keep-north-korea-afloat.html\" >Kim Jong Un pursues this energy strategy to keep North Korea afloat<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mining_in_North_Korea\" >Mining in North Korea<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nypost.com\/2017\/07\/03\/north-korea-is-sitting-on-6-trillion-in-mineral-resources\/\" >North Korea is sitting on $6 trillion in mineral resources<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/blog\/reboot\/north-korea-oil-and-gas-superpower-wha-179605\" >North Korea: Oil and Gas Superpower? (Wha?)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/publication\/Keun_Wook_Paik.pdf\" >NORTH KOREA AND SEABED PETROLEUM<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.38north.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/pdf\/2015-12-14_Bermudez_North-Koreas-Exploration-for-Oil-and-Gas.pdf\" >North-Koreas-Exploration-for-Oil-and-Gas.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2007\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average\" >Dow Jones Industrial Average<\/a>\u00a0reaches its all-time high of 14,164 points before rapidly declining due to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_crisis_of_2007\u20132008\" >2007-2008 financial crises<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Financial\/Economic Crisis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rcfs\/article\/4\/2\/155\/1555737?login=false\" >Financial Crisis of 2007\u20132009: Why Did It Happen and What Did We Learn? | The Review of Corporate Finance Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/world101.cfr.org\/global-era-issues\/monetary-policy-and-currencies\/global-consequences-financial-contagion\" >The Global Consequences of a Financial Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Financial Crisis and War\/Conflict:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/financial-crisis-and-war-by-harold-james\" >Financial Crisis and War by Harold James<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/ukraine-wars-surprising-links-to-the-2008-financial-crisis-and-the-parallels-with-1939-179592\" >Ukraine war\u2019s surprising links to the 2008 financial crisis \u2013 and the parallels with 1939<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/monkey-cage\/wp\/2015\/10\/15\/heres-why-the-iraq-war-may-have-helped-trigger-the-financial-crisis\/\" >Here\u2019s why the Iraq War may have helped trigger the financial crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtontimes.com\/news\/2011\/feb\/28\/financial-terrorism-suspected-in-08-economic-crash\/\" ><em>Evidence outlined in a Pentagon contractor report suggests that financial subversion carried out by unknown parties, such as terrorists or hostile nations, contributed to the 2008 economic crash\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41852999\" >THE ECONOMIC CRISIS, VIOLENT CONFLICT, AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/thewto_e\/whatis_e\/10thi_e\/10thi09_e.htm\" ><em>When the world economy is in turmoil<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/thewto_e\/whatis_e\/10thi_e\/10thi09_e.htm\" ><em>, the multilateral trading system can contribute to stability. Some would argue that this can even contribute to international peace. History is littered with examples of trade disputes escalating into armed conflict.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/feature\/recession-wont-stop-americas-reckless-military-spending-82771\" >A Recession Won&#8217;t Stop America&#8217;s Reckless Military Spending<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2018\/11\/the-next-economic-crisis-could-cause-a-global-conflict-heres-why\/\" >The next economic crisis could cause a global conflict. Here&#8217;s why <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2012\u00a0 Pakistani Taliban attempt to assassinate outspoken schoolgirl\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malala_Yousafzai\" >Malala Yousafzai<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2016\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arakan_Rohingya_Salvation_Army\" >Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army<\/a>\u00a0launches its\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Rakhine_State_clashes#2016\" >first attack<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myanmar\" >Myanmar<\/a>\u00a0security forces along the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangladesh\u2013Myanmar_border\" >Bangladesh\u2013Myanmar border<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2019\u00a0 Turkey begins its\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria\" >military offensive<\/a>\u00a0in north-eastern Syria.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Turkey and North-Eastern Syria:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria\" >Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September\u2013December_2019)\" >Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September\u2013December 2019)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Order_of_battle_for_the_2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria\" >Order of battle for the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Turkish Invasion and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kurds\" >Kurds<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria\" >Turkish occupation of northern Syria<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sethfrantzman.com\/2019\/10\/09\/notes-and-quotes-on-the-eve-of-the-invasion-turkey-eastern-syria-the-sdf-and-the-us\/\" >Notes and quotes on the eve of the invasion: Turkey, eastern Syria, the SDF and the US | Seth J. Frantzman &#8211; author &#8211; analyst<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2019-10-09\/why-turkey-wants-to-destroy-a-kurdish-state-in-ne-syria\/11584898\" >Why Turkey wants to invade the Kurdish region in north-eastern Syria<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-49973218\" >Turkey&#8217;s Syria offensive explained in four maps<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2019\/oct\/09\/turkey-launches-military-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan\" >Turkey unleashes airstrikes against Kurds in north-east Syria<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2019\/10\/14\/turkeys-relationship-with-nato-tested-over-syria-operation\/\" >Turkey\u2019s relationship with NATO tested over Syria operation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<h3><strong>10 October<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>1631\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thirty_Years%27_War\" >Thirty Years&#8217; War<\/a>: An army of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electorate_of_Saxony\" >Electorate of Saxony<\/a>\u00a0seizes Prague.