{"id":248431,"date":"2023-11-20T12:00:17","date_gmt":"2023-11-20T12:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=248431"},"modified":"2023-11-15T09:25:50","modified_gmt":"2023-11-15T09:25:50","slug":"this-week-in-history-178","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/11\/this-week-in-history-178\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-247253\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-300x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-300x150.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-1024x512.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-768x384.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-1536x768.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>20-26 November 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Video of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-hld_uwhyk4\" ><em>Let There Be Peace on Earth <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-hld_uwhyk4\" >&#8211; <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-hld_uwhyk4\" >Wintley Phipps\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>20 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1940\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Hungary\" >Hungary<\/a>\u00a0becomes a signatory of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tripartite_Pact\" >Tripartite Pact<\/a>, officially joining the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axis_powers#Hungary\" >Axis powers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zkj_wq4qZME\" >Hungary as One of the Axis Powers<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920\u20131946)#:~:text=Nazi%20Germany%20%27s%20influence%20in%20Hungary%20has%20led,of%20Trianon%2C%20which%20it%20did%20in%20early%201941.\" ><em>Nazi Germany &#8216;s influence in Hungary has led some historians to conclude that the country increasingly became a client state after 1938. The\u00a0Kingdom of Hungary was an Axis Power during World War II\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/military-history.fandom.com\/wiki\/Hungary_in_World_War_II\" >Hungary in World War II<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/world\/europe\/hu-history-25.htm\" >Hungary During WWII<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/hungary-before-the-german-occupation\" >Hungary before the German Occupation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_invasion_of_Hungary\" >German invasion of Hungary<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/hungary-after-the-german-occupation\" >Hungary after the German Occupation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/m\/pdfs\/20140318-Holocaust-in-Hungary-Braham-Assault-on-Historical-Memory.pdf\" >Hungary and the Holocaust<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary\" >History of the Jews in Hungary<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary\" >The Holocaust in Hungary<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1945\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuremberg_trials\" >Nuremberg trials<\/a>: Trials against 24\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazism\" >Nazi<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_crime\" >war criminals<\/a>\u00a0start at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palace_of_Justice,_Nuremberg\" >Palace of Justice<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuremberg\" >Nuremberg<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/world-war-ii\/nuremberg-trials\" >Nuremberg Trials<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/nuremberg-trials-begin\" >N<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/nuremberg-trials-begin\" >uremberg Trials Begin<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelibrary.iihl.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Nuremberg-Charter-EN.pdf\" >Text of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalww2museum.org\/war\/articles\/nuremberg-and-tokyo-war-crimes-trials\" >War Crimes on Trial: The Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor%27s_justice\" >Victor\u2019s Justice<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2020\/09\/nuremberg-tribunal-a-precedent-for-victors-justice\/\" >Nuremberg Tribunal: A Precedent for Victor\u2019s Justice<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/6881861\/Is_Victors_Justice_in_Nuremberg_Trial_Justified_or_not\" >(PDF) Is Victor&#8217;s Justice in Nuremberg Trial Justified or not<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40971591\" >Victor&#8217;s Justice, Selfish Justice<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/repository.law.uic.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&amp;context=lawreview\" >Victor&#8217;s Justice: Selecting &#8220;Situations&#8221; at the International Criminal Court<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/14754830590952152\" >Beyond Victor&#8217;s Justice? The Challenge of Prosecuting the Winners at the International Criminal Trib <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/genocide-prevention\/simon-skjodt-center\/work\/ferencz-international-justice-initiative\/transitional-justice\/international-criminal-justice-since-nuremberg\" >Development of International Criminal Law Since Nuremberg<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/digital.sandiego.edu\/ilj\/vol5\/iss1\/4\/\" >&#8220;From the Nuremberg Charter to the Rome Statute: Defining the Elements &#8220;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/sites\/default\/files\/NR\/rdonlyres\/ED2F5177-9F9B-4D66-9386-5C5BF45D052C\/146323\/PK_20060930_English.pdf\" >Applying the Principles of Nuremberg in the IC<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/sites\/default\/files\/NR\/rdonlyres\/ED2F5177-9F9B-4D66-9386-5C5BF45D052C\/146323\/PK_20060930_English.pdf\" >C<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.library.wustl.edu\/globalstudies\/article\/238\/galley\/17077\/view\/\" >NUREMBERG AND THE CRIME AGAINST PEACE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/legal.un.org\/ilc\/texts\/instruments\/english\/draft_articles\/7_1_1950.pdf\" >Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the N\u00fcrnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, 1950<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/84416\/the-absolute-clarity-of-international-legal-practices-rejection-of-immunity-before-international-criminal-courts\/\" >The Absolute Clarity of International Legal Practice&#8217;s Rejection of Immunity Before International Criminal Courts<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1958\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Child\" >Declaration of the Rights of the Child<\/a>\u00a0is adopted by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/child-rights-convention\/child-rights-why-they-matter\" >The Rights of the Child<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/child-rights-convention\/history-child-rights\" >History of child rights | UNICEF<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.crin.org\/en\/library\/legal-database\/un-declaration-rights-child-1959.html\" >Declaration of the Rights of the Child<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/bitesize\/articles\/zf3mxbk\" >Children&#8217;s Rights: What is the UNCRC?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org.au\/convention-rights-child-summary\" >The Convention of the Rights of the Child<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/child-rights-convention\/convention-text-childrens-version\" >The Convention on the Rights of the Child: The children\u2019s version | UNICEF<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/treaty-bodies\/crc\" >Committee on the Rights of the Child | OHCHR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/learning.nspcc.org.uk\/child-protection-system\/children-the-law\" >Children and the law<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Children_in_the_military\" >Children in the <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Children_in_the_military\" >M<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Children_in_the_military\" >ilitary<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/optional-protocol-convention-rights-child-involvement-children\" >Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/protection\/children-recruited-by-armed-forces\" >Children recruited by armed forces or armed groups<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/casebook.icrc.org\/a_to_z\/glossary\/child-soldiers\" >Child soldiers | How does law protect in war?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/childrenandarmedconflict.un.org\/six-grave-violations\/child-soldiers\/\" >Child Recruitment and Use \u2013 Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.cornell.