{"id":245351,"date":"2023-10-16T12:00:17","date_gmt":"2023-10-16T11:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=245351"},"modified":"2023-10-17T07:04:01","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T06:04:01","slug":"this-week-in-history-173","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/10\/this-week-in-history-173\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/TWH-logo-e1694580467414.jpeg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62806\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/TWH-logo-e1694580467414.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"221\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>16-22 October 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>16 October<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1793\u00a0 French Revolution: Queen\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marie_Antoinette\" >Marie Antoinette<\/a>\u00a0is executed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/marie-antoinette-biography-p2-1221100\" >The Life and Death of Marie-Antoinette<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/allthatsinteresting.com\/marie-antoinette-death\" >The Death Of Marie Antoinette And Her Haunting Last Words<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Let_them_eat_cake#Attribution_to_Marie_Antoinette\" >Let them eat cake<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1793\u00a0 War of the First Coalition: French victory at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Wattignies\" >Battle of Wattignies<\/a>\u00a0forces Austria to raise the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Maubeuge\" >siege of Maubeuge<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1805\u00a0 War of the Third Coalition: Napoleon\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Ulm\" >surrounds<\/a>\u00a0the Austrian army at Ulm.<\/p>\n<p>1813\u00a0 The Sixth Coalition attacks Napoleon in the three-day\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leipzig\" >Battle of Leipzig<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1905\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)\" >Partition of Bengal<\/a>\u00a0in India takes place.<\/p>\n<p>1919\u00a0 Adolf Hitler delivers his first public address at a meeting of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_Workers%27_Party\" >German Workers&#8217; Party<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_ybtwB-3MZ0\" >Adolf Hitler&#8217;s First Steps In Politics &#8211; The Foundation Of The Nazi Party I THE GREAT WAR 1919 &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jFICRFKtAc4\" >How did Hitler rise to power? &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1940\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust_in_Poland\" >Holocaust in Poland<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_Ghetto\" >Warsaw Ghetto<\/a>\u00a0is established.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/world-war-ii\/the-holocaust\" >Holocaust: Definition, Remembrance &amp; Meaning<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facinghistory.org\/resource-library\/holocaust-poland\" >The Holocaust in Poland | Facing History &amp; Ourselves<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yadvashem.org\/holocaust\/about\/fate-of-jews\/poland.html\" ><em>On the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. At the end of the war, approximately 380,000 Polish Jews remained alive, the rest having been murdered&#8230;<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2018\/02\/poland-holocaust-death-camps\/552455\/\" >The Truth About Poland&#8217;s Role in the Holocaust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/polish-victims\" >Polish Victims | Holocaust Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/online\/hsv\/source_view.php?SourceId=20811\" >Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database &#8212; [Polish survivors]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1943\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust_in_Italy\" >Holocaust in <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust_in_Italy\" >Italy<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raid_of_the_Ghetto_of_Rome\" >Raid of the Ghetto of Rome<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Holocaust in Italy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/rome\" >Rome | Holocaust Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historytoday.com\/archive\/feature\/roma-holocaust\" >The Roma Holocaust | History Today<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/ardeatine-caves-massacre\" >Ardeatine Caves Massacre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelocal.it\/20190731\/four-places-to-remember-the-holocaust-in-italy\" >Four places to remember the Holocaust in Italy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Holocaust and Pope Pius XII:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust\" >Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/world\/letter-showing-pope-pius-xii-detailed-information-german-jesuit-nazi-h-rcna105500\" >Letter shows Pope Pius XII had detailed information from German Jesuit about Nazi holocaust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/researchers-find-evidence-pope-pius-xii-ignored-reports-holocaust-180974795\/\" >Newly Unsealed Vatican Archives Lay Out Evidence of Pope Pius XII&#8217;s Knowledge of the Holocaust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/jewish\/2022-07-06\/ty-article-magazine\/.premium\/revealed-what-pope-pius-xii-really-did-during-the-holocaust\/00000181-d2f5-dc24-a9e3-dffda2fd0000\" >Revealed: What Pope Pius XII Really Did During the Holocaust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/05\/27\/world\/europe\/vatican-history-secrets-david-kertzer.html\" >Deep in Vatican Archives, Scholar Discovers \u2018Flabbergasting\u2019 Secrets<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vatican, Nazi and the Nuremberg Trials:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2022\/05\/pope-pius-xii-negotiation-hitler-catholic-church\/639435\/\" >The Pope\u2019s Secret Back Channel to Hitler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vanityfair.com\/style\/1999\/10\/pope-pius-xii-199910\" >Long-Buried Vatican Files Reveal A New Indictment Of Pope Pius XII<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/the-ratlines-what-did-the-vatican-know-about-nazi-escape-routes\/a-52555068\" >What did the Vatican know about the Nazi escape routes?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.grunge.com\/591748\/how-the-vatican-helped-nazis-escape-during-world-war-ii\/\" >How The Vatican Helped Nazis Escape During World War II<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hds.harvard.edu\/news\/2022\/11\/02\/video-pope-against-nuremberg-nazi-war-crime-trials-vatican-and-question-postwar-justice\" >Video: The Pope Against Nuremberg: Nazi War Crime Trials, the Vatican, and the Question of Postwar Justice<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Catholic Church\u2019s Rescue of Jews and Resistance to Nazi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/6270677\/catholic-church-holocaust-documents\/\" ><em>In some ways, researchers have found more contradictions than clear answers. At the same time Catholic rescuers were helping Jews, some of those same people were also helping Nazis.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust\" >Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>&#8220;<\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/news\/how-pius-xii-and-the-church-saved-lives-during-world-war-ii\" ><em>Throughout the war, Pius would lead the Church in rescuing more than half a million Jews.