<\/p>\n<p>1868\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ten_Years%27_War\" >Ten Years&#8217; War<\/a>\u00a0begins against\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba\" >Spanish rule<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuba\" >Cuba<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1903\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union\" >Women&#8217;s Social and Political Union<\/a>\u00a0is founded in support of the enfranchisement of British women.<\/p>\n<p>1938\u00a0 Abiding by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Munich_Agreement\" >Munich Agreement<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovakia\" >Czechoslovakia<\/a>\u00a0completes its withdrawal from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sudetenland\" >Sudetenland<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1963\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty\" >Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty<\/a>\u00a0comes into effect.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/doc\/Publication\/UNTS\/Volume%20480\/volume-480-I-6964-English.pdf\" >TREATY BANNING NUCLEAR WEAPON TESTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, IN OUTER SPACE AND UNDER WATER. SIGNED AT MOSCOW, ON 5 AUGUST 1963<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1967\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outer_Space_Treaty\" >Outer Space Treaty<\/a>\u00a0comes into force.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/spacelaw\/treaties\/introouterspacetreaty.html\" >Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/pdf\/gares\/ARES_21_2222E.pdf\" >Full Text of the Treaty:<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/pdf\/publications\/STSPACE11E.pdf\" >UNITED NATIONS TREATIES AND PRINCIPLES ON OUTER SPACE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1980\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farabundo_Mart\u00ed_National_Liberation_Front\" >Farabundo Mart\u00ed National Liberation Front<\/a>\u00a0is founded in El Salvador.<\/p>\n<p>2002\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_War\" >Iraq War<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Congress\" >United States Congress<\/a>\u00a0approves the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002\" >Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Iraq War of 2002:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War\" >Timeline of the Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2011\/12\/14\/timeline-2002-2011-notable-events-in-iraq\/\" >Timeline 2002-2011: Notable events in Iraq<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fcnl.org\/updates\/2023-02\/2002-iraq-aumf-what-it-and-why-congress-should-repeal-it\" >The 2002 Iraq AUMF: What It Is and Why Congress Should Repeal It | Friends Committee On National Legislation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Iraq War and Its Justification:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/world101.cfr.org\/global-era-issues\/terrorism\/how-single-phrase-defined-war-terror\" ><em>What is the 2001 AUMF and what does it have to do with 9\/11? From the invasion of Afghanistan, to the Iraq War, \u00a0and more, learn how the United States justified U.S. counterterrorism policy for over two decades.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2021\/06\/17\/2002-iraq-war-authorization-repealed-494997\" >House repeals 2002 Iraq War authorization<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2003_invasion_of_Iraq\" >2003 invasion of Iraq<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War\" >United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War\" >Rationale for the Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/2002-iraq-war-vote-3325446\" >Congress Members Who Voted Against the 2002 Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_reactions_to_the_prelude_to_the_Iraq_War\" >International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Protests Against the Iraq War:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War\" >Protests against the Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/269729\/documented-civilian-deaths-in-iraq-war-since-2003\/\" >Civilian deaths in Iraq war 2003-2023<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Behind the Iraq War:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/spyscape.com\/article\/saddam-husseins-fake-uranium\" >The Uranium Hoax that Triggered the Iraq War (spyscape.com)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plame_affair\" >Plame affair<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>The\u00a0Niger uranium forgeries\u00a0were forged documents initially released in 2001 by\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>SISMI<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>(the former military intelligence agency of Italy), which seem to depict an attempt made by\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>Saddam Hussein<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>\u00a0in\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>Iraq<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>\u00a0to purchase\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>yellowcake uranium<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>\u00a0powder from\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>Niger<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fcnl.org\/updates\/2023-03\/senate-has-finally-voted-end-iraq-war\" >The Senate Has Finally Voted to End the Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2009\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenia\" >Armenia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkey\" >Turkey<\/a>\u00a0sign the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zurich_Protocols\" >Zurich Protocols<\/a>, intended to normalize\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenia\u2013Turkey_relations\" >relations<\/a>. However, they are never ratified by either side.