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1622&amp;context=cilj\" >International Peacekeeping and Child Soldiers<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1969\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vie<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >tnam War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Plain_Dealer\" ><em>The Plain Dealer<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(Cleveland, Ohio) publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/My_Lai_Massacre\" >My Lai Massacre<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam\" >Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/active_learning\/explorations\/vietnam\/vietnam_mylai.cfm\" >My Lai Massacre<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/my-lai-massacre-1\" >My Lai Massacre: Vietnam War &amp; Colin Powell<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/My-Lai-Massacre\" >My Lai Massacre | Facts, Map, &amp; Photos<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rehumanizeintl.org\/post\/2017-06-06-why-my-lai-what-caused-american-soldiers-to-commit-atrocities-in-vietnam\" >What Caused American Soldiers to Commit Atrocities in Vietnam?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/famous-trials.com\/mylaicourts\" >My Lai Courts Martial<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/famous-trials.com\/mylaicourts\/1656-myl-intro\" >The My Lai Massacre and Courts-Martial: An Account<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/calley-found-guilty-of-my-lai-murders\" > William Calley found guilty of My Lai murders<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1977\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egypt\" >Egyptian<\/a>\u00a0President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anwar_Sadat\" >Anwar Sadat<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab\" >Arab<\/a>\u00a0leader to officially visit\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel\" >Israel<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1977_visit_by_Anwar_Sadat_to_Israel\" >when he meets Israeli prime minister<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menachem_Begin\" >Menachem Begin<\/a>\u00a0and speaks before the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knesset\" >Knesset<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerusalem\" >Jerusalem<\/a>, seeking <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egypt\u2013Israel_peace_treaty\" >a permanent peace settlement<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1979\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Mosque_seizure\" >Grand Mosque seizure<\/a>: About 200 Sunni Muslims revolt in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saudi_Arabia\" >Saudi Arabia<\/a>\u00a0at the site of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaaba\" >Kaaba<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mecca\" >Mecca<\/a>\u00a0during the pilgrimage and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opindia.com\/2021\/11\/how-terrorists-laid-siege-on-the-grand-mosque-in-saudi-arabia-in-1979\/\" >take about 6000 hostages<\/a>. The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/stories-50852379\" >Saudi government<\/a> receives<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eduionic.com\/paradigms\/current-affairs\/role-pakistan-grand-mosque-seizure-battle\/\" > help from Pakistani special forces<\/a> to put down the uprising. \u2192 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sauditimes.org\/2019\/11\/17\/mosque-makkah-1979-1\/\" >Mosque of Makkah: The Attack, Seizure on Masjid Al Haram (Part 1)<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Velvet_Revolution\" >Velvet Revolution<\/a>: The number of protesters assembled in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prague\" >Prague<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovakia\" >Czechoslovakia<\/a>, swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/reipublicae.org\/events\/velvet-revolution\/\" >Velvet Revolution<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/eudocs.lib.byu.edu\/index.php\/Czechoslovakia_1918-1993\" >Czechoslovakia 1918-1993<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989\u20131992)\" >History of Czechoslovakia (1989\u20131992)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/origins.osu.edu\/article\/1989-twenty-years-end-communism-and-fate-eastern-europe?language_content_entity=en\" >1989 Twenty Years On: The End of Communism and the Fate of Eastern Europe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nybooks.com\/articles\/2009\/12\/03\/velvet-revolution-the-prospects\/\" >Velvet Revolution: The Prospects | Timothy Garton Ash<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/worldcrunch.com\/this-happened\/velvet-revolution-photograph\/why-was-it-called-the-velvet-revolution\" >Why was it called the Velvet Revolution?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-50419667\" >Velvet Revolution: Prague&#8217;s ghosts of communism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vhlf.org\/havel-conversations\/havel-conversation-lou-reed-vaclav-havel-and-the-velvet-revolution\/\" >HAVEL CONVERSATION: Lou Reed, Vaclav Havel, and the Velvet Revolution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/how-the-us-embassy-in-prague-aided-czechoslovakias-velvet-revolution\/\" >How the US embassy in Prague aided Czechoslovakia&#8217;s Velvet Revolution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hir.harvard.edu\/armenias-velvet-revolution\/\" >Armenia&#8217;s Velvet Revolution: Lessons from the Caucasus<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/countercurrents.org\/2018\/04\/c-i-a-color-revolutions\/\" >CIA and Color Revolutions <\/a>in the World:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colour_revolution\" >Colour revolution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/en\/colour_revolutions_3196jsp\/\" >Democratisation, NGOs and &#8220;colour revolutions&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/mronline.org\/2023\/05\/10\/new-report-unveils-how-cia-schemes-color-revolutions-around-the-world\/\" >New report unveils how CIA schemes color revolutions around the world<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.independentsentinel.com\/color-revolutions-are-not-about-color\/\" >Color Revolutions are Not About Color<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/security\/library\/news\/2023\/05\/sec-230504-sputnik01.htm\" >CIA Staged &#8216;Color Revolutions,&#8217; Hacker Attacks Around Globe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/202306\/25\/WS6497a2b0a310bf8a75d6b6e7.html\" >Report reveals CIA behind &#8216;color revolutions&#8217; \u2013 Opinion<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/hayesbrown\/oliver-stone-says-ukraines-revolution-was-actually-a-cia-plo\" >Oliver Stone Says Ukraine&#8217;s Revolution Was Actually A CIA Plot<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1994\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angola\" >Angolan<\/a>\u00a0government and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNITA\" >UNITA<\/a>\u00a0rebels sign the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lusaka_Protocol\" >Lusaka Protocol<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zambia\" >Zambia<\/a>, ending 19 years of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_war\" >civil war<\/a>. (Localized fighting resumes the next year.<\/p>\n<p>1998\u00a0 A court in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taliban\" >Taliban<\/a>-controlled\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan\" >Afghanistan<\/a>\u00a0declares accused terrorist\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osama_bin_Laden\" >Osama bin Laden<\/a>\u00a0&#8220;a man without a sin&#8221; in regard to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1998_U.S._embassy_bombings\" >1998 U.S. embassy bombings<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenya\" >Kenya<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanzania\" >Tanzania<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>21 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1905\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Einstein\" >Albert Einstein<\/a>&#8216;s paper that leads to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass\u2013energy_equivalence\" >mass\u2013energy equivalence<\/a>\u00a0formula,\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00a0=\u00a0<em>mc<\/em>\u00b2, is published in the journal\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/einstein-annalen.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de\/home\" ><em>Annalen der Physik<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/einstein-annalen.