{"id":247829,"date":"2023-11-13T12:00:10","date_gmt":"2023-11-13T12:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=247829"},"modified":"2023-11-07T08:57:32","modified_gmt":"2023-11-07T08:57:32","slug":"this-week-in-history-177","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/11\/this-week-in-history-177\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-247253 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-300x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-300x150.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-1024x512.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-768x384.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-1536x768.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>13-19 November 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Quote &amp; Video of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201c<\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/quotes\/antonio_guterres_983651\" ><em>There is never a humanitarian solution for a humanitarian crisis. The solutions for the humanitarian crisis are always political ones.<\/em><\/a><em>\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; <\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EdiD3hHg9LQ\" >Antonio Guterres<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>13 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1914\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zaian_War\" >Zaian War<\/a>: Berber tribesmen inflict the heaviest defeat of French forces in Morocco at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_El_Herri\" >Battle of El Herri<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Importance of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@Twelve022\/the-zaian-war-429ea02332e7\" >Zaian War<\/a> in Modern History:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African_theatre_of_World_War_I\" >African theatre of World War I<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.factsnippet.com\/site\/facts-about-zaian-war.html\" >16 Facts About Zaian War | FactSnippet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_protectorate_in_Morocco\" >French protectorate in Morocco<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\u2013Morocco_relations#World_War_I\" >Morocc<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\u2013Morocco_relations#World_War_I\" >o-<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\u2013Morocco_relations#World_War_I\" >France<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\u2013Morocco_relations#World_War_I\" > Relation<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\u2013Morocco_relations#World_War_I\" >s<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\u2013Morocco_relations#World_War_I\" >:<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/morocco-france-world-cup-history-pirates-colonialism\" >Morocco vs France: A history of pirate raids and brutal colonialism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tellerreport.com\/news\/2023-02-10-morocco--end-of-mission-of-the-ambassador-in-france-amid-diplomatic-tensions.BJWyT0m6o.html\" >Morocco: end of mission of the ambassador in France amid diplomatic tensions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/france\/article\/2023\/10\/03\/why-diplomatic-relations-between-france-and-morocco-have-turned-sour_6144453_7.html\" >Why diplomatic relations between France and Morocco have turned sour<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=15Ptgyq2JI4\" >King Of Morocco, Mohammed VI Refuses Earthquake Aid From The U.S. &amp; France | Morocco earthquake &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1917\u00a0 World War I: beginning of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Battle_of_Monte_Grappa\" >First Battle of Monte Grappa<\/a>\u00a0(in Italy known as the &#8220;First Battle of the Piave&#8221;). The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces\" >Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces<\/a>, despite help from the German\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpenkorps\" >Alpenkorps<\/a>\u00a0and numerical superiority, will fail their offensive against the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_Army\" >Italian Army<\/a>\u00a0now led by its new chief of staff\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armando_Diaz\" >Armando Diaz<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1947\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0completes development of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AK-47\" >AK-47<\/a>, one of the first proper\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assault_rifle\" >assault rifles<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.moma.org\/interactives\/exhibitions\/2013\/designandviolence\/ak-47-mikhail-kalashnikov\/\" >AK-47<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.military.com\/off-duty\/ak-47-all-about.html\" >The AK-47: Everything You Want to Know<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/AK-47\" >Origin and use of AK-47 Soviet assault rifle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/military-history.fandom.com\/wiki\/Comparison_of_the_AK-47_and_M16\" >Comparison of the AK-47 and M16<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/scitechdaily.com\/worlds-deadliest-inventor-mikhail-kalashnikov-father-of-ak-47\/\" >World\u2019s Deadliest Inventor: Mikhail Kalashnikov, Father of AK-47<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/special-ops.org\/ak-47-worlds-most-used-assault-rifle-in-history\/\" >AK-47: A world\u2019s most used assault rifle in modern history<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.athlonoutdoors.com\/article\/ak-47-became-the-deadliest-weapon\/\" >How The Ak-47 Became The Deadliest Weapon Of All Human History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/act300112006en.pdf\" >The AK-47: the world&#8217;s favourite killing machine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/blog\/buzz\/they-killed-millions-meet-5-deadliest-guns-battlefield-58942\" >They Killed Millions: Meet the 5 Deadliest Guns on the Battlefield<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1966\u00a0 In response to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatah\" >Fatah<\/a>\u00a0raids against Israelis near the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Bank\" >West Bank<\/a>\u00a0border, Israel\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samu_Incident\" >launches an attack<\/a>\u00a0on the village of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/As-Samu\" >As-Samu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1969\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War\" >Anti-war protesters<\/a>\u00a0in Washington, D.C. stage a symbolic\u00a0<em>March Against Death<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-protests\" >Vietnam War Protests<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/show\/what-woodstock-taught-us-about-protest-in-a-time-of-polarization\" >What Woodstock taught us about protest in a time of polarization<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_nT-_ieQ57A\" >Largest Anti-Vietnam War protest in Washington, D.C. &#8211; 1969 | Movietone Moment | 13 November 2020 \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.co.jp\/\u5199\u771f\/vietnam-war-1969\" >Vietnam War 1969 &#8211; Getty Images<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fAHsMxEABa4&amp;t=128s\" >What were the origins of the Vietnam anti-war movement? &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thirteen.org\/blog-post\/top-10-vietnam-songs-veterans-playlist\/\" >Top 10 Vietnam War Era Songs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Vietnam-War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1969_in_the_Vietnam_War\" >1969 in the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu\/antivietnamwar\/exhibits\/show\/exhibit\/draft_protests\/the-military-draft-during-the-\" >The Military Draft During the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/allthatsinteresting.com\/vietnam-war-photos\" >44 Declassified Vietnam War Photos The Public Wasn&#8217;t Meant To See<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1994\u00a0 n a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1994_Swedish_European_Union_membership_referendum\" >referendum<\/a>, voters in Sweden decide to join the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union\" >European Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1995\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mozambique\" >Mozambique<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first state to join the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Nations\" >Commonwealth of Nations<\/a>\u00a0without having been part of the former\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Empire\" >British Empire<\/a><u>.