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/vatican-convent-jews-holocaust-shelter-0a7656f4489c7395391ebc3682477113\" >Catholic-Jewish research backs reports Catholic convents sheltered 3,000-plus Roman Jews during WWII<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits_and_Nazi_Germany#Jesuit_attitudes_to_the_Nazis\" ><em>The Nazis disliked the Catholic and Protestant churches\u2026. The Church suffered\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits_and_Nazi_Germany#Jesuit_attitudes_to_the_Nazis\" ><em>Persecution in Nazi Germany<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesuits_and_Nazi_Germany#Jesuit_attitudes_to_the_Nazis\" ><em>and some 152 Jesuits were killed under the reign of the Nazis\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catholiceducation.org\/en\/culture\/history\/they-must-never-be-forgotten-priests-and-nuns-who-rescued-people-from-the-holocaust.html\" >They Must Never Be Forgotten: Priests and Nuns Who Rescued People From the Holocaust<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1946\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuremberg_trials\" >Nuremberg trials<\/a>: Ten defendants found guilty by the International Military Tribunal\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuremberg_executions\" >are executed by hanging<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nuremberg Trials:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/subject_menus\/imt.asp\" >INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL (NUREMBERG) Contents of The Nuremberg Trials Collection<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nuremberg.law.harvard.edu\/\" >Search thousands of historical documents from the Nuremberg<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nuremberg.law.harvard.edu\/\" >T<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=szhpgDz5iC8\" >The Nuremberg Trials (1945) \u2013 <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=szhpgDz5iC8\" >(8:40) <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=szhpgDz5iC8\" >YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SHN4WbNBHjs\" >Final judgement read at Nuremburg Trials (1946) \u2013 <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SHN4WbNBHjs\" >(8:35) <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SHN4WbNBHjs\" >YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nuremberg Charter and Its Influence on International Criminal Law:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuremberg_Charter\" >Nuremberg Charter<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.roberthjackson.org\/speech-and-writing\/the-influence-of-the-nuremberg-trial-on-international-criminal-law\/\" >The Influence of the Nuremberg Trial on International Criminal Law<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/library.law.northwestern.edu\/IntlCrimLaw\/CoreCrimes\" >Core Crimes &#8211; International Criminal Law<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.library.wustl.edu\/globalstudies\/article\/256\/galley\/17095\/view\/\" >APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF NUREMBERG IN THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/from-nuremberg-to-the-hague\/drafting-of-the-rome-statute\/7FCABA99DBE45170FEB19474E05A71CF\" >The drafting of the Rome Statute (Chapter 4) &#8211; From Nuremberg to The Hague<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aba-icc.org\/about-the-icc\/evolution-of-international-criminal-justice\/\" >Evolution of International Criminal Justice<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the Nuremberg Tribunal to the International Criminal Court:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/leiden-journal-of-international-law\/article\/abs\/duress-from-nuremberg-to-the-international-criminal-court-finding-the-balance-between-justification-and-excuse\/54631E939AAC9E1E4E5AE01B85AAC5B9\" >Duress: From Nuremberg to the International Criminal Court, Finding the Balance Between Justification and Excuse<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/mckinneylaw.iu.edu\/iiclr\/pdf\/vol14p279.pdf\" >International Criminal Court: Better Than Nuremberg?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 International Criminal Law:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/legal.un.org\/icc\/statute\/romefra.htm\" >Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/willamette.edu\/law\/pdf\/faculty\/caroline-davidson-read-international-law.pdf\" >How to Read International Criminal Law: Strict Construction and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1949\u00a0 The Greek Communist Party announces a &#8220;temporary cease-fire&#8221;, thus ending the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_Civil_War\" >Greek Civil War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1953\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuba\" >Cuban<\/a>\u00a0revolutionary\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fidel_Castro\" >Fidel Castro<\/a>\u00a0delivers his &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_Will_Absolve_Me\" >History Will Absolve Me<\/a>&#8221; speech, and is sentenced to 15 years&#8217; imprisonment by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fulgencio_Batista\" >Fulgencio Batista<\/a>\u00a0government for leading an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attack_on_the_Moncada_Barracks\" >attack on the Moncada Barracks<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1962\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuban_Missile_Crisis\" >Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a>\u00a0begins: U.S. President John F. Kennedy is informed of photos taken on October 14 by a U-2 showing nuclear missiles (the crisis will last for 13 days starting from this point).<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.atomicarchive.com\/history\/cuban-missile-crisis\/timeline.html\" >Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/cold-war\/cuban-missile-crisis\" >Cuban Missile Crisis &#8211; Causes, Timeline &amp; Significance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/cuban-missile-crisis-timeline-jfk-khrushchev\" >Key Moments in the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Behind the Cuban Missile Crisis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/learn\/about-jfk\/historic-speeches\/address-during-the-cuban-missile-crisis\" >Address During the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/millercenter.org\/the-presidency\/educational-resources\/jfk-and-cuban-missile-crisis\" >JFK and the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/10\/21\/learning\/lesson-plans\/the-cuban-missile-crisis-and-its-relevance-today.html\" >The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its Relevance Today<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nga.mil\/history\/Cuban_Missile_Crisis.html\" >13 Days Over Cuba: The Role of the Intelligence Community in the Cuban Missile Crisis | National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-cuban-missile-crisis\" >10 Things You May Not Know About the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/rarehistoricalphotos.com\/cuban-missile-crisis-in-pictures-1962\/\" >The Cuban Missile Crisis in pictures, 1962 &#8211; Rare Historical Photos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1964\u00a0 China detonates its\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/596_(nuclear_test)\" >first nuclear weapon<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1964\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonid_Brezhnev\" >Leonid Brezhnev<\/a>\u00a0becomes leader of the Soviet Communist Party, while\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexei_Kosygin\" >Alexei Kosygin<\/a>\u00a0becomes the head of government.