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de\/home\" >Einstein &#8211; Annalen der Physik<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annus_mirabilis_papers\" >Annus mirabilis papers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/einstein-1905-relativity\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\" >On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies : A. Einstein : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.raabcollection.com\/foreign-figures-autographs\/albert-einstein-autograph?msclkid=a4c7bb39212e1d752236de00d32ac556&amp;utm_source=bing&amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_campaign=Nonbrand%20-%20US%20-%20Figures%20-%20Arts%20%26%20Sciences&amp;utm_term=einstein%20signatures&amp;utm_content=Albert%20Einstein%20-%20Phrase\" >Albert Einstein Autographs and Signed Documents For Sale<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1920\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_War_of_Independence\" >Irish War of Independence<\/a>: On &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloody_Sunday_(1920)\" >Bloody Sunday<\/a>&#8221; in Dublin, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919\u20131922)\" >Irish Republican Army<\/a>\u00a0(IRA) assassinated a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cairo_Gang\" >group of British Intelligence agents<\/a>, and British forces killed 14 civilians at a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaelic_football\" >Gaelic football<\/a>\u00a0match at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croke_Park\" >Croke Park<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1962\u00a0 The Chinese\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Liberation_Army\" >People&#8217;s Liberation Army<\/a>\u00a0declares a unilateral\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ceasefire\" >ceasefire<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Indian_War\" >Sino-Indian War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1964\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Vatican_Council\" >Second Vatican Council<\/a>: The third session of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_Catholic_Church\" >Roman Catholic Church<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecumenical_council\" >ecumenical council<\/a>\u00a0closes.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2012\/10\/10\/162573716\/why-is-vatican-ii-so-important\" >Vatican II: Its Significance<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Second-Vatican-Council\" >Summary<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/catholic-link.org\/what-is-second-vatican-council-controversy\/\" >What Is The Second Vatican Council? And, Why Did It Create Controversy?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catholicculture.org\/culture\/library\/view.cfm?recnum=10034\" >Library : A Summary and Guide to the Documents of the Second Vatican Council<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2019\/06\/espionage-and-the-catholic-church-from-the-cold-war-to-the-present\/\" >Vatican II in the Cold War Era<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/reviews.history.ac.uk\/review\/362\" >Religion and the Cold War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1057\/9781403919571_7\" >The Vatican, Italy and the Cold War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/events.ceu.edu\/2022-11-21\/displaced-persons-and-vatican-cold-war-history\" >DISPLACED PERSONS AND THE VATICAN. A COLD WAR HISTORY<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/destroyerofheresies.blogspot.com\/2020\/03\/vatican-ii-and-communism-state-of-world.html\" >Vatican II and <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/destroyerofheresies.blogspot.com\/2020\/03\/vatican-ii-and-communism-state-of-world.html\" >C<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/destroyerofheresies.blogspot.com\/2020\/03\/vatican-ii-and-communism-state-of-world.html\" >ommunism<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tldm.org\/news\/treaty.htm\" >The Vatican-Moscow Treaty and Vatican II<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/crisismagazine.com\/opinion\/vatican-iis-unpublished-condemnations-communism\" >Vatican II\u2019s Unpublished Condemnations of Communism<\/a>:<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catholicworldreport.com\/2012\/12\/10\/why-did-vatican-ii-ignore-communism\/\" >Why Did Vatican II Ignore Communism?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lifesitenews.com\/news\/vatican-iis-lost-condemnations-of-communism-revealed-to-public-for-first-ti\/\" >Vatican II\u2019s lost condemnations of communism revealed to public for first time<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/faith\/2019\/07\/23\/catholic-case-communism\" >The Catholic Case for Communism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.knightsrepublic.com\/single-post\/the-communist-infiltration-of-the-catholic-church\" >The Communist Infiltration of the Catholic Church<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/radtradthomist.chojnowski.me\/2022\/11\/cia-power-behind-vatican-ii-revolution.html\" >CIA <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/radtradthomist.chojnowski.me\/2022\/11\/cia-power-behind-vatican-ii-revolution.html\" >Behind <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/radtradthomist.chojnowski.me\/2022\/11\/cia-power-behind-vatican-ii-revolution.html\" >the Church and the <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/radtradthomist.chojnowski.me\/2022\/11\/cia-power-behind-vatican-ii-revolution.html\" >Vatican II<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2022\/11\/12\/the-cia-plan-for-the-destruction-of-the-church-june-29-1953-a-d\/\" >The CIA Plan for the Destruction of the Church, June 29, 1953.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2021\/11\/19\/how-the-cia-ideologically-outmaneuvered-the-catholic-church-at-the-second-vatican-council\/\" >How the CIA ideologically outmaneuvered the Catholic Church at the Second Vatican Council<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-bFh2wR2iyE\" >Vatican II and CIA Propaganda with David A. Wemhoff &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2021\/11\/22\/what-the-cia-targeted-for-destruction-at-vatican-ii\/\" >What the CIA targeted for destruction at Vatican II<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/catholicism.org\/ad-rem-no-361.html\" >Doctrinal Warfare, the CIA, and the Colonizing of the Catholic Mind<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jaysanalysis.com\/2020\/09\/15\/vatican-2-geopolitics-the-cia-the-jesuits-wemhoffs-book-half\/\" >Vatican 2, Geopolitics, the CIA &amp; the Jesuits<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2022\/12\/06\/did-the-cia-replace-sister-lucy-to-enable-their-vatican-ii-take-down-of-the-church\/\" >CIA<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sister_L\u00facia\" >Sister Lucy<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catholicnewsagency.com\/news\/252595\/fatima-vatican-ii-and-the-worlds-consecration-to-the-immaculate-heart-of-mary\" >and Vatican II<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2023\/07\/23\/the-vaticans-top-secret-the-substitution-of-sr-lucy-at-the-request-of-the-cia\/\" >THE VATICAN\u2019S TOP SECRET: The substitution of Sr. Lucy at the Request of the CIA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/novusordowatch.org\/2023\/07\/sister-lucy-truth-vs-christine-niles-imposter-fatima\/\" >Sister Lucy Truth answers Church Militant: Was the true Fatima Seer replaced with an Impostor?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sisterlucytruth.org\/the-1992-1993-interviews\/\" >The 1992\u20131993 Interviews &#8211; Sister Lucy Truth<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/novusordowatch.org\/2020\/04\/tv-network-to-air-sister-lucy-fraud-documentary\/#:~:text=A%20mainstream%20media%20documentary%20will%20make%20the%20general,in%20the%20first%20half%20of%20the%2020th%20century.\" >Explosive: Major TV Network to air Documentary on Vatican\u2019s \u201cSister Lucy\u201d Imposture<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vtforeignpolicy.com\/2023\/07\/the-vaticans-top-secret-the-disappearance-and-replacement-of-sister-lucia-of-fatima\/\" >The Vatican\u2019s Top Secret: The Disappearance and Replacement of Sister Lucia of Fatima<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/novusordowatch.org\/2020\/11\/sister-lucia-fatima-woman-replaced-her\/\" > Lucy of Fatima and the Woman who Replaced Her: The \u2018Sister Lucy Truth\u2019 Project Explained<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/novusordowatch.org\/2013\/11\/two-sister-lucys-fatima\/\" >New Evidence: Two Sister Lucys of Fatima<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ourladyisgod.com\/i-TheMurderAndReplacementOfSisterLucia.php\" >The Murder and Replacement of Sister Lucia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nacla.org\/news\/2013\/3\/14\/liberation-theology-cia-and-vatican-new-direction-latin-america\" >Vatican II, <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nacla.org\/news\/2013\/3\/14\/liberation-theology-cia-and-vatican-new-direction-latin-america\" >CIA, <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nacla.org\/news\/2013\/3\/14\/liberation-theology-cia-and-vatican-new-direction-latin-america\" >Liberation Theology<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aei.org\/society-and-culture\/liberation-theology-and-the-kgb\/\" >and KGB<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/shalomsalaampeace\/liberation-theology-and-vatican-ii\/B8E1BC991E87906D74CD0E71B0E8FA73\" >Liberation Theology and Vatican II \u2013 Shalom\/Salaam\/Peace<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/geneveith\/2015\/05\/how-the-kgb-created-liberation-theology\/#:~:text=The%20birth%20of%20Liberation%20Theology%20was%20the%20intent,Kirichenko%2C%20who%20coordinated%20the%20Communist%20Party\u2019s%20international%20policies.