<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2001\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_on_Terror\" >War on Terror<\/a>: In the first such act since World War II, US President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_W._Bush\" >George W. Bush<\/a>\u00a0signs an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Executive_order\" >executive order<\/a>\u00a0allowing\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_tribunal\" >military tribunals<\/a>\u00a0against foreigners suspected of connections to terrorist acts or planned acts on the United States.<\/p>\n<p>2002\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_disarmament_crisis\" >Iraq disarmament crisis<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq\" >Iraq<\/a>\u00a0agrees to the terms of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1441\" >UN Security Council Resolution 1441<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-cjriLK-y14\" >This will change how you think about the Iraq War. &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2013\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaii\" >Hawaii<\/a>\u00a0legalizes same-sex marriage.<\/p>\n<p>2013\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/4_World_Trade_Center\" >4 World Trade Center<\/a>\u00a0officially opens.<\/p>\n<p>2015\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Paris-attacks-of-2015\" >Paris Attack<\/a> by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant\" >Islamic State<\/a>, making it the deadliest attack in France since the Second World War.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yF-ZcITXR30\" >How The CIA Funded a Terrorist Organization \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TimxTtvKgUc\" >ISIS Is The Hand Of America, Created By The U.S., Says Syrian Ambassador To India &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>14 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 World War II: German troops, aided by local auxiliaries, murder nine thousand residents of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S\u0142onim_Ghetto\" >S\u0142onim Ghetto<\/a>\u00a0in a single day.<\/p>\n<p>1960\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby_Bridges\" >Ruby Bridges<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first Black child to attend an all-White elementary school in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louisiana\" >Louisiana<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1960\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Ia_Drang\" >Battle of Ia Drang<\/a>\u00a0begins: The first major engagement between regular American and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Vietnam\" >North Vietnamese<\/a>\u00a0forces.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-timeline\" >Timeline of <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-timeline\" >America\u2019s Vietnam War<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/millercenter.org\/the-presidency\/educational-resources\/age-of-eisenhower\/americas-vietnam\" >America&#8217;s Vietnam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/us-history\/postwarera\/1960s-america\/a\/the-vietnam-war\" >The Vietnam War (article) | 1960s America<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1960_in_the_Vietnam_War\" >1960 in the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/us-presidents-vietnam-war-escalation\" >From <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/us-presidents-vietnam-war-escalation\" >Truman, <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/us-presidents-vietnam-war-escalation\" >Eisenhower, <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/us-presidents-vietnam-war-escalation\" >Kennedy, Johnson,<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/us-presidents-vietnam-war-escalation\" > to Nixon<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/dh.scu.edu\/exhibits\/exhibits\/show\/vietnam-war-from-truman-to-nix\/dwight-eisenhower\" >Dwight Eisenhower: Trouble on the Horizon<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/opinion\/articles\/2013\/02\/15\/eisenhower-and-nixon-secrets-of-an-unlikely-pair\" >Eisenhower and Nixon: Secrets of an Unlikely Pair<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/us-presidents-vietnam-war-escalation\" >How the Vietnam War Ratcheted Up Under 5 U.S. Presidents<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.realclearhistory.com\/2012\/05\/07\/america039s_final_act_of_betrayal_in_vietnam_2275.html\" >The U.S. Eventually Abandons South Vietnam<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/from-vietnam-to-afghanistan-all-us-governments-lie-128695\" >From Vietnam to Afghanistan, all US governments lie<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politifact.com\/article\/2021\/aug\/17\/vietnam-and-afghanistan-different-wars-similar-end\/\" >Vietnam and Afghanistan: Different wars, similar endings?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1975\/03\/30\/archives\/irate-south-vietnamese-charge-a-betrayal-by-washington.html\" >Irate South Vietnamese Charge A Betrayal by Washington<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2001\/08\/12\/books\/chapters\/no-peace-no-honor-nixon-kissinger-and-betrayal-in-vietnam.html\" >&#8216;No Peace, No Honor: Nixon, Kissinger, and Betrayal in Vietnam&#8217;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/2015\/04\/29\/kissingers-betrayal-he-sold-out-south-vietnam-in-the-1973-paris-accords\/\" >Kissinger sold out South Vietnam in the 1973 Paris Accords<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonexaminer.com\/opinion\/how-henry-kissinger-abandoned-south-vietnam\" >How Henry Kissinger abandoned South Vietnam<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1967\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_Colombia\" >Congress of Colombia<\/a>, in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the death of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Policarpa_Salavarrieta\" >Policarpa Salavarrieta<\/a>, declares this day as &#8220;Day of the Colombian Woman&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>1967\u00a0 American physicist\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theodore_Maiman\" >Theodore Maiman<\/a>\u00a0is given a patent for his\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby_laser\" >ruby laser<\/a>\u00a0systems, the world&#8217;s first laser.<\/p>\n<p>1978\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\" >France<\/a>\u00a0conducts the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q98426007\" ><em>Aphrodite<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q98426007\" >\u00a0<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q98426007\" >nuclear test<\/a> in the area of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moruroa#French_nuclear_weapons_testing\" >Mruroa<\/a>, as 25th in the group of 29\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1975\u201378_French_nuclear_tests\" >1975\u201378 French nuclear tests<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/navymuseum.co.nz\/explore\/by-themes\/1970-today\/french-nuclear-testing-at-mururoa\/\" >French Nuclear Testing at Mururoa<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-56340159\" >French nuclear tests contaminated 110,000 in Pacific, says study<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/mar\/09\/france-has-underestimated-impact-of-nuclear-tests-in-french-polynesia-research-finds\" >France has underestimated impact of nuclear tests in French Polynesia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1979\u00a0 \u00a0US President Jimmy Carter issues\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Executive_Order_12170\" >Executive Order 12170<\/a>, freezing all Iranian assets in the United States in response to the hostage crisis.<\/p>\n<p>1982\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lech_Wa\u0142\u0119sa\" >Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa<\/a>, the leader of Poland&#8217;s outlawed\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)\" >Solidarity<\/a>\u00a0movement, is released after eleven months of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internment\" >internment<\/a>\u00a0near the Soviet border.