<\/p>\n<p>1998\u00a0 Former Chilean dictator\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augusto_Pinochet\" >Augusto Pinochet<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indictment_and_arrest_of_Augusto_Pinochet\" >arrested<\/a>\u00a0in London on a murder extradition warrant.<\/p>\n<p>2002\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina\" >Bibliotheca Alexandrina<\/a>\u00a0opens in Egypt, commemorating the ancient library of Alexandria.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>17 October<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1448\u00a0 An Ottoman army defeats a Hungarian army at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)\" >Second Battle of Kosovo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1604\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kepler%27s_Supernova\" >Kepler&#8217;s Supernova<\/a>\u00a0is observed in the constellation of Ophiuchus.<\/p>\n<p>1713\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Northern_War\" >Great Northern War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsardom_of_Russia\" >Russia<\/a>\u00a0defeated\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sweden\" >Sweden<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Kostianvirta\" >Battle of Kostianvirta<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P\u00e4lk\u00e4ne\" >P\u00e4lk\u00e4ne<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1800\u00a0 War of the Second Coalition: Britain\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasion_of_Cura\u00e7ao_(1800)\" >takes control<\/a>\u00a0of the Dutch colony of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.curacaohistory.com\/1800-curacao-under-britain\" >Cura\u00e7ao<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/topics\/c\/curacao.html\" >Curacao Events in History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Cura\u00e7ao\" >History of Cura\u00e7ao<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Curacao\" >Curacao | History &amp; Facts<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1933\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Einstein\" >Albert Einstein<\/a>\u00a0flees Nazi Germany and moves to the United States.<\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burma_Railway\" >Burma Railway<\/a>\u00a0(Burma\u2013Thailand Railway) is completed.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Burma Railway Construction During WWII:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Burma-Railway\" >Burma Railway | History, Route, &amp; Deaths<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/anzacportal.dva.gov.au\/wars-and-missions\/burma-thailand-railway-and-hellfire-pass-1942-1943\/events\/building-hellfire-pass\/map-burma-thailand-railway\" >Map of the Burma-Thailand railway &#8211; Anzac Portal<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Japanese Army\u2019s Brutal Treatment of Workers (Allied POWs):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/anzacportal.dva.gov.au\/wars-and-missions\/burma-thailand-railway-and-hellfire-pass-1942-1943\/enemy\/treatment-prisoners\" >Treatment of prisoners &#8211; Anzac Portal<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.andrewwarland.com.au\/FForce\/FForceIntro.html\" >Thai Burma Railway 1939 &#8211; 1945: &#8216;F Force&#8217; Official Report<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/columnists\/article-482589\/Beheaded-whim-worked-death-Japans-repugnant-treatment-Allied-PoWs.html\" >Beheaded at whim and worked to death<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lQf0oTJYCGE\" >The BRUTAL Crucified Soldiers Of The Burma Railway &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/collections\/item\/object\/1030009604\" >List of Prisoners of War who worked on the Burma<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mansell.com\/pow_resources\/camplists\/death_rr\/movements_1.html\" >Details of groups moved into Death Railway and death statistics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PtbZUKV_Mww\" >True Story Of Prisoners Of War Forced To Work On Thai\/Burma Railway Construction During WWII &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hfevifb0H1Y\" >Death Railway Ex-POW Meets The Enemy (Thailand) &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Japan\u2019s World War II POW Policy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/independentaustralia.net\/politics\/politics-display\/why-was-the-japanese-army-so-brutal,3241\" >Why was the Japanese army so brutal?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apjjf.org\/-Utsumi-Aiko\/1790\/article.html\" >Japan&#8217;s World War II POW Policy: Indifference and Irresponsibility<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalww2museum.org\/war\/articles\/pow-witness-tokyo-war-crimes-trial\" >Curator\u2019s Choice: Pacific POW Witness<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/factsanddetails.com\/asian\/ca67\/sub427\/item2531.html\" >BRUTAL TREATMENT OF POWS BY THE JAPANESE AND ATROCITIES BY U.S. SOLDIERS<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1943\u00a0 Nazi Holocaust in Poland:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sobib\u00f3r_extermination_camp\" >Sobib\u00f3r extermination camp<\/a>\u00a0is closed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/operation-reinhard-einsatz-reinhard\" >Operation Reinhard (Einsatz Reinhard)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Sobibor\" >Sobibor | Nazi death camp, Poland, Holocaust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/gallery\/sobibor-maps\" >Sobibor &#8211; Maps<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-51279900\" >Holocaust: SS officer&#8217;s photos reveal Sobibor death camp<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1956\u00a0 The first commercial nuclear power station is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sellafield\" >Sellafield<\/a>, England.<\/p>\n<p>1961\u00a0 Directed by their chief\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maurice_Papon\" >Maurice Papon<\/a>, Paris police\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_massacre_of_1961\" >massacre<\/a>\u00a0scores of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algerian_people\" >Algerian<\/a>\u00a0protesters.<\/p>\n<p>1961\u00a0 The first attempt of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel_and_apartheid\" >apartheid analogy<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahmad_Shukeiri\" >Ahmad Shukeiri<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 The East German Politburo votes to remove\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erich_Honecker\" >Erich Honecker<\/a>\u00a0from his role as General Secretary.<\/p>\n<p>2017\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syrian_civil_war\" >Syrian civil war<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syrian_Democratic_Forces\" >Syrian Democratic Forces<\/a>\u00a0(SDF) capture the last foothold of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant\" >Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant<\/a>\u00a0(ISIL) in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raqqa\" >Raqqa<\/a>, marking the end of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)\" >Battle of Raqqa<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Syrian Civil War<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war\" >Timeline of the Syrian civil war<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/syria.liveuamap.com\/\" >Map of Syrian Civil War<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISIS\/ISIL:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/programs\/emeritus-chair-strategy\/regions-and-countries\/iraq-isis-and-syrian-war\" >Iraq, ISIS and the Syrian War | Regions and Countries<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/story\/is-it-isis-or-isil\" >Is It ISIS or ISIL?