{"id":246145,"date":"2023-10-16T12:00:45","date_gmt":"2023-10-16T11:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=246145"},"modified":"2023-10-14T05:19:53","modified_gmt":"2023-10-14T04:19:53","slug":"history-of-the-gaza-strip","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/10\/history-of-the-gaza-strip\/","title":{"rendered":"History of the Gaza Strip"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_246151\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/gaza-palestine-israel-1.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-246151\" class=\"wp-image-246151\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/gaza-palestine-israel-1-1024x504.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/gaza-palestine-israel-1-1024x504.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/gaza-palestine-israel-1-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/gaza-palestine-israel-1-768x378.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/gaza-palestine-israel-1.jpg 1356w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-246151\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Destruction from the latest siege of Gaza. Ashraf Amra\/Anadolu via Getty Images)<\/p><\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"legacy slammed\"><em>Why the History of the Densely Populated Enclave Is Key to Understanding the Current\u00a0Conflict<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><em>12 Oct 2023 &#8211; <\/em>The focus of the conflict in the Middle East has again returned to the Gaza Strip, with Israel\u2019s defense minister <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2023\/10\/09\/middleeast\/israel-gaza-hamas-fighting-monday-intl-hnk\/index.html\" >ordering a \u201ccomplete siege<\/a>\u201d of the Palestinian enclave.<\/p>\n<p>Israel\u2019s military operation, which involves <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/10\/9\/reports-of-mass-casualties-as-israeli-air-attack-hits-refugee-camp-in-gaza\" >extensive bombing of residences<\/a>, follows a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/hamas-assault-echoes-1973-arab-israeli-war-a-shock-attack-and-questions-of-political-intelligence-culpability-215228\" >surprise attack on Oct. 7<\/a> by Hamas militants who infiltrated Israel from Gaza and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/middleeast\/live-news\/israel-hamas-war-gaza-10-10-23\/h_acc9121c3e878d221f6e5ee32e74be80#:%7E:text=More%20than%20900%20people%20have,the%20conflict%20erupted%20on%20Saturday.\" >killed more than 900 Israelis<\/a>, which set off reprisal airstrikes by the Israel military and a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-us-canada-67084326#\" >mounting death toll<\/a> among Gazans.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">At least 16 humanitarian workers for UN agency, Red Cross dead in Gaza airstrikes<\/p>\n<p>UNRWA workers, teachers, a gynecologist, engineer, counselor, support staff<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/12bAGKZovv\" >https:\/\/t.co\/12bAGKZovv<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; New York Daily News (@NYDailyNews) <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NYDailyNews\/status\/1712260301561725036?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" >October 12, 2023<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>The order to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-67051292\" >cut off all food, electricity and water<\/a> to Gaza will only worsen the plight of residents in what has been <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nrc.no\/news\/2018\/april\/gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison\/\" >called the \u201cworld\u2019s largest open-air prison<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But how did Gaza become one of the most densely populated parts of the planet? And why is it the home to militant Palestinian action now? As a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/menas.arizona.edu\/person\/maha-nassar\" >scholar of Palestinian history<\/a>, I believe understanding the answers to those questions provides crucial historical context to the current violence.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Brief History of Gaza<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Gaza Strip is a narrow piece of land on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Roughly <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/today\/placesinthenews\/archive\/2014arch\/20140708_gazastrip.html\" >twice the size of Washington, D.C.<\/a>, it is wedged between Israel to its north and east and Egypt to its south.<\/p>\n<p>An ancient trade and sea port, Gaza has long been part of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.midafternoonmap.com\/2013\/07\/ottoman-and-arab-maps-of-palestine.html\" >geographic region known as Palestine<\/a>. By the early 20th century, it was mainly inhabited by Muslim and Christian Arabs who lived under Ottoman rule. When <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/unispal\/history2\/origins-and-evolution-of-the-palestine-problem\/part-i-1917-1947\/\" >Britain took control of Palestine<\/a> following World War I, intellectuals in Gaza joined the emergent Palestinian national movement.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_37073\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37073\" src=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Palestinian_delegation_1929.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 5451px) 100vw, 5451px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Palestinian_delegation_1929.jpg 5451w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Palestinian_delegation_1929-400x283.jpg 400w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Palestinian_delegation_1929-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Palestinian_delegation_1929-700x495.jpg 700w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Palestinian_delegation_1929-160x113.jpg 160w\" alt=\"\" width=\"5451\" height=\"3854\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37073\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-37073\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Arab protest gathering against British policy in Palestine, 1929. (Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>During the 1948 war that established the state of Israel, the Israeli military <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.palquest.org\/en\/militaryoperations\/25299\/operation-yoav\" >bombed 29 villages in southern Palestine<\/a>, leading tens of thousands of villagers to flee to the Gaza Strip, under the control of the Egyptian army that were deployed after Israel declared independence. Most of them and their descendants remain there today.