<\/p>\n<p>2010\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netherlands_Antilles\" >Netherlands Antilles<\/a>\u00a0are dissolved as a country.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<h3><strong>11 October<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>1142\u00a0 A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Shaoxing\" >peace treaty<\/a>\u00a0ends the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jin\u2013Song_wars\" >Jin\u2013Song wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1899\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Boer_War\" >Second Boer War<\/a>\u00a0erupts in South Africa between the British-ruled Cape Colony, and the Boer-ruled Transvaal and Orange Free State.<\/p>\n<p>1906\u00a0 San Francisco sparks a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907\" >diplomatic crisis<\/a>\u00a0between the United States and Japan by ordering segregated schools for Japanese students.<\/p>\n<p>1912\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Balkan_War\" >First Balkan War<\/a>: The day after the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Sarantaporo\" >Battle of Sarantaporo<\/a>, Greek troops liberate the city of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kozani#Balkan_wars\" >Kozani<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1942\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: Off Guadalcanal, United States Navy ships\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Cape_Esperance\" >intercept and defeat<\/a>\u00a0a Japanese force.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic\" >Tuvan People&#8217;s Republic<\/a>\u00a0is annexed by the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n<p>1954\u00a0 In accord with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1954_Geneva_Conference\" >1954 Geneva Conference<\/a>, French troops complete their withdrawal from North Vietnam.<\/p>\n<p>1961\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement\" >1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement<\/a>\u00a0is held in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgrade\" >Belgrade<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SFR_Yugoslavia\" >SFR Yugoslavia<\/a>, resulting in the establishment of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-Aligned_Movement\" >Non-Aligned Movement<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1962\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Vatican_Council\" >Second Vatican Council<\/a>\u00a0(Vatican II) becomes the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecumenical_council\" >ecumenical council<\/a> of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vatican II: Its Significance and Summary:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2012\/10\/10\/162573716\/why-is-vatican-ii-so-important\" >Why Is Vatican II So Important?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/catholic-link.org\/what-is-second-vatican-council-controversy\/\" >What Is The Second Vatican Council? And, Why Did It Create Controversy?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Second-Vatican-Council\" >Second Vatican Council summary<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catholicculture.org\/culture\/library\/view.cfm?recnum=10034\" >Library : A Summary and Guide to the Documents of the Second Vatican Council<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vatican II in the Cold War Era:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2019\/06\/espionage-and-the-catholic-church-from-the-cold-war-to-the-present\/\" >Espionage and the Catholic Church from the Cold War to the Present<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/reviews.history.ac.uk\/review\/362\" >Religion and the Cold War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1057\/9781403919571_7\" >The Vatican, Italy and the Cold War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/events.ceu.edu\/2022-11-21\/displaced-persons-and-vatican-cold-war-history\" >DISPLACED PERSONS AND THE VATICAN. A COLD WAR HISTORY<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vatican II and Unpublished Condemnations of Communism:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catholicworldreport.com\/2012\/12\/10\/why-did-vatican-ii-ignore-communism\/\" >Why Did Vatican II Ignore Communism?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lifesitenews.com\/news\/vatican-iis-lost-condemnations-of-communism-revealed-to-public-for-first-ti\/\" >Vatican II\u2019s lost condemnations of communism revealed to public for first time<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/crisismagazine.com\/opinion\/vatican-iis-unpublished-condemnations-communism\" >Vatican II\u2019s Unpublished Condemnations of Communism<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CIA Behind Vatican II:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2022\/11\/12\/the-cia-plan-for-the-destruction-of-the-church-june-29-1953-a-d\/\" >The CIA Plan for the Destruction of the Church, June 29, 1953.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2021\/11\/19\/how-the-cia-ideologically-outmaneuvered-the-catholic-church-at-the-second-vatican-council\/\" >How the CIA ideologically outmaneuvered the Catholic Church at the Second Vatican Council<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/radtradthomist.chojnowski.me\/2022\/11\/cia-power-behind-vatican-ii-revolution.html\" >CIA: The Power Behind the Vatican II Revolution in the Catholic Church. Declassified Document Tells of Plan to &#8220;Break down DOCTRINAL THOUGHT <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/radtradthomist.chojnowski.me\/2022\/11\/cia-power-behind-vatican-ii-revolution.html\" >PATTERNS, which have provided an intellectual basis for Communism and OTHER DOCTRINES HOSTILE TO AMERICAN AND FREE WORLD OBJECTIVES.