{"id":248869,"date":"2023-11-27T12:00:34","date_gmt":"2023-11-27T12:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=248869"},"modified":"2023-11-22T08:47:47","modified_gmt":"2023-11-22T08:47:47","slug":"this-week-in-history-179","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/11\/this-week-in-history-179\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-247253\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-300x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-300x150.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-1024x512.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-768x384.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-1536x768.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>27 Nov &#8211; 3 Dec 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Video of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wX2SsrLqmgs\" >Israeli Amir and Palestinian Amjad: &#8216;we are no enemies!&#8217; &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>27 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1912\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spain\" >Spain<\/a>\u00a0declares a protectorate over the north shore of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morocco\" >Morocco<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1945\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CARE_(relief_agency)\" >CARE<\/a>\u00a0(then the Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe) is founded to send\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CARE_Package\" >CARE Packages<\/a>\u00a0of food relief to Europe after World War II.<\/p>\n<p>1965<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Pentagon\" >The Pentagon<\/a>\u00a0tells U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson\" >Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a> (LBJ)\u00a0that if planned operations are to succeed, the number of American troops in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam\" >Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0has to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-timeline\" >Timeline of <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-timeline\" >America\u2019s Vietnam War<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/millercenter.org\/the-presidency\/educational-resources\/age-of-eisenhower\/americas-vietnam\" >America&#8217;s Vietnam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/us-history\/postwarera\/1960s-america\/a\/the-vietnam-war\" >The Vietnam War (article) | 1960s America<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/prde.upress.virginia.edu\/content\/Vietnam\" >Lyndon B<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/prde.upress.virginia.edu\/content\/Vietnam\" >aines<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/prde.upress.virginia.edu\/content\/Vietnam\" > Johnson <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/prde.upress.virginia.edu\/content\/Vietnam\" >(LBJ) <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/prde.upress.virginia.edu\/content\/Vietnam\" >and the Vietnam War<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-choice-lbjs-decision-to-go-to-war-in-vietnam-38410\" >The choice: LBJ\u2019s decision to go to war in Vietnam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/alphahistory.com\/vietnamwar\/johnson-justifies-american-involvement-in-vietnam-1965\/\" >Lyndon Johnson on US involvement in Vietnam (1965)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.richmondfed.org\/publications\/research\/econ_focus\/2016\/q3-4\/federal_reserve\" >1965: <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.richmondfed.org\/publications\/research\/econ_focus\/2016\/q3-4\/federal_reserve\" >The Year the Fed and LBJ Clashed<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/06\/09\/us\/pentagon-papers-vietnam-war.html\" ><em>Johnson\u00a0won the 1964 election in a landslide. Seven months later, he sent combat troops to\u00a0Vietnam\u00a0without declaring war, a decision clad in lies&#8230;<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/learningenglish.voanews.com\/a\/american-history-lyndon-b-johnson-and-the-vietnam-war-133122408\/116230.html\" >American History: Lyndon Johnson and the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theworld.org\/stories\/2017-09-08\/lbj-knew-vietnam-war-was-disaster-making-heres-why-he-couldnt-walk-away\" >LBJ knew the Vietnam War was a disaster in the making. Here&#8217;s why he couldn&#8217;t walk away.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2015\/01\/12\/opinion\/zelizer-lbj-vietnam-disaster\/index.html\" >How LBJ wrecked his presidency in Vietnam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/politics\/lbjs-last-interview\" >In His Final Days, LBJ Agonized Over His Legacy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/1973\/07\/the-last-days-of-the-president\/376281\/\" >The Last Days of the President<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relevant Aspects of the Vietnam War, L.B.J and the U.S. Society:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/02\/16\/politics\/lyndon-b-johnson-secret-audio-origseriesfilms\/index.html\" >LBJ&#8217;s secretly recorded calls: The most surprising moments<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/09\/22\/opinion\/vietnam-war-great-society.html\" >Opinion | How Vietnam Killed the Great Society<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu\/ushistory\/chapter\/lyndon-johnson-and-the-great-society\/\" >Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2018\/01\/how-the-tet-offensive-undermined-american-faith-in-government\/550010\/\" >How the Tet Offensive Undermined American Faith in Government<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/world\/the-campaign-that-changed-how-americans-saw-the-vietnam-war\" >The campaign that changed how Americans saw the Vietnam