\" >How the KGB created Liberation Theology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ceimsa.org\/publications\/Students\/Grace.pdf\" >LIBERATION THEOLOGY: A PRODUCT OF THE COLD WAR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/stream.org\/liberation-theology-soviet-plant-native-weed-poisonous\/\" >Liberation Theology: Soviet Plant or Native Weed, It&#8217;s Poisonous<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenewamerican.com\/us\/culture\/faith-and-morals\/communist-defector-says-kgb-created-liberation-theology\/\" >Communist Defector Says KGB Created &#8220;Liberation Theology&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catholicnewsagency.com\/news\/31919\/former-soviet-spy-we-created-liberation-theology\" >Former Soviet spy: We created Liberation Theology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.liberty.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1602&amp;context=honors\" >LIBERATION THEOLOGY AND THE SOVIET UNION<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1969\u00a0 U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Nixon\" >Richard Nixon<\/a>\u00a0and Japanese Premier\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eisaku_Sat\u014d\" >Eisaku Sat\u014d<\/a>\u00a0agree on the return of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa\" >Okinawa<\/a>\u00a0to Japanese control in 1972. The U.S. retains rights to bases on the island, but these are to be nuclear-free.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/week-asia\/politics\/article\/3038442\/nixon-and-japans-eisaku-sato-agreed-deny-existence-secret-deal\" >The Nuclear Secret Behind the Nuclear-Free Agreement of Okinawa<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dh\/article-abstract\/37\/4\/807\/466155?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false\" >Okinawa Confidential, 1969<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apjjf.org\/-Steve-Rabson\/4825\/article.html\" >S. Veterans Reveal 1962 Nuclear Close Call Dodged in Okinawa<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=124567404\" >Japan Confirms Secret Nuclear Pacts With U.S.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/nukevault\/ebb291\/\" >The Nuclear Vault: Nuclear Noh Drama &#8211; Tokyo, Washington and the Case of the Missing Nuclear Agreements<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/japan-nuclear-vault\/2016-02-19\/nuclear-weapons-okinawa-declassified-december-2015-photos-available-1990\" >Nuclear Weapons on Okinawa Declassified December 2015<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/japan\/okinawa\/okinawa.htm\" >NEW DOCUMENTS ON OKINAWA REVERSION<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apjjf.org\/2021\/14\/Rabson.html\" >Six Decades of US-Japanese Government Collusion in Bringing Nuclear Weapons to Japan.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apjjf.org\/2017\/11\/Norimatsu.html\" >The Emperor Hirohito, Okinawa, and Discrimination<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apjjf.org\/-Steve-Rabson\/2667\/article.html\" >Okinawan Perspectives on Japan&#8217;s Imperial Institution<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ryukyu-okinawa.net\/pages\/archive\/emp1.html\" ><em> Hidenari Terasaki&#8230;conveying to me the Emperor&#8217;s ideas..stated that the Emperor hopes that the United States will continue the military occupation of Okinawa and other islands of the Ryukyus.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geni.com\/people\/Hidenari-Terasaki\/6000000155583639832\" >Hidenari Terasaki (1900 &#8211; 1951)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1996\/03\/28\/Japan-signs-land-lease-to-US-military\/2796827989200\/\" >Japan signs land lease to U.S. military<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2020\/08\/13\/vj-day-the-dangerous-illusion-of-japans-unconditional-surrender\/\" >The Dangerous Illusion of Japan\u2019s Unconditional Surrender During World War II<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/06\/18\/world\/asia\/1971-us-pledges-to-return-okinawa-to-japan.html\" >1971: U.S. Pledges to Return Okinawa to Japan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/historynewsnetwork.org\/article\/154833\" >Why the U.S. Has So Many Bases on Okinawa<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1972\/05\/15\/archives\/okinawa-islands-returned-by-us-to-japanese-rule-agnew-in-tokyo.html\" >OKINAWA ISLANDS RETURNED BY U.S. TO JAPANESE RULE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1970\u00a0 Vietnam War:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Ivory_Coast\" >Operation Ivory Coast<\/a>: A joint United States Air Force and Army team raids the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S\u01a1n_T\u00e2y_(Hanoi)\" >S\u01a1n T\u00e2y<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prisoner-of-war_camp\" >prisoner-of-war camp<\/a>\u00a0in an attempt to free American prisoners of war thought to be held there.<\/p>\n<p>1971\u00a0 Indian troops, partly aided by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mukti_Bahini\" >Mukti Bahini<\/a>\u00a0(<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bengal\" >Bengali<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerrilla_warfare\" >guerrillas<\/a>), defeat the Pakistan army in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Garibpur\" >Battle of Garibpur<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1995\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dayton_Agreement\" >Dayton Agreement<\/a>\u00a0is initialed at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base\" >Wright-Patterson Air Force Base<\/a>, near\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dayton,_Ohio\" >Dayton, Ohio<\/a>, ending three and a half years of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnian_War\" >war in\u00a0<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnian_War\" >Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration#Europe\" >The U.S. Foreign Policy in the Balkans and the Dayton Agreement<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2020\/12\/14\/dayton-peace-disagreement-25-years-on\" >Dayton peace (dis)agreement, 25 years on<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gisreportsonline.com\/r\/dayton-serbs\/\" >Dayton Accords: Serbs threaten to disband the federation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/wps\/2021\/02\/15\/dayton-wps-and-the-entrenched-manliness-of-ethnic-power-sharing-peace-agreements\/\" >Dayton, WPS and the entrenched &#8220;manliness&#8221; of ethnic power-sharing peace agreements<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wbur.org\/hereandnow\/2020\/12\/15\/dayton-accords-agreement\" >How Diplomacy Forged The Dayton Accords<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/nejo.12300\" >Conflict Resolution: Lessons from the Dayton Peace Process<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2002 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NATO\" >NATO<\/a>\u00a0invites\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgaria\" >Bulgaria<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estonia\" >Estonia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latvia\" >Latvia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithuania\" >Lithuania<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romania\" >Romania<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovakia\" >Slovakia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovenia\" >Slovenia<\/a>\u00a0to become members.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enlargement_of_NATO\" >Enlargement of NATO<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/russia-ukraine-business-world-war-ii-sweden-finland-240d97572cc783b2c7ff6e7122dd72d2\" >Timeline of NATO expansion since 1949<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/enlarging-nato-a-questionable-idea-whose-time-has-come\/\" >Enlarging NATO: A Questionable Idea Whose Time Has Come<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/the-u-s-decision-to-enlarge-nato-how-when-why-and-what-next\/\" >The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO: How, When, Why, and What Next? <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/nato-why-russia-has-a-problem-with-its-eastward-expansion\/a-60891681\" >Russia and the Enlargement of NATO<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/22900113\/nato-ukraine-russia-crisis-clinton-expansion\" >How America\u2019s NATO expansion obsession plays into the Russia-Ukraine crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/02\/07\/1078929982\/a-look-at-the-debate-over-nato-expansion-eastward-thats-at-the-heart-of-conflict\" >A look at the debate over NATO expansion eastward that&#8217;s at the heart of conflict now<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/ukraine-war-follows-decades-of-warnings-that-nato-expansion-into-eastern-europe-could-provoke-russia-177999\" >Ukraine war follows decades of warnings that NATO expansion into Eastern Europe could provoke Russia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"I%20was%20there:%20NATO%20and%20the%20origins%20of%20the%20Ukraine%20crisis\">Gorbachev, G. H. Bush, <\/a><a href=\"I%20was%20there:%20NATO%20and%20the%20origins%20of%20the%20Ukraine%20crisis\">G.W. Bush, <\/a><a href=\"I%20was%20there:%20NATO%20and%20the%20origins%20of%20the%20Ukraine%20crisis\">NATO <\/a><a href=\"I%20was%20there:%20NATO%20and%20the%20origins%20of%20the%20Ukraine%20crisis\">and the Ukraine Crisis<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/russia\/20220130-did-nato-betray-russia-by-expanding-to-the-east\" >Did NATO \u2018betray\u2019 Russia by expanding to the East?