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war\" >Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foreign Intervention in the Syrian Civil War:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war\" >American intervention in the Syrian civil war<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war\" >Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war\" >Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2019\u00a0 Drug dealers in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Culiacan\" >Culiacan<\/a>, Sinaloa, Mexico\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Culiac\u00e1n\" >force the government to back down on an arrest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2019\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/17_October_Revolution\" >17 October Revolution<\/a>\u00a0starts in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lebanon\" >Lebanon<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>18 October<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1599\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_the_Brave\" >Michael the Brave<\/a>, Prince of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wallachia\" >Wallachia<\/a>, defeats the Army of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrew_B\u00e1thory\" >Andrew B\u00e1thory<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_\u0218elimb\u0103r\" >Battle of \u0218elimb\u0103r<\/a>, leading to the first recorded unification of the Romanian people.<\/p>\n<p>1748\u00a0 Signing of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)\" >Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle<\/a>\u00a0ends the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession\" >War of the Austrian Succession<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1775\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African-American\" >African-American<\/a>\u00a0poet\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phillis_Wheatley\" >Phillis Wheatley<\/a>\u00a0is freed from slavery.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/interestingliterature.com\/2022\/03\/best-phillis-wheatley-poems\/\" >10 of the Best Phillis Wheatley Poems Everyone Should Read<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.poemhunter.com\/phillis-wheatley\/poems\/\" >Phillis Wheatley Poems &#8211; Poems by Phillis Wheatley<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1797\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio\" >Treaty of Campo Formio<\/a>\u00a0is signed between France and Austria<\/p>\n<p>1860\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Opium_War\" >Second Opium War<\/a>\u00a0finally ends at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_of_Peking\" >Convention of Peking<\/a>\u00a0with the ratification of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Tientsin\" >Treaty of Tientsin<\/a>, an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unequal_treaty\" >unequal treaty<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1867\u00a0 United States\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska_Purchase\" >takes possession of<\/a>\u00a0Alaska after purchasing it from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Empire\" >Russia<\/a>\u00a0for $7.2\u00a0million. Celebrated annually in the state as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska_Day\" >Alaska Day<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1898\u00a0 The United States takes possession of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puerto_Rico\" >Puerto Rico<\/a>\u00a0from Spain.<\/p>\n<p>1912\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Balkan_War\" >First Balkan War<\/a>: King\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_I_of_Serbia\" >Peter I of Serbia<\/a>\u00a0issues a declaration &#8220;To the Serbian People&#8221;, as his country joins the war.<\/p>\n<p>1921\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic\" >Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic<\/a>\u00a0is formed as part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0begins the liberation of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovakia\" >Czechoslovakia<\/a>\u00a0from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Germany\" >Nazi Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1945\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >USSR<\/a>&#8216;s nuclear program receives plans for the United States\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_weapon\" >plutonium bomb<\/a>\u00a0from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klaus_Fuchs\" >Klaus Fuchs<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory\" >Los Alamos National Laboratory<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1967\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet<\/a>\u00a0probe\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venera_4\" >Venera 4<\/a>\u00a0reaches\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venus\" >Venus<\/a>\u00a0and becomes the first spacecraft to measure the atmosphere of another planet.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>19 October<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1453\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hundred_Years%27_War\" >Hundred Years&#8217; War<\/a>: Three months after the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Castillon\" >Battle of Castillon<\/a>, England loses its last possessions in southern France.<\/p>\n<p>1466\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454\u201366)\" >Thirteen Years&#8217; War<\/a>\u00a0between Poland and the Teutonic Order ends with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)\" >Second Treaty of Thorn<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1805\u00a0 War of the Third Coalition: Austrian General Mack surrenders his army to Napoleon at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Ulm\" >Battle of Ulm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1812\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_invasion_of_Russia\" >French invasion of Russia<\/a>\u00a0fails when Napoleon begins his retreat from Moscow.<\/p>\n<p>1813\u00a0 War of the Sixth Coalition: Napoleon is forced to retreat from Germany after the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leipzig\" >Battle of Leipzig<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1866\u00a0 In accordance with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1866)\" >Treaty of Vienna<\/a>, Austria cedes Veneto and Mantua to France, which immediately awards them to Italy in exchange for the earlier Italian acquiescence to the French annexation of Savoy and Nice.<\/p>\n<p>1900\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Planck\" >Max Planck<\/a>\u00a0discovers\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Planck%27s_law\" >Planck&#8217;s law<\/a>\u00a0of black-body radiation.<\/p>\n<p>1912\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italo-Turkish_War\" >Italo-Turkish War<\/a>: Italy takes possession of what is now Libya from the Ottoman Empire.