&#8221; This, along with the two other declassified documents we have provided, demonstrate who was interested in a NewChurch with NewReligion Americanist Doctrines.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-bFh2wR2iyE\" >Vatican II and CIA Propaganda with David A. Wemhoff &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2021\/11\/22\/what-the-cia-targeted-for-destruction-at-vatican-ii\/\" >What the CIA targeted for destruction at Vatican II<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/catholicism.org\/ad-rem-no-361.html\" >Doctrinal Warfare, the CIA, and the Colonizing of the Catholic Mind<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jaysanalysis.com\/2020\/09\/15\/vatican-2-geopolitics-the-cia-the-jesuits-wemhoffs-book-half\/\" >Vatican 2, Geopolitics, the CIA &amp; the Jesuits<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CIA, Sister Lucy and Vatican II:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2022\/12\/06\/did-the-cia-replace-sister-lucy-to-enable-their-vatican-ii-take-down-of-the-church\/\" >Did the CIA replace Sister Lucy, to enable their Vatican II take-down of the Church?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2023\/07\/23\/the-vaticans-top-secret-the-substitution-of-sr-lucy-at-the-request-of-the-cia\/\" >THE VATICAN\u2019S TOP SECRET: The substitution of Sr. Lucy at the Request of the CIA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vtforeignpolicy.com\/2023\/07\/the-vaticans-top-secret-the-disappearance-and-replacement-of-sister-lucia-of-fatima\/\" >The Vatican\u2019s Top Secret: The Disappearance and Replacement of Sister Lucia of Fatima<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/novusordowatch.org\/2020\/11\/sister-lucia-fatima-woman-replaced-her\/\" > Lucy of Fatima and the Woman who Replaced Her: The \u2018Sister Lucy Truth\u2019 Project Explained<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vatican II, CIA, Liberation Theology, and KGB:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nacla.org\/news\/2013\/3\/14\/liberation-theology-cia-and-vatican-new-direction-latin-america\" >Liberation Theology, the CIA, and the Vatican: A New Direction for Latin America?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/shalomsalaampeace\/liberation-theology-and-vatican-ii\/B8E1BC991E87906D74CD0E71B0E8FA73\" >Liberation Theology and Vatican II &#8211; Shalom\/Salaam\/Peace<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ceimsa.org\/publications\/Students\/Grace.pdf\" >LIBERATION THEOLOGY: A PRODUCT OF THE COLD WAR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/stream.org\/liberation-theology-soviet-plant-native-weed-poisonous\/\" >Liberation Theology: Soviet Plant or Native Weed, It&#8217;s Poisonous<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenewamerican.com\/us\/culture\/faith-and-morals\/communist-defector-says-kgb-created-liberation-theology\/\" >Communist Defector Says KGB Created &#8220;Liberation Theology&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catholicnewsagency.com\/news\/31919\/former-soviet-spy-we-created-liberation-theology\" >Former Soviet spy: We created Liberation Theology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.liberty.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1602&amp;context=honors\" >LIBERATION THEOLOGY AND THE SOVIET UNION<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1986\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_Reagan\" >Ronald Reagan<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikhail_Gorbachev\" >Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reykjav\u00edk_Summit\" >meet in Iceland<\/a>\u00a0to continue discussions about scaling back\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IRBM\" >IRBM<\/a>\u00a0arsenals in Europe.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ahf.nuclearmuseum.org\/ahf\/history\/reagan-and-gorbachev-reykjavik-summit\/\" >Reagan and Gorbachev: The Reykjavik Summit &#8211; Nuclear Museum<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB203\/\" >The Reykjavik File: Previously Secret U.S. and Soviet Documents on the 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev Summit<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/gorbachev-calls-for-nuclear-weapons-treaty\" ><em>A subsequent meeting in 1986 started with high hopes for an agreement, but the discussions broke down&#8230;when Gorbachev linked the issue of the elimination of U.S. and Soviet INF&#8230;<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty\" >Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/engelsbergideas.com\/notebook\/gorbachev-did-not-end-the-cold-war-alone-the-west-won\/\" >Gorbachev did not end the Cold War alone \u2014 the West won<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1987\u00a0 Start of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Pawan\" >Operation Pawan<\/a>\u00a0by Indian forces in Sri Lanka. Thousands of civilians, insurgents, soldiers die.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<h3><strong>12 October<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>539BC\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The army of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyrus_the_Great\" >Cyrus the Great<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persia\" >Persia<\/a>\u00a0takes\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Babylon\" >Babylon<\/a>, ending the Babylonian empire. (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_calendar\" >Julian calendar<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>1848\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear\" >War of Jenkins&#8217; Ear<\/a>: A British squadron\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Havana_(1748)\" >wins a tactical victory<\/a>\u00a0over a Spanish squadron off Havana.<\/p>\n<p>1798\u00a0 Flemish and Luxembourgish peasants launch the rebellion against French rule known as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peasants%27_War_(1798)\" >Peasants&#8217; War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1822\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedro_I_of_Brazil\" >Pedro I of Brazil<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed the emperor.