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Solidarity Movement in Poland:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Solidarity\" >History of Solidarity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/poland-solidarity-movement\/\" >The Rise and Fall of Poland\u2019s Solidarity Movement<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CIA and \u201cSolidarity\u201d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwp.edu\/articles\/2019\/03\/17\/the-cia-and-solidarity\/\" >The CIA and \u201cSolidarity\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/polishhistory.pl\/a-covert-action-reagan-the-cia-and-the-cold-war-struggle-in-poland\/\" >A Covert Action: Reagan, the CIA, and the Cold War Struggle in Poland<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/msuweb.montclair.edu\/~furrg\/furraft82.pdf\" >The AFT, the CIA, and Solidarno\u015b\u0107<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.idcommunism.com\/2016\/04\/solidarnosc-cia-backed-trojan-horse-of.html\" >In Defense of Communism: Solidarno\u015b\u0107: The CIA-backed &#8216;Trojan Horse&#8217; of Poland&#8217;s Counterrevolution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/opinions\/1989\/08\/27\/how-we-helped-solidarity-win\/443c4c9c-0a8f-4e88-8657-a6404fe11cc7\/\" >HOW WE HELPED SOLIDARITY WIN<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Catholic Church and \u201cSolidarity\u201d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/fpif.org\/solidarity-polish-church\/\" >Before Solidarity, There Was the Polish Church<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/guidedhistory\/law-and-religion\/bartek-b\/\" >Role of the Catholic Church in Resisting Communist Rule in Poland<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/polish-women-reject-the-catholic-churchs-hold-on-their-country-149609\" >Polish women reject the Catholic Church&#8217;s hold on their country<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1990\u00a0 After\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_reunification\" >German reunification<\/a>, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany\" >Federal Republic of Germany<\/a>\u00a0and Poland sign a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German\u2013Polish_Border_Treaty\" >treaty<\/a>\u00a0confirming the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oder\u2013Neisse_line\" >Oder\u2013Neisse line<\/a>\u00a0as the border between Germany and Poland.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intelligence_assessment\" >intelligence<\/a>\u00a0officials in connection with the downing of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pan_Am_Flight_103\" >Pan Am Flight 103<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 Cambodian Prince\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norodom_Sihanouk\" >Norodom Sihanouk<\/a>\u00a0returns to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phnom_Penh\" >Phnom Penh<\/a>\u00a0after thirteen years in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exile\" >exile<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2001\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001\u20132021)\" >War in Afghanistan<\/a>: Afghan\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Alliance\" >Northern Alliance<\/a>\u00a0fighters\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fall_of_Kabul_(2001)\" >take over<\/a>\u00a0the capital\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul\" >Kabul<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the 1980s to the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/intelligence.fandom.com\/wiki\/Special_Activities_Division#Afghanistan\" >Special Activities Division<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yF-ZcITXR30\" >How The CIA Funded a Terrorist Organization &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001\u20132021)\" >War in Afghanistan (2001\u20132021)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/revolutionarydemocracy.org\/rdv8n1\/oilnln.htm\" >The US War in Afghanistan and the Grab for Central Asian Oil<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bnn.network\/politics\/decoding-the-empire-of-lies-a-critique-of-the-west-in-global-politics\/\" >From <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bnn.network\/politics\/decoding-the-empire-of-lies-a-critique-of-the-west-in-global-politics\/\" >9\/11 <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bnn.network\/politics\/decoding-the-empire-of-lies-a-critique-of-the-west-in-global-politics\/\" >To <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bnn.network\/politics\/decoding-the-empire-of-lies-a-critique-of-the-west-in-global-politics\/\" >the <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bnn.network\/politics\/decoding-the-empire-of-lies-a-critique-of-the-west-in-global-politics\/\" >War in Afghanistan<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yF-ZcITXR30\" >How The CIA Funded a Terrorist Organization \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/exploring-history\/how-america-created-al-qaeda-144725a62468\" >How America Created Al-Qaeda. One of history\u2019s greatest ironies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/michelchossudovsky.substack.com\/p\/911-analysis-reagan-al-qaeda-bush-911?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=1910355&amp;post_id=136928494&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=2qsy0d&amp;utm_medium=email\" >9\/11 Analysis: From Reagan\u2019s Al Qaeda Sponsored War on Afghanistan to George W. Bush\u2019s 9\/11<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2001\/11\/afgh-n20.html\" >US planned war in Afghanistan long before September 11<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/9\/6\/timeline-how-september-11-2001-led-to-uss-longest-war\" >Timeline: How September 11, 2001 led to US\u2019s longest war<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/freepress.org\/article\/enron-bush-administrations-first-scandal\" >Bush <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/freepress.org\/article\/enron-bush-administrations-first-scandal\" >Administration<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/freepress.org\/article\/enron-bush-administrations-first-scandal\" >, Enron<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unocal_Corporation#Central_Asia\" >UNOCAL<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2002\/07\/hall-j25.html\" >Cheney and Halliburton<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/towardfreedom.org\/story\/archives\/asia-archives\/the-missing-link-to-the-war-in-afghanistan\/\" >The Missing L<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/towardfreedom.org\/story\/archives\/asia-archives\/the-missing-link-to-the-war-in-afghanistan\/\" >ink to the War in Afghanistan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2006\/5\/26\/enron_the_bush_connection\" >Enron: The Bush Connection<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/gpus.org\/other\/press\/pr_01_07_02.html#:~:text=Enron%20chairman%20Ken%20Lay%20--%20President%20Bush%27s%20principle,other%20energy%20firm%20to%20the%20Bush%20campaign.%20Mr.\" >07.02: Bush Enron Connection<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/2002\/01\/10\/bush-enron-unocal-and-the-taliban\/\" >Bush, Enron, UNOCAL and the Taliban<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nypost.com\/2005\/07\/26\/the-bush-family-connection-to-cnoocs-bid-for-unocal\/\" >THE BUSH FAMILY CONNECTION TO CNOOC\u2019S BID FOR UNOCAL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/connect-enron-dots-bush\/\" ><em>The\u00a0Bush\u00a0Administration has a long and intimate relationship with\u00a0Enron\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/investigations\/2021\/08\/10\/afghanistan-papers-book-dick-cheney-attack\/\" >Bush administration hid truth on 2007 Taliban attack targeting Cheney<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.corpwatch.org\/article\/usa-unocal-advisor-named-representative-afghanistan\" ><em>President\u00a0Bush\u00a0has appointed a former aide to the American oil company\u00a0Unocal, Afghan-born Zalmay Khalilzad, as special envoy to\u00a0Afghanistan.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/defense-contractors-benefited-nearly-half-14-trillion-spent-afghan-war-study-1628485\" >Defense Contractors Benefited From Nearly Half of $14 Trillion Spent for Afghan War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/lifestyle\/2004\/02\/10\/the-profitable-connections-of-halliburton\/2f727e5e-a3d0-4333-a389-17ca4e715b49\/\" >The Profitable Connections Of Halliburton<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commondreams.org\/news\/2021\/09\/13\/half-14-trillion-spent-pentagon-911-has-gone-war-profiteers\" >Up to Half of the $14 Trillion Spent by Pentagon Since 9\/11 Has Gone to War Profiteers<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bnn.network\/politics\/decoding-the-empire-of-lies-a-critique-of-the-west-in-global-politics\/\" >War in Afghanistan, Oil, Gas and Minerals<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/the-war-is-worth-waging-afghanistan-s-vast-reserves-of-minerals-and-natural-gas\/19769\" >&#8220;The War is Worth Waging&#8221;: Afghanistan&#8217;s Vast Reserves of Minerals and Natural Gas<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthisland.org\/journal\/index.php\/magazine\/entry\/afghanistan_its_about_oil\/\" >Afghanistan: It\u2019s About Oil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/historynewsnetwork.org\/article\/963\" >Oil and 9-11: The Connection<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/towardfreedom.org\/story\/archives\/west-asia\/oil-and-empire-afghanistan-and-911\/\" >Oil and Empire: Afghanistan and 9\/11<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/2002\/01\/10\/bush-enron-unocal-and-the-taliban\/\" >Bush, Enron, UNOCAL and the