War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-the-vietnam-war-pushed-mlk-to-embrace-global-justice-not-only-civil-rights-at-home-169916\" >How the Vietnam War pushed MLK to embrace global justice, not only civil rights at home<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/thepentagonpapers\/Pentagon-Papers-Index\/\" >Pentagon Papers : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1975\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_IRA\" >Provisional IRA<\/a>\u00a0assassinates\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ross_McWhirter\" >Ross McWhirter<\/a>, after a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/News_conference\" >press conference<\/a>\u00a0in which McWhirter had announced a reward for the capture of those responsible for multiple bombings and shootings across\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/England\" >England<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/21st-century\/irish-republican-army\" >Irish Republican Army<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign\" >Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/21st-century\/irish-republican-army\" >IRA Timeline: The Troubles, Attacks &amp; Ceasefire<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Real_IRA_and_New_IRA_actions\" >Timeline of Real IRA and New IRA actions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Official_Irish_Republican_Army_actions\" >Timeline of Official Irish Republican Army actions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Continuity_IRA_actions\" >Timeline of Continuity IRA actions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/shows\/ira\/etc\/cron.html\" >Chronology | The Ira &amp; Sinn Fein<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919\u20131922)\" >Irish Republican Army (1919\u20131922)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922\u20131969)\" >Irish Republican Army (1922\u20131969)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>28 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1821\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_holidays_in_Panama\" >Panama Independence Day<\/a>: Panama separates from Spain and joins\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Colombia\" >Gran Colombia<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1843\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Hawaii#Anglo-Franco_Proclamation\" >Ka L\u0101 Hui (Hawaiian Independence Day)<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Hawaii\" >Kingdom of Hawaii<\/a>\u00a0is officially recognized by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Hawaii\" >History of Hawaii<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hawaiians.com\/hawaiis-history-from-polynesian-settlement-to-modern-day\/\" >Hawaii&#8217;s History: From Polynesian Settlement to Modern Day<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/international-court-recognizes-the-hawaiian-kingdom-as-a-state\/\" >International Court Recognizes The Hawaiian Kingdom as a State <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/united-nations-acknowledges-the-occupation-of-the-hawaiian-kingdom\/\" >United Nations Acknowledges the Occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/truthout.org\/articles\/hawaiis-legal-case-against-the-united-states\/\" >Hawaii\u2019s Legal Case Against the United States <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_status_of_Hawaii\" >Legal status of Hawaii <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XK2MBnw6RlY\" >How the US Stole Hawaii \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.culturalsurvival.org\/publications\/cultural-survival-quarterly\/struggle-hawaiian-sovereignty-introduction\" >The Struggle For Hawaiian Sovereignty &#8211; Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NO83K8s8dnk\" >How Native Hawaiians have been pushed out of Hawai&#8217;i &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1885\u00a0 Bulgarian victory in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbo-Bulgarian_War\" >Serbo-Bulgarian War<\/a>\u00a0preserves the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unification_of_Bulgaria\" >Unification of Bulgaria<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1917\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estonian_Provincial_Assembly\" >Estonian Provincial Assembly<\/a>\u00a0declares itself the sovereign power of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estonia\" >Estonia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1918\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918\u201319\" >Soviet Forces moved against Estonia<\/a>\u00a0when the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/6th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)\" >6th Red Rifle Division<\/a>\u00a0struck the border town of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Narva\" >Narva<\/a>, which marked the beginning of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estonian_War_of_Independence\" >Estonian War of Independence<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1920\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FIDAC\" >FIDAC (The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations)<\/a>, the first international organization of war veterans is established in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\" >Paris<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\" >France<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tehran_Conference\" >Tehran Conference<\/a>: U.S.\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >President<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" >Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a>, British\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom\" >Prime Minister<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winston_Churchill\" >Winston Churchill<\/a>\u00a0and Soviet\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >Premier<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Stalin\" >Joseph Stalin<\/a>\u00a0meet in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tehran,_Iran\" >Tehran, Iran<\/a>, to discuss war strategy.