<\/p>\n<p>1917\u00a0 World War I: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele\" >First Battle of Passchendaele<\/a>\u00a0takes place resulting in the largest single-day loss of life in New Zealand history.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axis_occupation_of_Greece\" >Axis occupation of Athens<\/a>\u00a0comes to an end.<\/p>\n<p>1960\u00a0 Soviet Premier\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nikita_Khrushchev\" >Nikita Khrushchev<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shoe-banging_incident\" >pounds his shoe on a desk<\/a>\u00a0at the United Nations to protest a Philippine assertion.<\/p>\n<p>1970\u00a0 Vietnam War:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnamization\" >Vietnamization<\/a>\u00a0continues as President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-timeline\" >Vietnam War Timeline &#8211; Lead-Up, Battles &amp; Deaths<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1970_in_the_Vietnam_War\" >1970 in the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sofmag.com\/the-u-s-army-in-vietnam-from-tet-to-the-final-withdrawal-1968-1975\/\" >THE U.S. ARMY IN VIETNAM FROM TET TO THE FINAL WITHDRAWAL, 1968-1975<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/u-s-withdraws-from-vietnam\" >S. Withdraws From Vietnam<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1971\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire\" >2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n<p>1977\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hua_Guofeng\" >Hua Guofeng<\/a>\u00a0succeeds\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mao_Zedong\" >Mao Zedong<\/a>\u00a0as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paramount_leader\" >paramount leader<\/a>\u00a0of China.<\/p>\n<p>1983\u00a0 Japan&#8217;s former Prime Minister\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kakuei_Tanaka\" >Tanaka Kakuei<\/a>\u00a0is found guilty of taking a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_bribery_scandals\" >$2 million bribe<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_Corporation\" >Lockheed Corporation<\/a>, and is sentenced to four years in jail.<\/p>\n<p>1984\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army\" >Provisional Irish Republican Army<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brighton_hotel_bombing\" >fail to assassinate<\/a>\u00a0Prime Minister\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Thatcher\" >Margaret Thatcher<\/a>\u00a0and her\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Thatcher_ministry\" >cabinet<\/a>. The bomb kills five people and wounds 31.<\/p>\n<p>1999\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pervez_Musharraf\" >Pervez Musharraf<\/a>\u00a0takes power in Pakistan from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nawaz_Sharif\" >Nawaz Sharif<\/a>\u00a0through a bloodless\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27\u00e9tat\" >coup<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2002\u00a0 Terrorists\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2002_Bali_bombings\" >detonate bombs<\/a>\u00a0in two nightclubs in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuta\" >Kuta<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bali\" >Bali<\/a>, Indonesia, killing 202 and wounding over 300.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<h3><strong>13 October<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>1307\u00a0 Hundreds of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knights_Templar\" >Knights Templar<\/a>\u00a0in France are\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knights_Templar#Arrests,_charges_and_dissolution\" >arrested at dawn<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_IV_of_France\" >King Philip the Fair<\/a>, and later confess under torture to heresy.<\/p>\n<p>1793\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolutionary_Wars\" >French Revolutionary Wars: Austro-Prussian victory over Republican France <\/a>at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)\" >First Battle of Wissembourg<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1812\u00a0 War of 1812: Sir Isaac Brock&#8217;s British and native forces\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights\" >repel an invasion of Canada<\/a>\u00a0by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer\" >General Rensselaer<\/a>&#8216;s United States forces.<\/p>\n<p>1821\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Mexican_Empire\" >Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire<\/a>\u00a0is publicly proclaimed.<\/p>\n<p>1843\u00a0 In New York City,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%27nai_B%27rith\" >B&#8217;nai B&#8217;rith<\/a>, the oldest Jewish service organization in the world, is founded.<\/p>\n<p>1881\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language#First_Aliyah\" >First known conversation<\/a>\u00a0in modern Hebrew by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda\" >Eliezer Ben-Yehuda<\/a>\u00a0and friends.<\/p>\n<p>1915\u00a0 First World War: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Hohenzollern_Redoubt\" >Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt<\/a>\u00a0marks the end of the Battle of Loos.<\/p>\n<p>1917\u00a0 The &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miracle_of_the_Sun\" >Miracle of the Sun<\/a>&#8221; is witnessed by an estimated 70,000 people in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cova_da_Iria\" >Cova da Iria<\/a>\u00a0in Portugal.<\/p>\n<p>1921\u00a0 Soviet republics sign the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Kars\" >Treaty of Kars<\/a>\u00a0to formalize the borders between Turkey and the South Caucasus states.<\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 World War II: Marshal\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pietro_Badoglio\" >Pietro Badoglio<\/a>\u00a0announces that Italy has officially declared war on Germany.