Taliban<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.corpwatch.org\/article\/usa-unocal-advisor-named-representative-afghanistan\" >USA: Unocal Advisor Named Representative to Afghanistan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/centurean2.wordpress.com\/2009\/08\/05\/afghanistan-a-war-for-gas-and-oil-pipelines-2\/\" >Afghanistan- A War For Gas And Oil Pipelines\u2026<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23608077\" >OIL SECRETS BEHIND U.S. WAR ON AFGHANISTAN<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.outlookindia.com\/website\/story\/pipeline-politics-oil-gas-and-the-us-interest-in-afghanistan\/213804\" >Pipeline Politics: Oil, Gas And The US Interest In Afghanistan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2002\/01\/oil-j03.html\" >Oil company adviser named US representative to Afghanistan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/program\/featured-documentaries\/2016\/10\/8\/taliban-oil\/\" >Taliban Oil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan_Oil_Pipeline\" >Afghanistan Oil Pipeline<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wanttoknow.info\/020318chicagotribune\" >S. Bases in Afghanistan Located Along Projected Oil Pipeline Route<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/afghanistan-taliban-to-reap-1-trillion-mineral-wealth\/a-58888765\" >Afghanistan&#8217;s minerals to boost Taliban coffers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/taliban-protect-gas-pipeline-war-expands-west-afghanistan\/4401221.html\" >Taliban Vows to Protect Gas Pipeline as War Expands to West Afghanistan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/southasianvoices.org\/the-tapi-pipeline-in-post-u-s-withdrawal-afghanistan\/\" >The TAPI Pipeline in Post-U.S. Withdrawal Afghanistan<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2008\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2008_G-20_Washington_summit\" >first G-20 economic summit<\/a>\u00a0opens in Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n<p>2012\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel\" >Israel<\/a>\u00a0launches a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Pillar_of_Defense\" >major military operation<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaza_Strip\" >Gaza Strip<\/a>\u00a0in response to an escalation of rocket attacks by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamas\" >Hamas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>15 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1889\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazil\" >Brazil<\/a>\u00a0is declared a republic by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshal_(Brazil)\" >Marshal<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deodoro_da_Fonseca\" >Deodoro da Fonseca<\/a>\u00a0as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emperor_of_Brazil\" >Emperor<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedro_II_of_Brazil\" >Pedro II<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decline_and_fall_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil\" >deposed in a military coup<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)\" >Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_of_Brazil#History\" >Empire of Brazil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Brazil\/The-collapse-of-the-empire\" >Brazil &#8211; Empire Collapse, Portuguese Rule, Abolition<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Brazilian_Republic\" >First Brazilian Republic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1889_in_Brazil\" >1889 in Brazil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Brazil\" >History of Brazil<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1917\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eduskunta\" ><em>Eduskunta<\/em><\/a>\u00a0declares itself the supreme state power of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Finland\" >Finland<\/a>, prompting its\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independence_of_Finland\" >declaration of independence<\/a>\u00a0and secession from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Russia\" >Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1920\u00a0 The first assembly of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/League_of_Nations\" >League of Nations<\/a>\u00a0is held in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva\" >Geneva<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Switzerland\" >Switzerland<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/world-war-i\/league-of-nations\" >League of Nations and Its Failure<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oXneQyf6apI\" >The Rise And Fall Of The League Of Nations | Our History \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ungeneva.org\/en\/about\/league-of-nations\/covenant\" >The Covenant of the League of Nations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_and_the_League_of_Nations\" >United States and the League of Nations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalww2museum.org\/war\/articles\/league-of-nations\" >\u2018The League is Dead. Long Live the United Nations.\u2019<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archives.ungeneva.org\/lontad\" >League of Nations Archives<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/us-history\/rise-to-world-power\/us-in-wwi\/a\/the-league-of-nations\" >The League of Nations (article)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.unog.ch\/leagueofnationsarchives\" >Introduction &#8211; League of Nations Archives<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/international-organization\/article\/abs\/from-league-of-nations-to-united-nations\/70A61F663B067740A7BF408B20A345DA\" >From the League of Nations to the United Nations<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/history-of-the-un\/predecessor\" >Predecessor: The League of Nations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/questionscity.com\/league-of-nations-and-united-nations\/\" >Differences Between League of Nations and UnitedNations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationsencyclopedia.com\/United-Nations\/Comparison-with-the-League-of-Nations.html\" >Comparison with the League of Nations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/gradesfixer.com\/free-essay-examples\/comparison-of-international-organizations-league-of-nations-and-united-nations\/\" >Comparison: League of Nations and United Nations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1920\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_City_of_Danzig\" >Free City of Danzig<\/a>\u00a0is established.<\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust\" >The Holocaust<\/a>: German\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schutzstaffel\" >SS<\/a>\u00a0leader\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_Himmler\" >Heinrich Himmler<\/a>\u00a0orders that\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romani_people\" >Gypsies<\/a>\u00a0are to be put &#8220;on the same level as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jews\" >Jews<\/a>\u00a0and placed in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internment#Concentration_camp\" >concentration camps<\/a>&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romani_Holocaust\" >Romani Holocaust<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945\" >Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939\u20131945<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/gypsies-and-the-holocaust-1779660\" >European Roma (&#8220;Gypsies&#8221;) in the Holocaust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.auschwitz.org\/en\/history\/categories-of-prisoners\/sinti-and-roma-gypsies-in-auschwitz\/\" >Sinti and Roma (Gypsies) in Auschwitz<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/remember.org\/witness\/wit-vic-gyp\" >Holocaust of the Romani (Gypsies) History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/news-and-politics\/2023\/03\/romani-jewish-holocaust-history-compensation-victims.html\" >Romani Holocaust history: A review of Rain of Ash<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/1943-key-dates\" >1943: Key Dates<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2019\/oct\/27\/nazi-directives-and-accounts-of-roma-genocide-go-on-display\" >Nazi directives and accounts of Roma genocide go on display<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Romanis and Jews, in Holocaust:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ynetnews.com\/articles\/0,7340,L-5248902,00.html\" >The Jewish-Romani connection: Are Gypsies descendants of tribe of Simeon?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishpress.com\/indepth\/analysis\/part-v-did-the-germans-treat-the-jews-and-the-gypsies-in-the-same-manner\/2022\/05\/29\/\" >Part V: Did the Germans Treat the Jews and the Gypsies in the Same Manner?