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/2022\/05\/20\/bush-admits-us-broke-promise-on-nato-expansion\/\" > W. B<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/2022\/05\/20\/bush-admits-us-broke-promise-on-nato-expansion\/\" >ush Admits US Broke Promise on NATO Expansion; Says Ukraine Should \u2018Destroy as Many Russian Troops\u2019 as Possible<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/mltoday.com\/new-document-us-promised-not-to-expand-nato-eastward\/\" >New Documents: US Promised Not to Expand NATO Eastward<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/blog\/the-buzz\/newly-declassified-documents-gorbachev-told-nato-wouldnt-23629\" >Newly Declassified Documents: Gorbachev Told NATO Wouldn&#8217;t Move Past East German Border<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/01\/09\/us\/politics\/russia-ukraine-james-baker.html\" >James A. Baker III\u2019s Words on NATO Loom in Ukraine Standoff<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eurasiareview.com\/03032022-nato-repeatedly-assured-russia-it-would-not-expand-oped\/#google_vignette\" ><em>Document Number 119 of the Gorbachev Foundation archives contains a detailed transcript of the discussion&#8230;This document shows that James Baker repeatedly assured Gorbachev that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) would not expand.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/russia-programs\/2016-12-18\/new-book-combines-soviet-us-transcripts-highest-level\" >Soviet and U.S. transcripts of highest-level meetings that ended the Cold War | National Security Archive<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2004\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/2014\/07\/30\/the-media-ignores-the-cia-in-ukraine\/\" >The second round<\/a> of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election\" >Ukrainian presidential election<\/a>\u00a0is held, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2014\/may\/13\/ukraine-us-war-russia-john-pilger\" >giving rise to massive protests and controversy<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-ukraine-tape-idUSBREA1601G20140207\" >over the election&#8217;s integrity<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/magazine\/2022\/05\/11\/covert-operation-ukrainian-independence-haunts-cia-00029968\" >The Covert Operation to Back Ukrainian Independence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/topics\/event\/2014-coup-ukraine\" >The 2014 coup in Ukraine<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p>\n<p><strong>22 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cairo_Conference\" >Cairo Conference<\/a>: U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" >Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a>, British Prime Minister\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winston_Churchill\" >Winston Churchill<\/a>, and Chinese Premier\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiang_Kai-shek\" >Chiang Kai-shek<\/a>\u00a0meet in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cairo\" >Cairo<\/a>, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan.<\/p>\n<p>1963\u00a0 U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_F._Kennedy\" >John F. Kennedy<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy\" >assassinated<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas\" >Texas<\/a>\u00a0Governor\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Connally\" >John Connally<\/a>\u00a0is seriously wounded by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lee_Harvey_Oswald\" >Lee Harvey Oswald<\/a>, who also kills Dallas Police officer\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._D._Tippit\" >J. D. Tippit<\/a>\u00a0after fleeing the scene. U.S Vice President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson\" >Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson\" >sworn in<\/a>\u00a0as the 36th\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >President of the United States<\/a>\u00a0afterwards.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p><strong>23 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1934\u00a0 An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ogaden\" >Ogaden<\/a>\u00a0discovers an Italian garrison at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walwal\" >Walwal<\/a>, well within\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopia\" >Ethiopian<\/a>\u00a0territory. This leads to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abyssinia_Crisis\" >Abyssinia Crisis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lotta_Sv\u00e4rd\" >Lotta Sv\u00e4rd Movement<\/a>\u00a0is disbanded under the terms of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moscow_Armistice\" >armistice treaty<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Finland\" >Finland<\/a>\u00a0after the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Continuation_War\" >Continuation War<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1946\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/southeastasiaglobe.com\/haiphong-massacre-1946-empire-vietnam\/\" >French naval bombardment<\/a> of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hai_Phong\" >Hai Phong<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam\" >Vietnam<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openvault.wgbh.org\/transcripts\/V_408186EE7F344F86AC78B3B4B1A9F66D\" >kills thousands of civilians<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1981\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\u2013Contra_affair\" >Iran\u2013Contra affair<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_Reagan\" >Ronald Reagan<\/a>\u00a0signs the top secret <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/irp.fas.org\/offdocs\/nsdd\/nsdd-17.pdf\" >National Security Decision Directive 17 (NSDD-17)<\/a>&#8230;to recruit and support\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contras\" >Contra<\/a>\u00a0rebels in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicaragua\" >Nicaragua<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/1980s\/iran-contra-affair\" >Iran-Contra Affair<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.umbc.edu\/che\/tahlessons\/pdf\/historylabs\/Oliver_North_an_faculty:RS13.pdf\" >Iran-Contra Affair Timeline<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/world\/a-timeline-of-u-s-iran-relations\" >A timeline of U.S.-Iran relations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/libcom.org\/article\/contra-war-nicaragua-noam-chomsky\" >The contra war in Nicaragua &#8211; Noam Chomsky<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brown.edu\/Research\/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair\/iran-contra-affairs.php\" >Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs &#8211; The Iran-Contra Affairs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Iran-Contra-Affair\" >Iran-Contra Affair | Definition, History, Oliver North, Importance, &amp; Facts<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/adst.org\/2015\/04\/the-iran-contra-scandal\/\" >The Iran-Contra Scandal \u2013 Association for Diplomatic Studies &amp; Training<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CIA_involvement_in_Contra_cocaine_trafficking\" >CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CIA_activities_in_Iran\" >The U.S.\/CIA, Iran<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua\" >and Nicaragua<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/reagan-gives-cia-authority-to-establish-the-contras\" >President Reagan gives CIA authority to establish the Contras<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/45331227\" >THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION&#8217;S BATTLE FOR CONTRA AID<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ips-dc.org\/the_cia_contras_gangs_and_crack\/\" >The CIA, Contras, Gangs, and Crack<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.uvm.edu\/sosten-centralamerica\/2019\/04\/02\/cia-contra-connection\/\" >CIA-Contra Connection | Recent Central American History<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/timeline\/us-relations-iran-1953-2023\" >The U.S.