<\/p>\n<p>1914\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Battle_of_Ypres\" >First Battle of Ypres<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n<p>1935\u00a0 The League of Nations places economic sanctions on Italy for its\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War\" >invasion of Ethiopia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 United States forces\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leyte\" >land in the Philippines<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 A coup is launched against\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juan_Federico_Ponce_Vaides\" >Juan Federico Ponce Vaides<\/a>, beginning the ten-year\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guatemalan_Revolution\" >Guatemalan Revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1950\u00a0 China\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Chamdo\" >defeats the Tibetan Army<\/a>\u00a0at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/omniatlas.com\/maps\/east-asia\/19501019\/\" >Chambo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tibet_(1912\u20131951)\" >Tibet (1912\u20131951)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Tibet_(1950\u2013present)\" >History of Tibet (1950\u2013present)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1950\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War\" >Korean War<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Pyongyang_(1950)\" >Battle of Pyongyang<\/a>\u00a0ends in a United Nations victory. Hours later, the Chinese Army begins crossing the border into Korea.<\/p>\n<p>1950\u00a0 Iran becomes the first country to accept technical assistance from the United States under the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Point_Four_Program\" >Point Four Program<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1956\u00a0 The Soviet Union and Japan sign a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet\u2013Japanese_Joint_Declaration_of_1956\" >Joint Declaration<\/a>, officially ending the state of war between the two countries that had existed since August 1945.<\/p>\n<p>1960\u00a0 The United States imposes a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba\" >near-total trade embargo<\/a>\u00a0against Cuba.<\/p>\n<p>1987\u00a0 The United States Navy conducts\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Nimble_Archer\" >Operation Nimble Archer<\/a>, an attack on two Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf.<\/p>\n<p>1987\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Monday_(1987)\" >Black Monday<\/a>: The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls by 22%, 508 points.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The 1987 Black Monday:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/ask\/answers\/042115\/what-caused-black-monday-stock-market-crash-1987.asp\" >What Caused Black Monday, the 1987 Stock Market Crash?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2017\/10\/16\/cause-of-black-monday-in-1987-as-told-by-a-trader-who-lived-through-it.html\" >The real reason for 1987 crash, as told by a Salomon Brothers veteran<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.barrons.com\/articles\/the-culprits-of-the-1987-market-crash-remain-a-mystery-what-lessons-can-we-draw-from-it-now-51634112900\" >The Culprits of the 1987 Market Crash Remain a Mystery. What Lessons Can We Draw From It Now?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The 1987 Black Monday and Other Financial Crashes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/seekingalpha.com\/instablog\/47466325-shulitskiy\/4878321-role-of-china-in-black-monday-1987-asian-financial-crisis-1997-and-black-monday-2015\" >The Role Of China In Black Monday 1987, Asian Financial Crisis 1997, And Black Monday 2015<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/timeline-of-stock-market-crashes-5217820\" >Timeline of U.S. Stock Market Crashes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1988\u00a0 The British government imposes a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1988\u20131994_British_broadcasting_voice_restrictions\" >broadcasting ban<\/a>\u00a0on television and radio interviews with members of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinn_F\u00e9in\" >Sinn F\u00e9in<\/a> and eleven Irish republican and Ulster loyalist paramilitary groups<\/p>\n<p>2005\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saddam_Hussein\" >Saddam Hussein<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein\" >goes on trial<\/a>\u00a0in Baghdad for crimes against humanity.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Saddam Hussein\u2019s Trial:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=4961744\" >Timeline: Saddam&#8217;s Violent Road to Execution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB116126898705397731\" >Timeline of the Hussein Trial<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.memri.org\/reports\/trial-saddam-hussein-\u2013-interim-report\" >The Trial of Saddam Hussein \u2013an Interim Report<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/law2.umkc.edu\/FACULTY\/PROJECTS\/FTrials\/husseinlinks.html\" >The Saddam Hussein Trial: Selected Links and Bibliography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Victor\u2019s \u201cJustice\u201d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/03\/21\/1165093926\/saddam-husseins-trial-was-meant-to-be-a-symbol-of-a-new-democratic-iraq\" ><em>The trial was supposed to serve as a model of justice in the aftermath of the U.S. invasion of Iraq 20 years ago this week. Instead, it became an exercise in revenge.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/statements\/2009\/10\/tragic-mistakes-made-trial-and-execution-saddam-hussein-must-not-be-repeated\" >TRAGIC MISTAKES MADE IN THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF SADDAM HUSSEIN MUST NOT BE REPEATED<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/casebook.icrc.org\/case-study\/iraq-trial-saddam-hussein\" >Iraq, The Trial of Saddam Hussein | How does law protect in war?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rt.com\/news\/339076-saddam-trial-victors-justice\/\" >Trial of Saddam Hussein was victor\u2019s justice<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/saddam-s-trial-in-context-episode-of-victors-injustice\/3775\" >Saddam\u2019s Trial in Context: Episode of Victors\u2019 Injustice<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>20 October<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1572\u00a0 \u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eighty_Years%27_War\" >Eighty Years&#8217; War<\/a>: Three thousand Spanish soldiers wade through fifteen miles of water in one night to effect the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Relief_of_Goes\" >relief of Goes<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1818\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_1818\" >The Convention of 1818<\/a>\u00a0is signed between the United States and the United Kingdom, which settles the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada\u2013United_States_border\" >Canada\u2013United States border<\/a>\u00a0on the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/49th_parallel_north\" >49th parallel<\/a>\u00a0for most of its length.<\/p>\n<p>1827\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_War_of_Independence\" >Greek War of Independence<\/a>: In the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Navarino\" >Battle of Navarino<\/a>, a combined Turkish and Egyptian fleet is defeated by British, French and Russian naval forces in the last significant battle fought with wooden sailing ships.<\/p>\n<p>1883\u00a0 Peru and Chile sign the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Anc\u00f3n\" >Treaty of Anc\u00f3n<\/a>, by which the Tarapac\u00e1 province is ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru&#8217;s involvement in the War of the Pacific.<\/p>\n<p>1904\u00a0 Chile and Bolivia sign the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_(1904)\" >Treaty of Peace and Friendship<\/a>, delimiting the border between the two countries.