<\/p>\n<p>Following the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/publication\/the-1967-six-day-war\" >1967 Six-Day War<\/a> between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the Gaza Strip came under Israeli military occupation. The occupation has resulted in \u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/campaigns\/2017\/06\/israel-occupation-50-years-of-dispossession\/\" >systematic human rights violations<\/a>,\u201d according to rights group Amnesty International, including forcing people off their land, destroying homes and crushing even nonviolent forms of political dissent.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_62896\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62896\" src=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_GPO_-_Israeli_Gun_Boat-scaled.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_GPO_-_Israeli_Gun_Boat-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_GPO_-_Israeli_Gun_Boat-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_GPO_-_Israeli_Gun_Boat-1000x667.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_GPO_-_Israeli_Gun_Boat-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_GPO_-_Israeli_Gun_Boat-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_GPO_-_Israeli_Gun_Boat-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_GPO_-_Israeli_Gun_Boat-160x107.jpg 160w\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62896\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-62896\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Israeli gunboat passes through the Straits of Tiran near Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, during the Six Day War in 1967. (Israel Government, Wikimedia Commons, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\" >CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Palestinians staged two major uprisings, in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wnet\/women-war-and-peace\/uncategorized\/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-1987-intifada\/\" >1987-1991<\/a> and in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20170928-remembering-the-second-intifada\/\" >2000-2005<\/a>, hoping to end the occupation and establish an independent Palestinian state.<\/p>\n<p>Hamas, a Palestinian Islamist militant group centered in Gaza, was founded in 1988 to fight against the Israeli occupation. Hamas and other militant groups launched repeated attacks on Israeli targets in Gaza, leading to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/embassies.gov.il\/MFA\/AboutIsrael\/Maps\/Pages\/Israels%20Disengagement%20Plan-%202005.aspx#:%7E:text=Israel\" s%20plan%20of%20unilateral%20disengagement,peace%20negotiations%20with%20the%20Palestinians.\">Israel\u2019s unilateral withdrawal<\/a> from Gaza in 2005.<\/p>\n<p>In 2006, Palestinian legislative elections were held. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ecfr.eu\/special\/mapping_palestinian_politics\/legislative-elections-2006\/\" >Hamas beat<\/a> its secular rival, Fatah, which had been <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2006\/1\/26\/hamas-wins-huge-majority\" >widely accused of corruption<\/a>. Elections haven\u2019t been held in Gaza since 2006, but polling from March 2023 found that <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pcpsr.org\/en\/node\/938\" >45 percent of Gazans would back Hamas<\/a> should there be a vote, ahead of Fatah at 32 percent.<\/p>\n<p>After a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/battle-for-gaza-hamas-jumped-provoked-and-pushed\/\" >brief conflict<\/a> between Hamas and Fatah militants in May 2007, Hamas took complete control of the Gaza Strip. Since then, Gaza has been under the administrative control of Hamas, even though it is still considered to be <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2016-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/israel-and-the-occupied-territories\/israel-and-the-occupied-territories-the-occupied-territories\/\" >under Israeli occupation<\/a> by the United Nations, the U.S. State Department and other international bodies.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Who Are the Palestinians of Gaza?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/gaza-strip\/\" >more than 2 million inhabitants<\/a> of the Gaza Strip are part of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/english.wafa.ps\/Pages\/Details\/129983\" >14 million-strong global Palestinian community<\/a>. About one third of Gaza\u2019s inhabitants trace their family\u2019s roots to land inside the Gaza Strip. The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unrwa.org\/palestine-refugees\" >remaining two-thirds<\/a> are refugees from the 1948 war and their descendants, many of whom hail from towns and villages surrounding Gaza.<\/p>\n<p>The Palestinians of Gaza trend young: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/english.wafa.ps\/Pages\/Details\/128691\" >nearly half the population is under 18<\/a>. The enclave is also very poor, with a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/databankfiles.worldbank.org\/public\/ddpext_download\/poverty\/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE\/Global_POVEQ_PSE.pdf\" >poverty rate that stands at 53 percent<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Despite this grim economic picture, education levels are quite high. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/sop\/what-we-do\/education-and-adolescents\" >Over 95 percent<\/a> of Gazan children ages 6-12 are in school. The majority of Palestinian students in Gaza graduate from high school, and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.timeshighereducation.com\/world-university-rankings\/islamic-university-gaza-0\" >57 percent of students<\/a> at the prestigious Islamic University of Gaza [which was <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.abs-cbn.com\/video\/overseas\/10\/11\/23\/israel-pounds-islamic-university-of-gaza-with-airstrikes\" >hit by Israeli air strikes on Wednesday<\/a>] \u00a0are female.