<\/p>\n<p>1990\u00a0 Syrian forces attack free areas of Lebanon, removing General\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michel_Aoun\" >Michel Aoun<\/a>\u00a0from the presidential palace.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Elimination_(1990,_Lebanon)\" >War of Elimination (1990, Lebanon)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/timeline-of-the-lebanese-civil-war-2353188\" >Timeline of the Lebanese Civil War From 1975-1990<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lebanese_Civil_War\" >Lebanese Civil War<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Liberation_(1989\u20131990)\" ><em>The conflict culminated on 13 October 1990, when the\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Liberation_(1989\u20131990)\" ><em>Syrian Army<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Liberation_(1989\u20131990)\" ><em>stormed\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Liberation_(1989\u20131990)\" ><em>Baabda Palace<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Liberation_(1989\u20131990)\" ><em>\u00a0and other strongholds of Aoun, killing hundreds <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Liberation_(1989\u20131990)\" ><em>of Lebanese soldiers and civilians and ousting Aoun, marking the end of the Lebanese Civil War<\/em><\/a>.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2016\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maldives\" >Maldives<\/a>\u00a0announces its decision to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Nations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<h3><strong>14 October<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>1322\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_the_Bruce\" >Robert the Bruce of Scotland<\/a>\u00a0defeats King\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_II_of_England\" >Edward II of England<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Old_Byland\" >Battle of Old Byland<\/a>, forcing Edward to accept Scotland&#8217;s independence<\/p>\n<p>1758\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seven_Years%27_War\" >Seven Years&#8217; War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederick_the_Great\" >Frederick the Great<\/a>\u00a0suffers a rare defeat at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Hochkirch\" >Battle of Hochkirch<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1805\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_the_Third_Coalition\" >War of the Third Coalition<\/a>: A French corps\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Elchingen\" >defeats<\/a>\u00a0an Austrian attempt to escape encirclement at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Ulm\" >Ulm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1806\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition\" >War of the Fourth Coalition<\/a>: Napoleon decisively defeats Prussia at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Jena\u2013Auerstedt\" >Battle of Jena\u2013Auerstedt<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1915\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: Bulgaria\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I\" >joins the Central Powers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1920\u00a0 Finland and Soviet Russia sign the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian\u2013Finnish)\" >Treaty of Tartu<\/a>, exchanging some territories.<\/p>\n<p>1933\u00a0 Germany withdraws from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/League_of_Nations\" >League of Nations<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Disarmament_Conference\" >World Disarmament Conference<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Philippine_Republic\" >Second Philippine Republic<\/a>, a puppet state of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_of_Japan\" >Japan<\/a>, is inaugurated with\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jose_P._Laurel\" >Jos\u00e9 P. Laurel<\/a>\u00a0as its president.<\/p>\n<p>1952\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War\" >Korean War<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Triangle_Hill\" >Battle of Triangle Hill<\/a>\u00a0is the biggest and bloodiest battle of 1952.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/asian-history\/korean-war\" >Korean War &#8211; Causes, Timeline &amp; Veterans<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Korean-War\" >Korean War | Combatants, Summary, Years, Map, Casualties, &amp; Facts<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1962\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuban_Missile_Crisis\" >Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a>\u00a0begins when an American reconnaissance aircraft takes photographs of Soviet ballistic missiles being installed in Cuba.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cuban Missile Crisis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/cold-war\/cuban-missile-crisis\" >Cuban Missile Crisis &#8211; Causes, Timeline &amp; Significance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/cuban-missile-crisis-timeline-jfk-khrushchev\" >Key Moments in the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/10\/16\/1124680429\/cuban-missile-crisis-60th-anniversary\" >Cuban missile crisis: 3 key facts you may have missed in history class<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/cuban-missile-crisis\" >JFK\u2019s Address on Cuban Missile Crisis Shocks Nation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/rarehistoricalphotos.com\/cuban-missile-crisis-in-pictures-1962\/\" >The Cuban Missile Crisis in pictures, 1962 &#8211; Rare Historical Photos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Heroes in the Cuban Missile Crisis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vasily_Arkhipov\" >Vasily Arkhipov<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/the-cuban-missile-crisis-pilot-whose-death-may-have-saved-millions\" >How the Death of a U.S. Air Force Pilot Prevented a Nuclear War<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1981\u00a0 Vice President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hosni_Mubarak\" >Hosni Mubarak<\/a>\u00a0is elected