<\/p>\n<p>1935\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_March\" >Long March<\/a>, a mammoth retreat undertaken by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Liberation_Army\" >armed forces<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Communist_Party\" >Chinese Communist Party<\/a>\u00a0a year prior, ends.<\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: Thousands of civilians in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia\" >German-occupied Serbia<\/a>\u00a0are murdered in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kragujevac_massacre\" >Kragujevac massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 World War II: The Soviet\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Army\" >Red Army<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslav_Partisans\" >Yugoslav Partisans<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgrade_Offensive\" >liberate Belgrade<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 American general\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Douglas_MacArthur\" >Douglas MacArthur<\/a>\u00a0fulfills his promise to return to the Philippines when he comes ashore during the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leyte\" >Battle of Leyte<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1947\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cold_War\" >Cold War<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee\" >House Un-American Activities Committee<\/a>\u00a0begins its investigation into Communist infiltration of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinema_of_the_United_States\" >Hollywood film industry<\/a>, resulting in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hollywood_blacklist\" >a blacklist<\/a>\u00a0that prevents some from working in the industry for years.<\/p>\n<p>1952\u00a0 The Governor of Kenya\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Baron_Howick_of_Glendale\" >Evelyn Baring<\/a>\u00a0declares a state of emergency and begins arresting hundreds of suspected leaders of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mau_Mau_Uprising\" >Mau Mau Uprising<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1961\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Navy\" >Soviet Navy<\/a>\u00a0performs the first armed test of a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile\" >submarine-launched ballistic missile<\/a>, launching an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-13_(missile)\" >R-13<\/a>\u00a0from a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golf-class_submarine\" >Golf-class submarine<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2003\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sloan_Great_Wall\" >Sloan Great Wall<\/a>, once the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_cosmic_structures\" >largest cosmic structure known to humanity<\/a>, is discovered by students at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Princeton_University\" >Princeton University<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2005\u00a0 The general conference of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization\" >United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization<\/a>\u00a0(UNESCO) passes the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_on_the_Protection_and_Promotion_of_the_Diversity_of_Cultural_Expressions\" >Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2011\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libyan_Crisis_(2011\u2013present)\" >Libyan Crisis<\/a>: Rebel forces capture Libyan dictator\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muammar_Gaddafi\" >Muammar Gaddafi<\/a>\u00a0and his son\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mutassim_Gaddafi\" >Mutassim<\/a>\u00a0in his hometown of Sirte and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi\" >kill him<\/a>\u00a0shortly thereafter, ending the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Libyan_civil_war\" >first Libyan civil war<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Libyan Civil War and U.S.\/NATO Intervention:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Libya-Revolt-of-2011\/Libya-facts-and-figures\" >Libya Revolt of 2011 &#8211; Civil War, Gaddafi, Revolution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya\" >2011 military intervention in Libya<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_involvement_in_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War\" >American involvement in the 2011 Libyan Civil War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.e-ir.info\/2019\/02\/06\/to-what-extent-was-the-nato-intervention-in-libya-a-humanitarian-intervention\/\" >To What Extent Was the NATO Intervention in Libya a Humanitarian Intervention?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Libya, Oil, and the U.S.:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oil_reserves_in_Libya\" >Oil reserves in Libya<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/aug\/02\/gaddafis-prophecy-comes-true-as-foreign-powers-battle-for-libyas-oil\" >Gaddafi\u2019s prophecy comes true as foreign powers battle for Libya\u2019s oil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2011\/US\/06\/08\/libya.rebels.oil\/index.html\" >Libyan rebel group sells first oil to U.S.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.foreignpolicyjournal.com\/2016\/01\/06\/new-hillary-emails-reveal-true-motive-for-libya-intervention\/\" >Hillary Emails Reveal True Motive for Libya Intervention<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/2016\/03\/14\/exposing-the-libyan-agenda-a-closer-look-at-hillarys-emails\/\" >Exposing the Libyan Agenda: a Closer Look at Hillary\u2019s Emails<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thegrayzone.com\/2020\/11\/30\/trump-neera-tanden-libya-oil\/\" >Bomb Libya and take its oil<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Removal of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muammar_Gaddafi\" >Gaddafi<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salon.com\/2011\/06\/11\/libya_9\/\" >In a pure coincidence, Gaddafi impeded U.S. oil interests before the war<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/african_stream\/status\/1666462376776855554\" >African Stream on X: &#8220;MI6 TERROR PLOT TO REMOVE GADDAFI The UK\u2019s secret service &#8211; MI6 &#8211; funded al-Qaeda-linked groups in Libya, in the hope they\u2019d topple Muammar Gaddafi.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/2011\/09\/16\/the-real-reason-the-us-wanted-gaddafi-gone\/\" >The Real Reason the US Wanted Gaddafi Gone<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/benwilliamslibrary.com\/blog\/?p=7023\" >Why Did The West Overthrow Gaddafi And Destroy Libya ?