<\/p>\n<p>But because of the circumstances of their surroundings, young Palestinians in Gaza find it difficult to live fulfilling lives. For graduates between the ages of 19 and 29, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/9\/27\/gaza-graduates-demand-unrwa-solutions-for-high-unemployment-rate\" >unemployment rate stands at 70 percent<\/a>. And a World Bank survey earlier this year found <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/arabvoices\/intersection-economic-conditions-trauma-and-mental-health-west-bank-and-gaza%20https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/2023-07-16\/ty-article\/.premium\/58-of-palestinians-show-depression-symptoms-new-world-bank-survey-reveals\/00000189-5fa3-de4e-adeb-ffa73afd0000\" >71 percent of Gazans<\/a> show signs of depression and high levels of PTSD.<\/p>\n<p>There are several factors that contribute to these conditions. A major factor is the crippling, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mena\/documents\/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022\" >16-year blockade<\/a> that Israel and Egypt \u2013 with U.S. support \u2013 have imposed on Gaza.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Years of Blockade<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Shortly after the 2006 elections, the Bush administration <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vanityfair.com\/news\/2008\/04\/gaza200804\" >tried to force Hamas from power<\/a> and bring in a rival leader from the Fatah party who was considered friendlier to Israel and the U.S. Hamas preempted the coup and took full control of Gaza in May 2007. In response, Israel and Egypt \u2013 with U.S. and European support \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/news-and-politics\/2008\/01\/some-history-and-background-on-the-gaza-strip.html\" >closed the border crossings<\/a> into and out of the Gaza Strip and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/world\/israel-strikes-and-seals-off-gaza-after-hamas-incursion#:%7E:text=Israel%20and%20Egypt%20have%20imposed,restricting%20travel%20in%20and%20out.\" >imposed a land, air and sea blockade<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mena\/documents\/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022\" >blockade<\/a>, which is still in effect, limits the import of food, fuel and construction material; limits how far Gaza\u2019s fishermen can go out to sea; bans almost all exports; and imposes strict limitations on the movement of people into and out of Gaza. In 2023, Israel has <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ochaopt.org\/content\/movement-and-out-gaza-update-covering-august-2023\" >allowed only around 50,000 people a month<\/a> to exit Gaza, according to U.N. figures.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_100946\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-100946\" src=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-10-at-12.53.33-PM.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 939px) 100vw, 939px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-10-at-12.53.33-PM.png 810w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-10-at-12.53.33-PM-340x500.png 340w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-10-at-12.53.33-PM-680x1000.png 680w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-10-at-12.53.33-PM-768x1130.png 768w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-10-at-12.53.33-PM-500x736.png 500w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-10-at-12.53.33-PM-260x383.png 260w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screenshot-2023-10-10-at-12.53.33-PM-160x235.png 160w\" alt=\"\" width=\"939\" height=\"1382\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-100946\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-100946\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map by the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Gaza\u2013Israel barrier in 2019. (Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The years of closure have devastated the lives of Palestinians in Gaza. Inhabitants there <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfam.org\/en\/failing-gaza-undrinkable-water-no-access-toilets-and-little-hope-horizon\" >don\u2019t have enough water<\/a> for drinking and sanitation. They face <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfam.org\/en\/timeline-humanitarian-impact-gaza-blockade\" >electricity cuts<\/a> that run 12-to-18 hours each day. Without adequate water and electricity, Gaza\u2019s fragile health care system is \u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.map.org.uk\/news\/archive\/post\/1382-gazaas-health-system-on-the-brink-of-collapse-yet-again\" >on the brink of collapse<\/a>,\u201d according to the medical rights group <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.map.org.uk\/\" >Medical Aid for Palestine<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>These restrictions hit the young and the weak of Gaza particularly hard. Israel <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.btselem.org\/gaza_strip\/20230404_in_2022_too_israel_prevented_thousands_of_palestinians_in_need_of_medical_care_from_leaving_gaza_for_treatment\" >routinely denies sick patients<\/a> the permits they need to receive medical care outside of Gaza. Bright students with scholarships to study abroad often find that they are <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2018\/9\/4\/gaza-scholarship-students-plead-for-rafah-exit-permit\" >unable to leave<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>U.N. experts say this blockade <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-un-gaza-rights\/u-n-experts-say-israels-blockade-of-gaza-illegal-idUSTRE78C59R20110913\" >is illegal under international law<\/a>. They argue that the blockade <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/imeu.org\/article\/israel-international-law-the-siege-blockade-of-gaza\" >amounts to a collective punishment<\/a> of the Palestinians of Gaza, a violation of the Hague Convention and the Geneva Conventions that form the backbone of international law.<\/p>\n<p><strong>No End to the Suffering<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Israel says that the blockade on Gaza is necessary <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2023\/10\/09\/gaza-strip-israel-hamas-explained\/\" >to secure the safety<\/a> of its population and will be lifted when Hamas renounces violence, recognizes Israel and abides by previous agreements.