as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Egypt\" >President of Egypt<\/a>, one week after the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat\" >assassination of Anwar Sadat<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1982\u00a0 U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_Reagan\" >Ronald Reagan<\/a>\u00a0proclaims a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_on_Drugs\" >War on Drugs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reagan\u2019s War on Drugs:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2010\/10\/reagan-declares-war-on-drugs-october-14-1982-043552\" >Reagan declares &#8216;War on Drugs,&#8217; October 14, 1982<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=9252490\" >Timeline: America&#8217;s War on Drugs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 War on Drugs in the Structural Racism:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/idpc.net\/blog\/2020\/06\/the-war-on-drugs-is-built-on-racism-it-s-time-to-decolonise-drug-policies\" >The war on drugs is built on racism. It\u2019s time to decolonise drug policies.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/ajes.12228\" >The War on Drugs, Racial Meanings, and Structural Racism: A Holistic and Reproductive Approach<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/research.dom.edu\/the-war-on-drugs--history-policy-therapeutics\/racism\" >Racist Roots of the War on Drugs &#8211; The War on Drugs: History, Policy, and Therapeutics &#8211; Research Guides and Class Pages at Dominican University<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu\/pat_pnw\/2021\/presentations\/32\/\" >Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Regional Conference: Suppressing the Black Male Vote: Ronald Reagan and the War on Drugs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ldi.upenn.edu\/our-work\/research-updates\/the-war-on-drugs-as-structural-racism\/\" >The War on Drugs as Structural Racism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/frontline\/article\/michelle-alexander-a-system-of-racial-and-social-control\/\" >Michelle Alexander: &#8220;A System of Racial and Social Control&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gatewayfoundation.org\/addiction-blog\/racism-war-on-drugs\/\" >Racism in the War on Drugs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/analysis-opinion\/race-mass-incarceration-and-disastrous-war-drugs\" >Race, Mass Incarceration, and the Disastrous War on Drugs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2015\u00a0 A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taunsa_Sharif_bombing\" >suicide bomb<\/a>\u00a0attack in Pakistan kills at least seven people and injures 13 others.<\/p>\n<p>2017\u00a0 A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings\" >massive truck bombing<\/a>\u00a0in Somalia kills 358 people and injures more than 400 others.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<h3><strong>15 October<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>1529\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)\" >Siege of Vienna<\/a>\u00a0ends when Austria routs the invading Ottoman forces, ending its European expansion.<\/p>\n<p>1582\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar\" >Adoption of the Gregorian calendar<\/a>\u00a0begins, eventually leading to near-universal adoption.<\/p>\n<p>1783\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montgolfier_brothers\" >Montgolfier brothers<\/a>&#8216; hot air balloon makes the first human ascent, piloted by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Fran\u00e7ois_Pil\u00e2tre_de_Rozier\" >Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Pil\u00e2tre de Rozier<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1793\u00a0 Queen\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marie_Antoinette\" >Marie Antoinette<\/a>\u00a0of France is tried and convicted of treason.<\/p>\n<p>1815\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Napoleon\" >Napoleon<\/a>\u00a0begins his exile on Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 World War II: Germany\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Panzerfaust\" >replaces the Hungarian government<\/a>\u00a0after Hungary announces an armistice with the Soviet Union<\/p>\n<p>1965\u00a0 Vietnam War: A draft card is burned during an anti-war rally by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_Worker_Movement\" >Catholic Worker Movement<\/a>, resulting in the first arrest under a new law.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 U.S. Conscription During the Vietnam War Era:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cherrieswriter.com\/2019\/08\/11\/the-military-draft-during-the-vietnam-war\/\" >The Military Draft During the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/antiwar\/vietnam_draft.shtml#:~:text=Protest%20to%20conscription%20has%20been%20a%20feature%20of,historic%20peak%2C%20nearly%20crippling%20the%20Selective%20Service%20System.\" >Vietnam: Draft Resistance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usccb.org\/resources\/statement-registration-and-conscription-military-service\" >Statement on Registration and Conscription for Military Service<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu\/antivietnamwar\/exhibits\/show\/exhibit\/draft_protests\/the-military-draft-during-the-\" >The Military Draft During the Vietnam War \u00b7 Exhibit \u00b7 Resistance and Revolution: The Anti-Vietnam War Movement at the University of Michigan, 1965-1972<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War#Evasion_in_the_United_States\" >Draft evasion in the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Protest Against the Vietnam War:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nonviolent-conflict.org\/us-anti-vietnam-war-movement-1964-1973\/\" >The US Anti-Vietnam War Movement (1964-1973)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War\" >Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/vietnam-war-protests-4163780\" >The Vietnam War Protests and the Antiwar Movement<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/kinginstitute.stanford.edu\/vietnam-war\" ><em>Fearful of being labeled a Communist, which would diminish the impact of his civil rights work, <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/kinginstitute.stanford.edu\/vietnam-war\" ><em>[Martin Luther] <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/kinginstitute.stanford.edu\/vietnam-war\" ><em>King tempered his criticism of U.S. policy in Vietnam through late 1965 and 1966.