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi\" >Killing of Muammar Gaddafi<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2017\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syrian_civil_war\" >Syrian civil war<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syrian_Democratic_Forces\" >Syrian Democratic Forces<\/a>\u00a0(SDF) declare victory in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raqqa_campaign_(2016\u20132017)\" >Raqqa campaign<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>21 October<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1097\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Crusade\" >First Crusade<\/a>: Crusaders led by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Godfrey_of_Bouillon\" >Godfrey of Bouillon<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch\" >Bohemund of Taranto<\/a>, and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse\" >Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse<\/a>, begin the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Antioch\" >Siege of Antioch<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1854\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Florence_Nightingale\" >Florence Nightingale<\/a>\u00a0and a staff of 38 nurses are sent to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimean_War\" >Crimean War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1867\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty\" >Medicine Lodge Treaty<\/a>\u00a0is signed by southern\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plains_Indians\" >Great Plains Indian<\/a>\u00a0leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in the western\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Territory\" >Indian Territory<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1879\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Edison\" >Thomas Edison<\/a>\u00a0applies for a patent for his design for an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incandescent_light_bulb\" >incandescent light bulb<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1912\u00a0 \u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Balkan_War\" >First Balkan War<\/a>: The Greek navy\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1912)\" >completes the capture<\/a>\u00a0of the island of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lemnos\" >Lemnos<\/a>\u00a0for use as a forward base against the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dardanelles\" >Dardanelles<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 World War II: The first kamikaze attack damages\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMAS_Australia_(D84)\" >HMAS\u00a0<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMAS_Australia_(D84)\" ><em>Australia<\/em><\/a>\u00a0as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf\" >Battle of Leyte Gulf<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nemmersdorf_massacre\" >Nemmersdorf massacre<\/a>\u00a0against German civilians takes place.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 World War II: The city of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Aachen\" >Aachen falls<\/a>\u00a0to American forces after three weeks of fighting, the first German city to fall to the Allies.<\/p>\n<p>1945\u00a0 In the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1945_French_legislative_election\" >1945 French legislative election<\/a>\u00a0French women vote for the first time.<\/p>\n<p>1950\u00a0 Korean War: Heavy fighting begins between British and Australian forces and North Koreans during the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Yongju\" >Battle of Yongju<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1956\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mau_Mau_Uprising\" >Mau Mau Uprising<\/a>\u00a0in Kenya is defeated.<\/p>\n<p>1967\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam\" >National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0organizes a march of fifty thousand people from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon.<\/p>\n<p>1969\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1969_Somali_coup_d%27\u00e9tat\" >1969 Somali coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0establishes a Marxist\u2013Leninist administration.<\/p>\n<p>1979\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moshe_Dayan\" >Moshe Dayan<\/a>\u00a0resigns from the Israeli government because of strong disagreements with Prime Minister\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menachem_Begin\" >Menachem Begin<\/a>\u00a0over policy towards the Arabs.<\/p>\n<p>1994\u00a0 North Korea and the United States sign an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agreed_Framework\" >Agreed Framework<\/a>\u00a0that requires North Korea to stop its nuclear weapons program and agree to inspections.<\/p>\n<p>2011\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_War\" >Iraq War<\/a>: President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barack_Obama\" >Barack Obama<\/a>\u00a0announces that the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007\u20132011)\" >withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq<\/a>\u00a0will be complete by the end of the year.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.helsinkitimes.fi\/world-int\/23200-20-lies-about-the-iraq-war-reflections-on-the-20th-anniversary.html\" >20 Lies about the Iraq War: Reflections on the 20th anniversary<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/real-reason-for-iraq-inva_b_819426\" ><em>&#8220;Start a small war. Pick a country where there is justification you can jump on, go ahead and invade.&#8221;<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>22 October<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>451\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chalcedonian_Creed\" >Chalcedonian Creed<\/a>, regarding the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christology\" >divine and human nature of Jesus<\/a>, is adopted by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_Chalcedon\" >Council of Chalcedon<\/a>, an <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_ecumenical_councils#The_first_4_Ecumenical_councils_(4th-5th_centuries)\" >ecumenical council<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1721\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Empire\" >Russian Empire<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed by Tsar\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_the_Great\" >Peter I<\/a>\u00a0after the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedish_Empire\" >Swedish<\/a>\u00a0defeat in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Northern_War\" >Great Northern War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1739\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear\" >War of Jenkins&#8217; Ear<\/a>\u00a0begins with the first attack on La Guaira.<\/p>\n<p>1784\u00a0 Russia founds a colony on\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kodiak_Island\" >Kodiak Island<\/a>, Alaska.<\/p>\n<p>1790\u00a0 \u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northwest_Indian_War\" >Northwest Indian War<\/a>: Native American forces defeat the United States, ending the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harmar_Campaign\" >Harmar Campaign<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1859\u00a0 Spain declares\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859\u201360)\" >war<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morocco\" >Morocco<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1884\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Meridian_Conference\" >International Meridian Conference<\/a>\u00a0designates the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich\" >Royal Observatory, Greenwich<\/a>\u00a0as the world&#8217;s prime meridian.<\/p>\n<p>1946\u00a0 Over twenty-two hundred engineers and technicians from eastern Germany are forced to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Osoaviakhim\" >relocate to the Soviet Union<\/a>, along with their families and equipment.<\/p>\n<p>1947\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kashmir_conflict\" >Kashmir conflict<\/a>\u00a0between India and Pakistan begins, having started just after the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Partition_of_India\" >partition of India<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Kashmir Conflict:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict\" >Timeline of the Kashmir conflict<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/article\/kashmir-conflict-how-did-it-start\" >The Kashmir conflict: How did it start?