<\/p>\n<p>1958\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chad\" >Chad<\/a>, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_the_Congo\" >Republic of the Congo<\/a>, and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabon\" >Gabon<\/a>\u00a0become autonomous republics within the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_colonial_empire\" >French Community<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1960\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mauritania\" >Mauritania<\/a>\u00a0becomes independent of France.<\/p>\n<p>1964\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_National_Security_Council\" >National Security Council<\/a>\u00a0members agree to recommend that U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson\" >Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a>\u00a0adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Vietnam\" >North Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1965<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson&#8217;s call for &#8220;more flags&#8221; in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam\" >Vietnam<\/a>, Philippine President-elect\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ferdinand_Marcos\" >Ferdinand Marcos<\/a>\u00a0announces he will send troops to help fight in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Vietnam\" >South Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1975\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Timor\" >East Timor<\/a>\u00a0declares <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Timor_independence\" >its independence<\/a> from Portugal.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_East_Timor\" >History of East Timor<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-pacific-14952883\" >East Timor profile &#8211; Timeline &#8211; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=a2IvKwDJVjk\" >East Timor independence: a short history of a long and brutal struggle \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-East-Timor\" >History of East Timor | Events, People, Independence, Dates, &amp; Facts<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/indonesia-invades-east-timor\" >Indonesia invades East Timor<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/mission\/past\/unmit\/background.shtml\" >UNMIT Background &#8211; United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1989\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cold_War\" >Cold War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Velvet_Revolution\" >Velvet Revolution<\/a>: In the face of protests, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia\" >Communist Party of Czechoslovakia<\/a>\u00a0announces it will give up its\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monopoly\" >monopoly<\/a>\u00a0on political power.<\/p>\n<p>1990\u00a0 British\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom\" >Prime Minister<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Thatcher\" >Margaret Thatcher<\/a>\u00a0resigns as leader of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservative_Party_(UK)\" >Conservative Party<\/a>\u00a0and, therefore, as Prime Minister. She is succeeded in both positions by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Major\" >John Major<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Ossetia\" >South Ossetia<\/a>\u00a0declares independence from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgia_(country)\" >Georgia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2020<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>Over seven hundred civilians are massacred by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force\" >Ethiopian National Defense Force<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eritrean_Army\" >Eritrean Army<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aksum_massacre\" >Aksum, Ethiopia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>29 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 The second session of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia\" >Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia<\/a>\u00a0(AVNOJ), held to determine the post-war ordering of the country, concludes in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jajce\" >Jajce<\/a>\u00a0[pronounced\u00a0 \u201cYah-eeh-tseh\u201d] (present-day\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina\" >Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslav_National_Movement#References\" >Yugoslav National Movement <\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia\" >World War II in Yugoslavia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jajce#World_War_II\" >Jajce <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spomenikdatabase.org\/jajce\" >Spomenik Database | 2nd AVNOJ Museum at Jajce<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia#:~:text=Democratic%20Federal%20Yugoslavia%2C%20also%20known%20as%20Democratic%20Federative,Council%20for%20the%20National%20Liberation%20of%20Yugoslavia%20%28AVNOJ%29.\" >Democratic Federal Yugoslavia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Anti-Fascist-Council-for-the-National-Liberation-of-Yugoslavia\" >Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia | Resistance Movement, Partisan Army &amp; Communist-Led <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslav_Partisans\" >Yugoslav Partisans <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslav_coup_d%27\u00e9tat\" >Yugoslav coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1944\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albania\" >Albania<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberation_Day_(Albania)\" >liberated by the Partisans<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_in_Albania#Aftermath\" >Albania\u2019s strong links with <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_in_Albania#Aftermath\" >Communist <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_in_Albania#Aftermath\" >Yugoslavia during WWII<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)#Albanian_government\" >Albanian Government during WWII<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1945\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia\" >Federal People&#8217;s Republic of Yugoslavia<\/a>\u00a0is declared.