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Timeline and Data of the Holocaust:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu\/c.php?g=288386&amp;p=1922582\" >Timeline of the Holocaust<\/a>:<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/9066\/the-holocaust\/\" >The Holocaust &#8211; Statistics &amp; Facts<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/holocaust-non-jewish-victims_n_6555604\" >The Holocaust&#8217;s Forgotten Victims: The 5 Million Non-Jewish People Killed By The Nazis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/research\/holocaust\" >Holocaust-Related Records at the National Archives<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/quantifying-the-holocaust-measuring-murder-rates-during-the-nazi-genocide-108984\" >Quantifying the Holocaust: Measuring murder rates during the Nazi genocide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishgen.org\/databases\/Holocaust\/\" >JewishGen&#8217;s Holocaust Database<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/israel-news\/2022-01-27\/ty-article\/6-million-where-is-the-figure-from\/0000017f-da74-dea8-a77f-de761f480000\" >Where Does the Figure of 6 Million Victims Come From?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1969\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: In\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington,_D.C.\" >Washington, D.C.<\/a>, 250,000-500,000 protesters staged a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moratorium_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam#November_15,_1969,_Moratorium_March_on_Washington\" >peaceful demonstration against the war<\/a>, including a symbolic &#8220;March Against Death&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nonviolent-conflict.org\/us-anti-vietnam-war-movement-1964-1973\/\" >The US Anti-Vietnam War Movement (1964-1973):<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sheg.stanford.edu\/history-lessons\/anti-vietnam-war-movement\" >Anti-Vietnam War Movement<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/learning.blogs.nytimes.com\/2011\/11\/15\/nov-15-1969-anti-vietnam-war-demonstration-held\/\" > 15, 1969 | Massive Anti-Vietnam War Demonstration Held<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moratorium_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam\" >Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/vietnam-war-protests-4163780\" >The Vietnam War Protests and the Antiwar Movement<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War\" >Outline and <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War\" >Timeline of the Vietnam War<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-timeline\" >Vietnam War Timeline &#8211; Lead-Up, Battles &amp; Deaths<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PG_EeBQF2sk\" >Vietnam\u2019s Bomb Graveyard: The Remnants Of War &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1983\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Cyprus\" >Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus<\/a>\u00a0declares independence; it is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus\" >only recognized by Turkey<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1985\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Irish_Agreement\" >Anglo-Irish Agreement<\/a>\u00a0is signed at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hillsborough,_County_Down\" >Hillsborough Castle<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom\" >British Prime Minister<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Thatcher\" >Margaret Thatcher<\/a>\u00a0and Irish\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taoiseach\" >Taoiseach<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garret_FitzGerald\" >Garret FitzGerald<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1987\u00a0 In\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bra\u0219ov\" >Bra\u0219ov<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania\" >Romania<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bra\u0219ov_Rebellion\" >workers rebel<\/a>\u00a0against the communist regime of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicolae_Ceau\u0219escu\" >Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1988\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israeli\u2013Palestinian_conflict\" >Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict<\/a>: An independent\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_of_Palestine\" >State of Palestine<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestinian_National_Council\" >Palestinian National Council<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine\" >History of the State of Palestine<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Palestine\/World-War-I-and-after\" >Palestine &#8211; British Mandate, Zionism, Conflict<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Palestine\" >Palestine | History, People, Conflict, &amp; Religion<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence#:~:text=The%20Palestinian%20Declaration%20of%20Independence%20formally%20established%20the,1988%20%285%20Rabi\u02bd%20al-Thani%201409%29%20in%20Algiers%2C%20Algeria.\" >Palestinian Declaration of Independence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine\" >International recognition of the State of Palestine<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balfour_Declaration\" >Balfour Declaration<\/a>, to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nakba\" >Nakba<\/a> and to the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israeli\u2013Palestinian_conflict\" >Israeli-Palestinian Conflict<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.foreignpolicyjournal.com\/2017\/11\/02\/what-was-the-balfour-declaration-of-1917-and-why-is-it-significant\/\" >What Was the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and Why Is It Significant?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/israelpalestinenews.org\/wrote-balfour-declaration-world-war-connection\/\" >Who wrote the Balfour Declaration and why<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-in\/news\/world\/what-is-nakba-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-catastrophe-that-befell-palestine-in-1948\/ar-AA1ia9f7\" >What is Nakba: All you need to know about the catastrophe that befell Palestine in 1948<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.barrons.com\/news\/nakba-fears-renewed-of-palestinian-exodus-of-1948-c532784\" >Nakba: Fears Renewed Of Palestinian Exodus Of 1948<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/10\/9\/whats-the-israel-palestine-conflict-about-a-simple-guide\" >What\u2019s the Israel-Palestine conflict about?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/timeline-the-long-history-of-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict\/ar-AA1i7wFa\" >Timeline: The long history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1990\u00a0 The Communist\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria\" >People&#8217;s Republic of Bulgaria<\/a>\u00a0is disestablished and a new\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgaria\" >republican government<\/a>\u00a0is instituted.<\/p>\n<p>2022\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_population\" >world population<\/a>\u00a0reached\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Day_of_Eight_Billion\" >8 billion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>16 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1828\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_War_of_Independence\" >Greek War of Independence<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London_Protocol_(1828)\" >London Protocol<\/a>\u00a0entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty.<\/p>\n<p>1907\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Territory\" >Indian Territory<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oklahoma_Territory\" >Oklahoma Territory<\/a>\u00a0join to form\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oklahoma\" >Oklahoma<\/a>, which is admitted as the 46th U.S. state.<\/p>\n<p>1914\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Reserve_Bank\" >Federal Reserve Bank<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\" >United States<\/a>\u00a0officially opens.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System\" >History of the Federal Reserve Bank and System<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/articles\/economics\/08\/federal-reserve.asp\" >How the Federal Reserve Was Formed<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Problems, Secrets and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stlouisfed.org\/in-plain-english\/who-owns-the-federal-reserve-banks\" >Ownership <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stlouisfed.org\/in-plain-english\/who-owns-the-federal-reserve-banks\" >of the Federal Reserve<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_the_Federal_Reserve\" >Criticism of the Federal Reserve<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facts-are-facts.com\/news\/the-federal-reserve-is-privately-owned\" ><em>The Federal Reserve is PRIVATELY OWNED<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/articles\/investing\/041515\/why-federal-reserve-independent.asp\" ><em>Why Is the Federal Reserve Independent?