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fAHsMxEABa4\" >What were the origins of the Vietnam anti-war movement? &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War\" >List of protests against the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/peacehistory-usfp.org\/protest-music-vietnam-war\/\" >Protest Music of the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xpBU1wWHkRI\" >The Cruel War \u2013 <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xpBU1wWHkRI\" >Vietnam War Mantage <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xpBU1wWHkRI\" >\u2013 <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xpBU1wWHkRI\" >Peter, Paul &amp; Mary<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xpBU1wWHkRI\" >(3:26) <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xpBU1wWHkRI\" >YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1979\u00a0 A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27\u00e9tat\" >coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_El_Salvador#Military_dictatorships_(1931\u20131979)\" >El Salvador<\/a> overthrows President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carlos_Humberto_Romero\" >Carlos Humberto Romero<\/a>\u00a0and begins the 12 year-long\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salvadoran_Civil_War\" >Salvadoran Civil War<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/omnilogos.com\/civil-war-el-salvador-1979-1992\/\" >Civil War: El Salvador (1979-1992)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-19402222\" >El Salvador profile &#8211; Timeline &#8211;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1987\u00a0 A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1987_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27\u00e9tat\" >coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burkina_Faso\" >Burkina Faso<\/a> overthrows and kills then President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Sankara\" >Thomas Sankara<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 The leaders of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baltic_States\" >Baltic States<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arnold_R\u00fc\u00fctel\" >Arnold R\u00fc\u00fctel<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estonia\" >Estonia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatolijs_Gorbunovs\" >Anatolijs Gorbunovs<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latvia\" >Latvia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vytautas_Landsbergis\" >Vytautas Landsbergis<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithuania\" >Lithuania<\/a>, signed the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OSCE\" >OSCE<\/a>\u00a0Final Act in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helsinki\" >Helsinki<\/a>, Finland.<\/p>\n<p>1994\u00a0 The United States, under the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinton_administration\" >Clinton administration<\/a>, returns Haiti&#8217;s first democratically elected president,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide\" >Jean-Bertrand Aristide<\/a>, to the island.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Clinton Administration and Haiti in 1994:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/countervortex.org\/haiti-1994-the-forgotten-intervention\/\" >HAITI 1994: THE FORGOTTEN INTERVENTION<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.worldfuturefund.org\/Reports\/haiti\/clintonhaiti.html\" >BILL CLINTON&#8217;S INVASION OF HAITI IN 1994<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/adst.org\/2016\/07\/world-tired-haiti-1994-u-s-intervention\/\" >\u201cThe World Was Tired of Haiti\u201d: The 1994 U.S. Intervention<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Uphold_Democracy\" ><em>Operation Uphold Democracy\u00a0was a military intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the\u00a01991 Haitian coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat\u00a0that overthrew the elected President\u00a0Jean-Bertrand Aristide<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Uphold_Democracy\" ><em>.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Haiti After 1994:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/historynewsnetwork.org\/article\/3478\" >Why Haiti&#8217;s Such a Mess (And Why Bill Clinton Was So Wrong to Prop Up Aristide)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pulitzercenter.org\/stories\/bill-clinton-once-enjoyed-bright-legacy-haiti-then-2010-earthquake-struck\" >Bill Clinton Once Enjoyed a Bright Legacy in Haiti. Then the 2010 Earthquake Struck<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2016\u00a0 One hundred and ninety-seven nations amend the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montreal_Protocol\" >Montreal Protocol<\/a>\u00a0to include a phase-out of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrofluorocarbon\" >hydrofluorocarbons<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>_____________________________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a><em>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>9-15 October 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":62806,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-244586","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/244586","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=244586"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/244586\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":244589,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/244586\/revisions\/244589"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=244586"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=244586"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=244586"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}