\/CIA and Iran<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/interactive\/2020\/01\/world\/us-iran-conflict-timeline-trnd\/\" >The US-Iran conflict: A timeline of how we got here<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/01\/31\/690363402\/how-the-cia-overthrew-irans-democracy-in-four-days\" >How The CIA Overthrew Iran&#8217;s Democracy In 4 Days<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2023\/oct\/13\/cia-1953-iran-coup-undemocratic-argo\" >CIA admits 1953 Iranian coup it backed was undemocratic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2017\/06\/20\/64-years-later-cia-finally-releases-details-of-iranian-coup-iran-tehran-oil\/\" >64 Years Later, CIA Finally Releases Details of Iranian Coup<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2023\/8\/23\/ervand_abrahamian_iran_coup_1953_anniversary\" >\u201cIt\u2019s Always About Oil\u201d: CIA &amp; MI6 Staged Coup in Iran 70 Years Ago,<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua\" >The U.S.\/CIA and Nicaragua<\/a>\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.uvm.edu\/sosten-centralamerica\/2019\/04\/16\/u-s-intervention-in-central-america-1970-present\/\" >Latin<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.uvm.edu\/sosten-centralamerica\/2019\/04\/16\/u-s-intervention-in-central-america-1970-present\/\" > America<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2019.1568004\" >Helping the Contras: The Effectiveness of U.S. Support for Foreign Rebels During the Nicaraguan Contra War (1979\u20131990)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thegrayzone.com\/2020\/08\/04\/usaid-document-nicaragua-coup\/\" >Document exposes new US plot to overthrow Nicaragua\u2019s elected socialist gov\u2019t<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/taskandpurpose.com\/tech-tactics\/cia-psyops-manual-nicaragua-contras\/\" >The Psyops Manual The CIA Gave To Nicaragua&#8217;s Contras Is Totally Bonkers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thegrayzone.com\/2021\/06\/01\/cia-usaid-nicaragua-right-wing-media\/\" >How USAID created Nicaragua\u2019s anti-Sandinista media apparatus, now under money laundering investigation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/cocainepoliticsd00scot\/page\/n1\/mode\/2up\" >Cocaine politics : drugs, armies, and the CIA in Central America<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nypost.com\/2022\/02\/26\/how-a-cuban-refugee-became-one-of-the-cias-fiercest-operatives\/\" ><em>For three years Enrique &#8220;Ric&#8221; Prado was the \u201ctip of the spear\u201d of the\u00a0CIA<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nypost.com\/2022\/02\/26\/how-a-cuban-refugee-became-one-of-the-cias-fiercest-operatives\/\" ><em>\u2019<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nypost.com\/2022\/02\/26\/how-a-cuban-refugee-became-one-of-the-cias-fiercest-operatives\/\" ><em>s efforts in the battle for\u00a0Nicaragua.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/shows\/drugs\/special\/cia.html\" >Special Reports &#8211; Cocaine, Conspiracy Theories And The Cia In Central America | Drug Wars<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/dec\/19\/central-america-migrants-us-foreign-policy\" >Fleeing a hell the US helped create: why Central Americans journey north<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America\" >United States involvement in regime change in Latin America<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1992\u00a0 The first smartphone, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IBM_Simon\" >IBM Simon<\/a>, is introduced at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COMDEX\" >COMDEX<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Las_Vegas,_Nevada\" >Las Vegas, Nevada<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2001\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_on_Cybercrime\" >Convention on Cybercrime<\/a>\u00a0is signed in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Budapest\" >Budapest<\/a>, Hungary.<\/p>\n<p>2011\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_Spring\" >Arab Spring<\/a>: After 11 months of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011_Yemeni_uprising\" >protests in Yemen<\/a>, Yemeni president\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh\" >Ali Abdullah Saleh<\/a>\u00a0signs a deal to transfer power to the vice president, in exchange for legal immunity<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p><strong>24 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1940\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovak_Republic_(1939\u201345)\" >First Slovak Republic<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovakia_during_World_War_II#Second_World_War\" >becomes a signatory<\/a> to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tripartite_Pact\" >Tripartite Pact<\/a>, officially joining the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axis_powers#Slovakia_(Tiso_regime)\" >Axis powers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 After a week of mass protests against the Communist regime known as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Velvet_Revolution\" >Velvet Revolution<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milo\u0161_Jake\u0161\" >Milo\u0161 Jake\u0161<\/a>\u00a0and the entire Politburo of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovak_Communist_Party\" >Czechoslovak <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovak_Communist_Party\" >Communist Party<\/a>\u00a0resign from office. This brings an effective end to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_rule_in_Czechoslovakia\" >Communist rule in Czechoslovakia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2013\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\" >Iran<\/a>\u00a0signs an interim\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva_interim_agreement_on_the_Iranian_nuclear_program\" >agreement<\/a>\u00a0with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P5%2B1\" >P5+1 countries<\/a>, limiting its\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_program_of_Iran\" >nuclear program<\/a>\u00a0in exchange for reduced\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanctions_against_Iran\" >sanctions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/what-iran-nuclear-deal\" >Iran Nuclear Deal<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/a-comprehensive-timeline-of-the-iran-nuclear-deal\/\" >A comprehensive timeline of the Iran nuclear deal<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/kerry-in-geneva-raising-hopes-for-historic-nuclear-deal-with-iran\/2013\/11\/23\/53e7bfe6-5430-11e3-9fe0-fd2ca728e67c_story.html\" >World powers reach nuclear deal with Iran to freeze its nuclear program<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework\" >Iran nuclear deal framework<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2013\/11\/24\/world\/meast\/iran-deal-text\/index.html\" >The Iran nuclear deal: full text<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2015\/sc11974.doc.htm\" >Security Council, Adopting Resolution 2231 (2015), Endorses Joint Comprehensive Agreement on Iran\u2019s Nuclear Programme<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action\" >Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_program_of_Iran\" >Nuclear Program of Iran<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran\" >Nuclear facilities in Iran<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/11\/04\/politics\/iran-russia-nuclear-program\/index.html\" >Iran is seeking Russia&#8217;s help to bolster its nuclear program,<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/world\/iran-could-build-several-nuclear-weapons-un-says\" >Iran has enough enriched uraniam to build \u2018several\u2019 nuclear weapons,<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/iran-nuclear-natanz-uranium-enrichment-underground-project-04dae673fc937af04e62b65dd78db2e0\" >An Iranian nuclear facility is so deep underground that US airstrikes likely couldn\u2019t reach it<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/understanding-iran-venezuela-relationship\" >Iran and Venezuela<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/expert-brief\/venezuelas-troubling-nuclear-ties\" >Venezuela\u2019s Troubling Nuclear Ties | Council on Foreign Relations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jns.org\/iran-is-a-main-destination-for-uranium-smuggling-from-venezuela\/\" >\u2018Iran is a main destination for uranium smuggling from Venezuela\u2019<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/politics-nicolas-maduro-middle-east-venezuela-a245f25ba23227b026fe5ff455c3c3cd\" >Venezuelan leader, Iranian president sign 20-year agreement<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2016\u00a0 The government of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colombia\" >Colombia<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia\" >Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia\u2014People&#8217;s Army<\/a>\u00a0sign a revised\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colombian_peace_process\" >peace deal<\/a>, bringing an end to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colombian_conflict\" >the