<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/aboutthefed\/structure-federal-reserve-system.htm\" >Federal Reserve Board &#8211; Structure of the Federal Reserve System<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/ask\/answers\/082115\/why-do-some-people-claim-federal-reserve-unconstitutional.asp\" >Why Do Some People Claim the Federal Reserve Is Unconstitutional?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/TheSecretsOfTheFederalReserve_294\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\" >The Secrets of the Federal Reserve<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1933\u00a0 The United States and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0establish formal\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\u2013United_States_relations\" >diplomatic relations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1940\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust\" >The Holocaust<\/a>: In occupied Poland, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazism\" >Nazis<\/a>\u00a0close off the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_Ghetto\" >Warsaw Ghetto<\/a>\u00a0from the outside world.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust_in_Poland\" >The Holocaust in Poland<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/animated-map\/the-warsaw-ghetto\" >The Warsaw Ghetto | Holocaust Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/magazine-18924842\" >Warsaw Ghetto: A survivor&#8217;s tale<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/deportations-to-and-from-the-warsaw-ghetto\" >Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto | Holocaust Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1945\u00a0 \u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO\" >UNESCO<\/a>\u00a0is founded.<\/p>\n<p>[UNESCO: History, Mandate and Problems]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.dk\/english\/history-and-mandate-of-unesco\" >History and mandate of UNESCO<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25695386?typeAccessWorkflow=login\" >UNESCO: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.equaltimes.org\/whose-world-heritage-the-problem?lang=en\" >Whose World Heritage? The problem with UNESCO\u2019s famous list<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf\" ><em>Journalism,\u2019Fake News\u2019 and Disinformation<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/journalism_fake_news_disinformation_print_friendly_0.pdf\" > \u2013 UNESCO Handbook<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>17 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1831\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecuador\" >Ecuador<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venezuela\" >Venezuela<\/a>\u00a0are separated from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Colombia\" >Gran Colombia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1869\u00a0 In\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egypt\" >Egypt<\/a>, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suez_Canal\" >Suez Canal<\/a>, linking the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_Sea\" >Mediterranean Sea<\/a>\u00a0with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Sea\" >Red Sea<\/a>, is inaugurated.<\/p>\n<p>1885\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbo-Bulgarian_War\" >Serbo-Bulgarian War<\/a>: The decisive\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Slivnitsa\" >Battle of Slivnitsa<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n<p>1903\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party\" >Russian Social Democratic Labour Party<\/a>\u00a0splits into two groups: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolsheviks\" >Bolsheviks<\/a>\u00a0(Russian for &#8220;majority&#8221;) and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mensheviks\" >Mensheviks<\/a>\u00a0(Russian for &#8220;minority&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>1947\u00a0 American scientists\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Bardeen\" >John Bardeen<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Houser_Brattain\" >Walter Houser Brattain<\/a>\u00a0observe the basic principles of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transistor\" >transistor<\/a>, a key element for the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronics\" >electronics<\/a>\u00a0revolution of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/20th_century\" >20th century<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1950\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.co.jp\/\u5199\u771f\/lhamo-dondrub\" >Lhamo Dondrub<\/a> is officially named the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14th_Dalai_Lama\" >14th Dalai Lama<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com\/en\/index.php?title=14th_Dalai_Lama,Tenzin_Gyatso\" >14<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com\/en\/index.php?title=14th_Dalai_Lama,Tenzin_Gyatso\" ><sup>th<\/sup><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com\/en\/index.php?title=14th_Dalai_Lama,Tenzin_Gyatso\" > Dalai Lama<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dalailama.com\/the-dalai-lama\/biography-and-daily-life\/birth-to-exile\" >Birth to Exile | The 14th Dalai Lama<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/authors\/dalai-lama-quotes\" >The 14<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/authors\/dalai-lama-quotes\" ><sup>th<\/sup><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/authors\/dalai-lama-quotes\" > Dalai Lama Quotes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1950\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_89\" >United Nations Security Council Resolution 89<\/a>\u00a0relating to the Palestine Question is adopted.<\/p>\n<p>1969\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cold_War\" >Cold War<\/a>: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helsinki\" >Helsinki<\/a>, Finland to begin\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks#SALT_I_Treaty\" >SALT I<\/a>\u00a0negotiations aimed at limiting the number of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weapon_of_mass_destruction\" >strategic weapons<\/a>\u00a0on both sides.<\/p>\n<p>1970\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: Lieutenant\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Calley\" >William Calley<\/a>\u00a0goes on trial for the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/My_Lai_Massacre\" >My Lai Massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/active_learning\/explorations\/vietnam\/vietnam_mylai.cfm\" >My Lai Massacre<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/my-lai-massacre-1\" >My Lai Massacre: Vietnam War &amp; Colin Powell<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/My-Lai-Massacre\" >My Lai Massacre | Facts, Map, &amp; Photos<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rehumanizeintl.org\/post\/2017-06-06-why-my-lai-what-caused-american-soldiers-to-commit-atrocities-in-vietnam\" >What Caused American Soldiers to Commit Atrocities in Vietnam?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/famous-trials.com\/mylaicourts\" >My Lai Courts Martial<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/famous-trials.com\/mylaicourts\/1656-myl-intro\" >The My Lai Massacre and Courts-Martial: An Account<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/calley-found-guilty-of-my-lai-murders\" > William Calley found guilty of My Lai murders<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1973\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising\" >Athens Polytechnic uprising<\/a>\u00a0against the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_military_junta_of_1967\u201374\" >military regime<\/a>\u00a0ends in a bloodshed in the Greek capital.<\/p>\n<p>1983\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation\" >Zapatista Army of National Liberation<\/a>\u00a0is founded in Mexico.<\/p>\n<p>1993\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_House_of_Representatives\" >United States House of Representatives<\/a>\u00a0passes a resolution to establish the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement\" >North American Free Trade Agreement<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1993\u00a0 \u00a0In Nigeria, General\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sani_Abacha\" >Sani Abacha<\/a>\u00a0ousts the government of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Shonekan\" >Ernest Shonekan<\/a>\u00a0in a military coup.