<\/p>\n<p>But Hamas has consistently rejected this ultimatum. Instead, militant fighters stepped up the firing of homemade rockets and mortars into populated areas surrounding the Gaza Strip <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/Details\/27428\" >in 2008<\/a>, seeking to pressure Israel to lift the blockade. They have sporadically attacked Israel in this way in the years since.<\/p>\n<p>Israel has launched four major military assaults on Gaza \u2014 in 2008-09, 2012, 2014 and 2021 \u2014 in efforts to destroy Hamas\u2019 military capabilities. Those wars <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/middle-east-united-nations-israel-palestinian-gaza-hamas-186d89b5fa8ae171c166f6162d6ea3da\" >killed 4,000 Palestinians<\/a>, more than half of whom were civilians, along with 106 people in Israel.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_63254\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-63254\" src=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MAJD1891-scaled.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MAJD1891-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MAJD1891-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MAJD1891-1000x667.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MAJD1891-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MAJD1891-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MAJD1891-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MAJD1891-160x107.jpg 160w\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-63254\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-63254\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Palestinian man in the ruins of Al Jawhara Tower at the center of Gaza CIty after it was bombed the previous night, May 12, 2021. (M. Hajjar\/NRC)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>During that time, the U.N. estimates that there has been more than <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/middle-east-united-nations-israel-palestinian-gaza-hamas-186d89b5fa8ae171c166f6162d6ea3da\" >$5 billion worth of damage<\/a> to Gaza\u2019s homes, agriculture, industry, electricity and water infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p>Each of those wars ended in a fragile cease-fire but no real resolution to the conflict. Israel seeks to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.oup.com\/2021\/05\/why-has-gaza-frequently-become-a-battlefield-between-hamas-and-israel\/\" >deter Hamas<\/a> from launching rockets. Hamas and other militant groups say that even when they have upheld previous cease-fires, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2013\/2\/22\/what-a-period-of-calm-looks-like-in-the-occupied-territories\" >Israel has continued to attack Palestinians<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/america.aljazeera.com\/articles\/2014\/7\/16\/gaza-ceasefire-accountability.html\" >has refused to lift the blockade<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Hamas has offered a long-term truce in exchange for Israel <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/hamas-offers-long-term-ceasefire-in-exchange-for-end-of-blockade\/\" >ending the blockade on Gaza<\/a>. Israel has refused to accept the offer, sticking to its position that Hamas must first end violence and recognize Israel.<\/p>\n<p>In the months leading up to the latest escalation, conditions in Gaza have deteriorated even further. The International Monetary Fund reported in September that Gaza\u2019s economic outlook \u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2023\/09\/12\/West-Bank-and-Gaza-Report-to-the-Ad-Hoc-Liaison-Committee-539149\" >remains dire<\/a>.\u201d Conditions became more dire when Israel announced on Sept. 5 that it was <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/9\/5\/israel-halts-exports-from-gaza-at-key-crossing-says-explosives-found#:%7E:text=Israeli%20forces%20have%20ordered%20the,ministry%20said%20in%20a%20statement.\" >halting all exports<\/a> from a key Gaza border crossing.<\/p>\n<p>Without an end in sight to the suffering caused by the blockade, it appears that Hamas has decided to upend the status quo in a surprise attack on Israelis, including civilians. Israel\u2019s reprisal airstrikes and its imposition of a \u201ccomplete siege\u201d on the strip have heaped even further suffering on ordinary Gazans.<\/p>\n<p>It is a tragic reminder that civilians bear the brunt of this conflict.<\/p>\n<p>________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Maha-Nassar.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-246148 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Maha-Nassar-e1697256643882.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" \/><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/maha-nassar-428768\" >Maha Nassar<\/a> is associate professor in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-arizona-959\" >University of Arizona.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-gaza-strip-why-the-history-of-the-densely-populated-enclave-is-key-to-understanding-the-current-conflict-215306\" >Go to Original &#8211; theconversation.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>12 Oct 2023 &#8211; Why the History of the Densely Populated Enclave Is Key to Understanding the Current Conflict <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":246148,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[87,1029,427,85,481],"class_list":["post-246145","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-palestine-israel-gaza-genocide","tag-gaza","tag-hamas","tag-palestine","tag-palestine-israel","tag-warfare"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/246145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=246145"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/246145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":246154,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/246145\/revisions\/246154"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/246148"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=246145"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=246145"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=246145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}