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.outlookindia.com\/national\/the-history-of-kashmir-conflict-news-189840\" >The History Of Kashmir Conflict And Its Various Phases<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947\u20131948\" >Indo-Pakistani War of 1947\u20131948<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/global-conflict-tracker\/conflict\/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan\" >Conflict Between India and Pakistan<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/raksha-anirveda.com\/jammu-kashmir-war-1947-1948-the-first-round-heroes\/\" >Jammu Kashmir War<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1947_Jammu_massacres\" >1947 Jammu massacres<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/omniatlas.com\/maps\/southern-asia\/19471027\/\" >First Kashmir War | Historical Atlas of Southern Asia (27 October 1947)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/raksha-anirveda.com\/jammu-kashmir-war-1947-1948-the-first-round-heroes\/\" >Jammu Kashmir War 1947 -1948 (The First Round Heroes)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/10\/20\/explainer-kashmir-recent-surge-violence-hindus-migrant-workers\" >What is behind the recent surge in violence in Kashmir?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1962\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuban_Missile_Crisis\" >Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a>: President Kennedy, after internal counsel from Dwight D. Eisenhower, announces that American reconnaissance planes have discovered Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba, and that he has ordered a naval &#8220;quarantine&#8221; of the Communist nation.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.atomicarchive.com\/history\/cuban-missile-crisis\/timeline.html\" >Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/cold-war\/cuban-missile-crisis\" >Cuban Missile Crisis &#8211; Causes, Timeline &amp; Significance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/cuban-missile-crisis-timeline-jfk-khrushchev\" >Key Moments in the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Behind the Cuban Missile Crisis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/learn\/about-jfk\/historic-speeches\/address-during-the-cuban-missile-crisis\" >Address During the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/millercenter.org\/the-presidency\/educational-resources\/jfk-and-cuban-missile-crisis\" >JFK and the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/10\/21\/learning\/lesson-plans\/the-cuban-missile-crisis-and-its-relevance-today.html\" >The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its Relevance Today<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nga.mil\/history\/Cuban_Missile_Crisis.html\" >13 Days Over Cuba: The Role of the Intelligence Community in the Cuban Missile Crisis | National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-cuban-missile-crisis\" >10 Things You May Not Know About the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/rarehistoricalphotos.com\/cuban-missile-crisis-in-pictures-1962\/\" >The Cuban Missile Crisis in pictures, 1962 &#8211; Rare Historical Photos<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1975\u00a0 The Soviet uncrewed space mission\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venera_9\" >Venera 9<\/a>\u00a0lands on Venus.<\/p>\n<p>1999\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maurice_Papon\" >Maurice Papon<\/a>, an official in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vichy_France\" >Vichy<\/a>\u00a0government during World War II, is jailed for crimes against humanity.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vichy Government (a.k.a. Vichy France) and Holocaust:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_Vichy_France\" >Government of Vichy France<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline\" >Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/history\/vichy-government-france-world-war-ii-willingly-collaborated-nazis-180967160\/\" >Was Vichy France a Puppet Government or a Willing Nazi Collaborator?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2020\/07\/vichy-france-holocaust-nazi-hitler-world-war-ii\" >How France\u2019s Vichy Regime Became Hitler\u2019s Willing Collaborators<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/labor-and-internment-camps-in-north-africa\" ><em>In Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and French West Africa, French collaborationist Vichy authorities established a network of different types of camps&#8230;These camps included Jewish and non-Jewish European refugees\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historynet.com\/de-gaulles-1941-plan-to-overthrow-nazi-backed-vichy-france\/\" >De Gaulle&#8217;s 1941 Plan to Overthrow Nazi-Backed Vichy France<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/feature\/fall-france-revisited-why-america-supported-vichy-regime-198786\" >The Fall of France Revisited: Why America Supported the Vichy Regime<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Influence of the Vichy Government Today:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2021\/12\/dark-legacy-vichy-regime-france-history-world-war-ii\" >France\u2019s Pro-Nazi Vichy Regime Still Has Defenders<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/history\/etol\/writers\/heijen\/1943\/07\/gir-gaulle.htm\" ><em>How far the Vichy influence had remained in the Giraud administration can be judged by a few lines\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/ideas\/podcasts\/forging-europe\" >Forging Europe: Vichy France and the origins of the European Union<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newdawnmagazine.com\/articles\/synarchy-the-hidden-hand-behind-the-european-union\" >Synarchy: The Hidden Hand Behind the European Union<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2008\u00a0 India launches its first uncrewed lunar mission\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chandrayaan-1\" >Chandrayaan-1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2013\u00a0 The Australian Capital Territory becomes the first Australian jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage_Equality_(Same_Sex)_Act_2013\" >Marriage Equality (Same Sex) Act 2013<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2019\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Same-sex_marriage\" >Same-sex marriage<\/a>\u00a0is legalized, and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abortion\" >abortion<\/a>\u00a0is decriminalized in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland\" >Northern Ireland<\/a>\u00a0as a result of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Assembly\" >Northern Ireland Assembly<\/a>\u00a0not being restored.<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a><em>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>16-22 October 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":62806,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-245351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/245351","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=245351"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/245351\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":246322,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/245351\/revisions\/246322"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=245351"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=245351"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=245351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}