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>18 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1872\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Susan_B._Anthony\" >Susan B. Anthony<\/a>\u00a0and 14 other women are arrested for voting illegally in the United States\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1872_United_States_presidential_election\" >presidential election of 1872<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States\" >Women\u2019s Suffrage in the United States<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/groups\/public_education\/programs\/19th-amendment-centennial\/toolkit\/suffrage-timeline\/\" >Suffrage Timeline<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/article\/worldwide-womens-suffrage-timeline\" >Women\u2019s Suffrage in the World<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2020\/10\/05\/key-facts-about-womens-suffrage-around-the-world-a-century-after-u-s-ratified-19th-amendment\/\" >Key facts about women\u2019s suffrage around the world<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries\" >Timeline of first women&#8217;s suffrage in majority-Muslim countries<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/centerforinquiry.org\/blog\/islam-and-womens-rights\/\" >Islam and Women\u2019s Rights | Overcoming Inequality<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1901<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>Britain and the United States sign the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hay\u2013Pauncefote_Treaty\" >Hay\u2013Pauncefote Treaty<\/a>, which nullifies the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clayton\u2013Bulwer_Treaty\" >Clayton\u2013Bulwer Treaty<\/a>\u00a0and withdraws British objections to an American-controlled canal in Panama.<\/p>\n<p>1903\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hay\u2013Bunau-Varilla_Treaty\" >Hay\u2013Bunau-Varilla Treaty<\/a>\u00a0is signed by the United States and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama\" >Panama<\/a>, giving the United States exclusive rights over the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama_Canal_Zone\" >Panama Canal Zone<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1918\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latvia\" >Latvia<\/a>\u00a0declares its independence from Russia.<\/p>\n<p>1961\u00a0 United States President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_F._Kennedy\" >John F. Kennedy<\/a>\u00a0sends 18,000 military advisors to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Vietnam\" >South Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1970\u00a0 U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Nixon\" >Richard Nixon<\/a>\u00a0asks the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Congress\" >U.S. Congress<\/a>\u00a0for $155\u00a0million in supplemental aid for the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cambodia\" >Cambodian<\/a>\u00a0government.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 After an 87-day\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Vukovar\" >siege<\/a>, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croatia\" >Croatian<\/a>\u00a0city of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vukovar\" >Vukovar<\/a>\u00a0capitulates to the besieging Yugoslav People&#8217;s Army and allied Serb paramilitary forces.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 The autonomous\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia\" >Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia<\/a>, which would in 1993 become a republic, was established in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina\" >Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1993\u00a0 In the United States, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement\" >North American Free Trade Agreement<\/a>\u00a0(NAFTA) is approved by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_House_of_Representatives\" >House of Representatives<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2002\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_disarmament_crisis\" >Ir<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_disarmament_crisis\" >aq disarmament crisis<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>\u00a0weapons inspectors led by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Blix\" >Hans Blix<\/a>\u00a0arrive in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq\" >Iraq<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-cjriLK-y14\" >This will change how you think about the Iraq War. &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>19 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1912\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Balkan_War\" >First Balkan War<\/a>: The Serbian Army\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Monastir\" >captures<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bitola\" >Bitola<\/a>, ending the five-century-long Ottoman rule of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Macedonia_(region)\" >Macedonia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 Holocaust:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazis\" >Nazis<\/a>\u00a0liquidate\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janowska_concentration_camp\" >Janowska concentration camp<\/a>\u00a0in Lemberg (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lviv\" >Lviv<\/a>), western Ukraine, murdering at least 6,000 Jews after a failed uprising and mass escape attempt.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine\" >Holocaust in Ukraine<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany\" >Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/janowska\" >Janowska Concentration Camp<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/lvov\" >Lvov(L&#8217;viv)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpost.com\/diaspora\/antisemitism\/on-this-day-nazis-liquidate-janowska-concentration-camp-6000-jews-killed-685470\" >On This Day: Nazis liquidate Janowska concentration camp<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/gallery\/janowska-photographs\" >Janowska \u2013 Photographs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1946\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan\" >Afghanistan<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iceland\" >Iceland<\/a>\u00a0and Sweden join the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1950\u00a0 US General\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwight_D._Eisenhower\" >Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a>\u00a0becomes Supreme Commander of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NATO\" >NATO-Europe<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1979\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran_hostage_crisis\" >Iran hostage crisis<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\" >Iranian<\/a>\u00a0leader\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayatollah\" >Ayatollah<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruhollah_Khomeini\" >Ruhollah Khomeini<\/a>\u00a0orders the release of 13 female and black American hostages being held at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Embassy_in_Tehran\" >US Embassy in Tehran<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1985\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cold_War\" >Cold War<\/a>: In\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva\" >Geneva<\/a>, U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_Reagan\" >Ronald Reagan<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0General Secretary\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikhail_Gorbachev\" >Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva_Summit_(1985)\" >meet<\/a>\u00a0for the first time.<\/p>\n<p>1988\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbia\" >Serbian<\/a>\u00a0communist representative and future Serbian and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia\" >Yugoslav<\/a>\u00a0president\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slobodan_Milo\u0161evi\u0107\" >Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107<\/a>\u00a0publicly declares that\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbia\" >Serbia<\/a>\u00a0is under attack from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albanians\" >Albanian<\/a>\u00a0separatists in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosovo\" >Kosovo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/342702378_KOSOVO_DURING_1989-1999\" >Kosovo in the 1980s and 1990s<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/soeu-2021-0059\/html?lang=en\" >Kosovo in the 1980s \u2013 Yugoslav Perspectives and Interpretations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/1999\/kosov2\/\" >Abuses Against Serbs And Roma In The New Kosovo (August 1999)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/libertarianinstitute.org\/articles\/kosovo-indictment-proves-bill-clintons-serbian-war-atrocities\/\" >Kosovo Indictment Proves Bill Clinton&#8217;s Serbian War Atrocities<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/04\/27\/biden-nato-bombing-serbia-montenegro\/\" >Biden