country&#8217;s more than 50-year-long civil war<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>25 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1915\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Einstein\" >Albert Einstein<\/a>\u00a0presents the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Einstein_field_equations\" >field equations<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Introduction_to_general_relativity\" >general relativity<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences\" >Prussian Academy of Sciences<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1917\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: German forces\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Ngomano\" >defeat<\/a>\u00a0Portuguese army of about 1,200 at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Negomano\" >Negomano<\/a>\u00a0on the border of modern-day\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mozambique\" >Mozambique<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanzania\" >Tanzania<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1918\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vojvodina\" >Vojvodina<\/a>, formerly\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austria-Hungary\" >Austro-Hungarian<\/a>\u00a0crown land, proclaims its secession from Austria-Hungary to join the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Serbia\" >Kingdom of Serbia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 World War II: Statehood of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina\" >Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>\u00a0is re-established at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Anti-fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina\" >State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1947\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Red_Scare\" >Red Scare<\/a>: The &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hollywood_Ten\" >Hollywood Ten<\/a>&#8221; are\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blacklisted\" >blacklisted<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinema_of_the_United_States\" >Hollywood movie studios<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1975\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suriname\" >Suriname<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from the Netherlands.<\/p>\n<p>1981\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope_John_Paul_II\" >Pope John Paul II<\/a>\u00a0appoints Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (the future\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope_Benedict_XVI\" >Pope Benedict XVI<\/a>)\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prefect_of_the_Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith\" >Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1986\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\u2013Contra_affair\" >Iran\u2013Contra affair<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\u2013Contra_affair#Discovery_and_scandal\" >U.S. Attorney General<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwin_Meese\" >Edwin Meese<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/irp.fas.org\/offdocs\/nsdd\/nsdd-17.pdf\" >announces that profits from covert weapons sales<\/a> to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\" >Iran<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/reagan-gives-cia-authority-to-establish-the-contras\" >were illegally diverted to the anti-communist<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contras\" >Contra<\/a>\u00a0rebels in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicaragua\" >Nicaragua<\/a>. \u2192 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.umbc.edu\/che\/tahlessons\/pdf\/historylabs\/Oliver_North_an_faculty:RS13.pdf\" >Iran-Contra Affairs Timeline<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1992\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Assembly_of_Czechoslovakia\" >Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia<\/a>\u00a0votes to split the country into the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czech_Republic\" >Czech Republic<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovakia\" >Slovakia<\/a>, with effect from January 1, 1993.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p>\n<p><strong>26 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1778\u00a0 In the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaiian_Islands\" >Hawaiian Islands<\/a>, Captain\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Cook\" >James Cook<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first European to visit\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maui\" >Maui<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Hawaii\" >History of Hawaii<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hawaiians.com\/hawaiis-history-from-polynesian-settlement-to-modern-day\/\" >Hawaii&#8217;s History: From Polynesian Settlement to Modern Day<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/international-court-recognizes-the-hawaiian-kingdom-as-a-state\/\" >International Court Recognizes The Hawaiian Kingdom as a State <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/united-nations-acknowledges-the-occupation-of-the-hawaiian-kingdom\/\" >United Nations Acknowledges the Occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/truthout.org\/articles\/hawaiis-legal-case-against-the-united-states\/\" >Hawaii\u2019s Legal Case Against the United States <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_status_of_Hawaii\" >Legal status of Hawaii <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XK2MBnw6RlY\" >How the US Stole Hawaii \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.culturalsurvival.org\/publications\/cultural-survival-quarterly\/struggle-hawaiian-sovereignty-introduction\" >The Struggle For Hawaiian Sovereignty &#8211; Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NO83K8s8dnk\" >How Native Hawaiians have been pushed out of Hawai&#8217;i &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hull_note\" >Hull note<\/a>\u00a0is given to the Japanese ambassador, demanding that Japan withdraw from China and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Indochina\" >French Indochina<\/a>, in return for which the United States would lift economic sanctions. On the same day, Japan&#8217;s 1st Air Fleet departs\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kasatka_Bay\" >Hitokappu Bay<\/a>\u00a0for Hawaii.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pearlharbor.org\/blog\/hull-note-final-piece-leading-war\/\" >The Hull Note: The Final Piece Leading to War<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalww2museum.org\/war\/articles\/road-to-pearl-harbor-short-fuse\" >The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Short Fuse<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Hull_note\" >Full Text of the Hull Note<\/a> or <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/worldjpn.net\/documents\/texts\/pw\/19411126.O1E.html\" >Hull Note &#8211; &#8220;The World and Japan&#8221; Database<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mm74026765\/\" >Cordell Hull papers,<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Political Environment Around the U.S.-Japan Relations in 1941:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2193677\" >Was There an Ultimatum Before Pearl Harbor?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historyonthenet.com\/intelligence-warnings-of-the-pearl-harbor-attack-before-dec-7-1941\" >Intelligence Warnings of the Pearl Harbor Attack Before Dec. 7, 1941<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jacar.go.jp\/english\/nichibei\/popup\/pop_26.html\" >The US-Japan War Talks as seen in official documents<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/publications\/prologue\/1996\/fall\/butow.html\" >How Roosevelt Attacked Japan at Pearl Harbor<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/how-fdrs-day-infamy-speech-came-landed-history-books-1765329\" >How FDR&#8217;s &#8216;Day of Infamy&#8217; Speech Came to Be and Landed in the History Books<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historyonthenet.com\/soviet-mole-harry-whites-efforts-to-trigger-the-pearl-harbor-attack\" >Soviet Mole Harry White&#8217;s Efforts to Trigger the Pearl Harbor Attack<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sdh-fact.com\/review-article\/816\/\" >Operation Snow: How A Soviet Mole in FDR\u2019s White House Triggered Pearl Harbor<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dailykos.com\/stories\/2023\/4\/25\/2165795\/-History-Nugget-The-translation-mistake-that-led-to-Pearl-Harbor\" >The translation mistake that led to Pearl Harbor<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1942\u00a0 \u00a0World War II:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslav_Partisans\" >Yugoslav Partisans<\/a>\u00a0convene the first meeting