Agitated for a Bombing Campaign Against Serbia and Montenegro<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thestrategybridge.org\/the-bridge\/2021\/7\/9\/a-tantalizing-success-the-1999-kosovo-war\" >A Tantalizing Success: The 1999 Kosovo War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gazimestan_speech\" >Gazimestan speech<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2018\/6\/16\/return-to-berkovo-the-village-where-serbs-and-albanians-coexist-in-kosovo\" >Return to Berkovo, the village where Serbs and Albanians coexist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/wikis.nyu.edu\/display\/cpeaa\/Kosovo+after+the+1998-1999+war\" >Kosovo after the 1998-1999 war<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosovo_Liberation_Army\" >Kosovo Liberation Army<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/world\/para\/kla.htm\" >Kosovo Liberation Army [KLA \/ UCK]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/1091028.html\" >U.S. Media<\/a> and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/1999\/04\/koso-a02.html\" >Ignored Facts About <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/1999\/04\/koso-a02.html\" >Kosovo<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/swprs.org\/propaganda-in-the-war-on-yugoslavia\/\" >Propaganda in the War on Yugoslavia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alexanderlanger.org\/files\/Becker_WarMarketing.pdf\" >War Marketing. How US-American PR agencies market the ex-Yugoslav wars<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.globalpolicy.org\/us-un-and-international-law-8-24\/general-analysis-on-us-un-and-international-law\/27100.html\" >The Real Story behind Kosovo&#8217;s Independence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/adarapress.com\/2019\/07\/04\/kosovo-in-the-1980s-murders-rapes-and-expulsions\/\" >Kosovo in the 1980s: Murders, Rapes, and Expulsions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/356286142_Kosovo_1989_The_Abuse_of_the_Kosovo_Myth_in_Media_and_Popular_Culture\" >The (Ab)use of the Kosovo Myth in Media and Popular Culture<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt18fs3sb?typeAccessWorkflow=login\" >Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kosovo\/Yugoslavia, the U.S. (CIA) and the Britain (MI6):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/friendsofkosovo.wordpress.com\/2016\/06\/18\/cia-agent-kosovo-taken-for-minerals-and-military-base\/\" >CIA Agent \u2013 Kosovo Taken for Minerals and Military Base<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism#Kosovo_Liberation_Army\" >United States and state-sponsored terrorism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2001\/mar\/11\/edvulliamy.peterbeaumont\" >&#8216;CIA&#8217;s bastard army ran riot in Balkans&#8217; backed extremists&#8217;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.globalpolicy.org\/component\/content\/article\/192-kosovo\/38782.html\" >CIA Aided Kosovo Guerrilla Army All Along<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ciagate.substack.com\/p\/how-cia-pumps-up-kosovo-with-weapons\" >How CIA Pumps Up Kosovo With Weapons Through Czech Republic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/balkaninsight.com\/2017\/01\/24\/cia-records-reveal-problems-yugoslavia-faced-01-23-2017\/\" >Records Show Yugoslavia&#8217;s Dramas Kept CIA Busy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.balkan-conflicts-research.com\/wp\/confessions-of-cia-agent-they-gave-us-millions-to-dismember-yugoslavia\/\" >Confessions of CIA Agent: They gave us millions to dismember Yugoslavia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/theobserver\/1999\/nov\/28\/focus.news1\" >Truth behind America&#8217;s raid on Belgrade<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2002\/07\/walk-j20.html\" >The Milosevic Trial: William Walker\u2019s role as provocateur<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/cia-mi6-interference-in-domestic-politics-in-the-balkans\/462\" >CIA- MI6 Interference in Domestic Politics in the Balkans<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.jp\/books\/about\/The_Albanian_Operation_of_the_CIA_and_MI.html?id=qy-6CwAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y\" >The Albanian Operation of the CIA and MI6, 1949-1953<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gospanews.net\/en\/2023\/10\/03\/cia-gate-5-how-us-intelligence-pumps-up-kosovo-with-weapons-through-czech-republic\/\" >How US Intelligence Pumps Up Kosovo with Weapons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nakedcapitalism.com\/2020\/07\/key-cia-backed-ally-indicted-for-organ-trade-murder-scheme.html\" >Key CIA-Backed Ally Indicted for Organ Trade Murder Scheme<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camp_Bondsteel\" >The U.S.-<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camp_Bondsteel\" >led NATO in<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camp_Bondsteel\" > Kosovo<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nlpwessex.org\/docs\/kosovofalsehoods.htm\" >NATO Fraud &#8211; There Was No Genocide In Kosovo &#8211; The Bogus PR Model Later Used To Invade Iraq<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.g2mil.com\/bondsteel.htm#:~:text=Camp%20Bondsteel%20was%20constructed%20to%20house%20American%20peacekeeping,in%20the%20Balkans%2C%20and%20employs%20hundreds%20of%20locals.\" >Why Does Camp Bondsteel Still Exist?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2002\/04\/oil-a29.html\" >Camp Bondsteel and America\u2019s plans to control Caspian oil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/questions-arise-over-us-base-in-kosovo\/a-1810615\" >Questions Arise Over US Base in Kosovo<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/en\/Natural_resources_of_Kosovo\" >Natural resources of Kosovo<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/freerepublic.com\/focus\/news\/1975713\/posts\" ><em>Yes, folks,\u00a0Kosovo<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/freerepublic.com\/focus\/news\/1975713\/posts\" ><em>\u2019<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/freerepublic.com\/focus\/news\/1975713\/posts\" ><em>s independence is all about\u00a0oil<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/freerepublic.com\/focus\/news\/1975713\/posts\" ><em>\u2013 <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/freerepublic.com\/focus\/news\/1975713\/posts\" ><em>at least from a Western perspective.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/1999\/05\/stat-m24.html\" >Why is NATO at war with Yugoslavia? World power, oil and gold &#8211; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/wou.edu\/history\/files\/2015\/08\/Francesca-Morrison.pdf\" >Paramilitaries, Propaganda, and Pipelines The NATO Attack on Kosovo and Serbia, 1999<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/alchetron.com\/Natural-resources-of-Kosovo\" ><em>Kosovo possesses around 14,700 billion tons of lignite in reserves&#8230;the country with the fifth largest lignite reserves in the world\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2002\/06\/trep-j28.html\" >The Trepca mining complex: How Kosovo\u2019s spoils were distributed<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/scholarworks.rit.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=9120&amp;context=theses\" >The Export Potential of Kosovo&#8217;s Natural Resources and their Impact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Personal Advantages and the Kosovo War:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.occrp.org\/en\/daily\/5639-kosovo-company-linked-to-wesley-clark-granted-coal-rights\" >Kosovo: Company Linked to Wesley Clark Granted Coal Rights<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocnal.com\/2017\/10\/company-run-by-wesley-clark-to-invest.html\" >Company run by Wesley Clark to invest in Kosovo on diesel production<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gatestoneinstitute.org\/3516\/kosovo-privatization\" >&#8220;Privatizing&#8221; Kosovo: The Madeleine Albright Way<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>__________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a><em>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>13-19 November 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":247253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-247829","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247829","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=247829"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247829\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":247830,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247829\/revisions\/247830"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/247253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=247829"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=247829"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=247829"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}