of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia\" >Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biha\u0107\" >Biha\u0107<\/a>\u00a0in northwestern\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnia_(region)\" >Bosnia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1942\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ED3l5fWzFio\" ><em>Casablanca<\/em><\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MF7JH_54d8c\" >the movie, premieres in New York City<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2015\/11\/award-winning-film-reinforces-allied-war-effort-nov-26-1942-216182\" >The Movie &#8220;Casablanca&#8221; and the World War II in 1942<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ED3l5fWzFio\" >Casablanca | An Unlikely Classic: Behind The Scenes \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Do2olZ49M54\" >Casablanca (1942): As Time Goes By. Sinatra sings \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historynet.com\/casablanca-politics-sacrifice\/\" >&#8216;Casablanca&#8217; and the Politics of Sacrifice<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/collider.com\/casablanca-ending-explained\/\" >\u2018<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/collider.com\/casablanca-ending-explained\/\" >Casablanca\u2019 Ending Explained: Fighting Fascism Requires Sacrifice<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20171124-why-casablanca-is-the-ultimate-film-about-refugees\" >Why Casablanca is the ultimate film about refugees<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/01\/23\/1150791939\/casablanca-war-movie-film-refugees-nazis\" ><em>Casablanca\u00a0is more than just a love story. It is a film about, and stocked with, the waves of refugees fleeing Nazi-occupied Europe during wartime.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1944\u00a0 World War II: A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Germany\" >German<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V-2_rocket\" >V-2 rocket<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)#Disasters\" >hits a Woolworth&#8217;s shop<\/a>\u00a0in London, United Kingdom, killing 168 people.\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Germany\" >Germany<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V-1_flying_bomb\" >V-1<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V-2_rocket\" >V-2<\/a>\u00a0attacks on\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antwerp\" >Antwerp<\/a>, Belgium.<\/p>\n<p>1950\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War\" >Korean War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Volunteer_Army\" >People&#8217;s Volunteer Army<\/a>\u00a0troops from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China\" >People&#8217;s Republic of China<\/a>\u00a0launch a massive\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Counterattack\" >counterattack<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea\" >North Korea<\/a>\u00a0against South Korean and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>\u00a0forces (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River\" >Battle of the Ch&#8217;ongch&#8217;on River<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir\" >Battle of Chosin Reservoir<\/a>), ending any hopes of a quick end to the conflict.<\/p>\n<p>1986\u00a0 The trial of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Demjanjuk\" >John Demjanjuk<\/a>, accused of committing war crimes as a guard at the Nazi\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treblinka_extermination_camp\" >Treblinka extermination camp<\/a>, starts in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerusalem\" >Jerusalem<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2003\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concorde\" >Concorde<\/a>\u00a0makes its final flight, over\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bristol\" >Bristol<\/a>, England.<\/p>\n<p>2011\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NATO_attack_in_Pakistan\" >NATO attack in Pakistan<\/a>: NATO forces in Afghanistan attack a Pakistani check post in a friendly fire incident, killing 24 soldiers and wounding 13 others.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com\/2020\/11\/26\/what-was-the-2011-nato-attack-in-pakistan\/\" >NATO Forces Attack in Pakistan<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2011\/nov\/26\/nato-air-attack-pakistan-soldiers\" >Nato air attack on Pakistani troops was self-defence, says senior western official<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/11\/27\/world\/asia\/pakistan-says-nato-helicopters-kill-dozens-of-soldiers.html\" >Tensions High After NATO Air Strikes Kill Pakistani Soldiers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.longwarjournal.org\/archives\/2011\/11\/pakistan_orders_key.php\" >Pakistan orders closure of key US airbase after ISAF troops conduct cross-border attack<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-16369301\" >2011: New low for US-Pakistan relations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/11\/28\/world\/asia\/afghanistan-worries-after-attacks-in-pakistan.html\" >Pakistan Rages After Strike, While U.S. and Afghanistan Worry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2011\/nov\/29\/nato-bombing-pakistani-military-base\" >Taliban may have lured Nato forces to attack Pakistani outpost \u2013 US<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"%5B3%5D%20Romani%20People%20in%20Hungary%20During%20WWII:%20%20%20%20\u2022%20Romani%20people%20in%20Hungary%20%20%20%20\u2022%20European%20Roma%20(%22Gypsies%22)%20in%20the%20Holocaust%20%20%20%20\u2022%20Genocide%20of%20European%20Roma%20(Gypsies),%201939\u20131945%20%20%20%20\u2022%20Porajmos:%20The%20Forgotten%20Gypsy%20Holocaust%20The%20World%20Ignored%20%20%20%20\u2022%20The%20Forgotten%20Holocaust%20and%20The%20Continued%20Persecution%20of%20the%20Romani%20%20%20%20%20\u2022%20Hungarian%20Roma%20refugees%20in%20Canada%20\u2014%20The%20Roma%20fiasco%20(Part%201)\">Pakistan\u2013NATO relations<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan_in_the_war_on_terror\" >Pakistan in the war on terror<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_non-NATO_ally#Pakistan\" >Major non-NATO ally<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan\u2013United_States_military_relations\" >Pakistan\u2013United States military relations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/research\/operation-geronimo-and-the-future-of-us-pakistan-relations\/\" >Operation Geronimo and the Future of US-Pakistan Relations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/pakistans-role-in-the-afghanistan-wars-outcome\/\" >Pakistan&#8217;s Role in the Afghanistan War&#8217;s Outcome<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CIA_activities_in_Pakistan\" >Pakistan and CIA<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2021\/09\/30\/pakistan-us-afghanistan-relations-withdrawal\/\" >S-Pakistan Military Intelligence Ties Are a Dangerous Spiral<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligenceonline.com\/government-intelligence\/2022\/09\/27\/isi-and-cia-cooperate-again-under-pakistani-army-chief-of-staff-qamar-javed-bajwa,109826405-art\" >UNITED STATES\/PAKISTAN : ISI and CIA cooperate again under Pakistani army chief of staff Qamar Javed Bajwa<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/magazine\/2022\/01\/02\/liquid-bomber-plot-counterterrorism-international-cooperation-526246\" >How the U.S., U.K. and Pakistan Teamed Up To Stop Another 9\/11<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenews.com.pk\/print\/939952-is-cia-behind-regime-change-in-pakistan-analysis\" >Analysis: Is CIA behind \u2018regime change\u2019 in Pakistan?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/timesofislamabad.com\/20-Mar-2022\/raw-cia-secret-regime-change-plan-to-topple-pm-imran-khan-government-in-pakistan#:~:text=Media%20reports%20have%20claimed%20that%20Foreign%20Intelligence%20Agencies,Pakistan%20to%20topple%20the%20PM%20Imran%20Khan%20government.\" >CIA secret regime change plan to topple PM Imran Khan government in Pakistan?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>______________________________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a><em>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Disclaimer:<\/strong><\/em><em> The author and <\/em>TMS <em>take no responsibility for&#8211;and do not necessarily subscribe to&#8211;contents of websites hyperlinked as sources.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>20-26 November 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":247253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-248431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=248431"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":248436,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248431\/revisions\/248436"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/247253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=248431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=248431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=248431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}