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.lib.purdue.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&amp;context=purduepress_previews\" >History of Yugoslavia<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia\" >Timeline of Yugoslavia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sovereignlimits.com\/blog\/a-brief-history-of-the-balkans\" >A Brief History of the Balkans (Yugoslavia)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Creation_of_Yugoslavia\" >Creation of Yugoslavia \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/home\/research-projects\/dadm-project\/europerussiacentral-asia-region\/yugoslavia-1918-2003\/\" >Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1945) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.hoover.org\/c.php?g=1168278&amp;p=8534087\" >WWII in Yugoslavia (1941-1945) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.ushmm.org\/content\/en\/article\/axis-invasion-of-yugoslavia\" >Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia\" >Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia\" >Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/europe.unc.edu\/background-titos-yugoslavia\/\" >Background: Tito\u2019s Yugoslavia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/people\/history\/yugoslavian-history-biographies\/josip-broz-tito\" >Josip Broz Tito <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations\" >Yugoslavia and the United Nations <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Front_of_Yugoslavia\" >People&#8217;s Front of Yugoslavia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/the-former-yugoslavia-1435415\" >The Former Country of Yugoslavia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\u2013Yugoslavia_relations\" >Soviet Union\u2013Yugoslavia relations <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demographics_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia\" >Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yS7C3S97m1M\" >National Anthem of Yugoslavia (1945-1992) &#8211; &#8220;Hej, Slaveni&#8221; \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Breakup of SFR Yugoslavia:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oiSgAiM0d8A\" >The Breakup of Yugoslavia \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YllzdGa3E5A\" >The Breakup of Yugoslavia Explained &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.peoplesworld.org\/article\/it-was-once-our-home-socialist-yugoslavia-before-the-breakup\/\" >\u2018It was once our home\u2019: Socialist Yugoslavia before the breakup <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1947<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_General_Assembly\" >UN General Assembly<\/a>\u00a0approves a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine\" >plan for the partition<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mandatory_Palestine\" >Palestine<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/20th_century\/res181.asp\" >UN General Assembly Resolution 181 <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/United-Nations-Resolution-181\" >United Nations Resolution 181 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mideastweb.org\/un_palestine_partition_map_1947.htm\" >Detail Map:\u00a0 UN Palestine Partition Plan &#8211; Nov. 1947 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/learning.blogs.nytimes.com\/2011\/11\/29\/nov-29-1947-united-nations-partitions-palestine-allowing-for-creation-of-israel\/\" > 29, 1947 | UN Partitions Palestine, Allowing for Creation of Israel <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/u-n-votes-for-partition-of-palestine\" >N. Votes for Partition of Palestine <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/imemc.org\/article\/analysis-the-unfair-and-illegal-partition-of-palestine-turns-74\/\" >Analysis: The Unfair and Illegal Partition of Palestine<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mandatory_Palestine\" >Mandatory <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mandatory_Palestine\" >Palestine <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London_Conference_of_1946\u20131947\" >London Conference of 1946\u20131947 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1947\u20131948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine#Beginning_of_the_civil_war_(30_November_1947_\u2013_1_April_1948)\" >1947\u20131948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/the-partition-plan\" >The Partition Plan Table of Contents <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/32077\/chapter-abstract\/267901917?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false\" >The Creation of the State of Israel, 1947\u201348 | Mythologies Without End<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/map-of-the-u-n-partition-plan\" >Background &amp; Overview of the UN Partition Plan <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myjewishlearning.com\/article\/united-nations-general-assembly-resolution-181\/\" >The United Nations Partition Plan of 1947 | My Jewish Learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/unispal\/history\/\" >History of the Question of Palestine &#8211; Question of Palestine <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/10\/9\/whats-the-israel-palestine-conflict-about-a-simple-guide\" >What\u2019s the Israel-Palestine conflict about? <\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/whats-israel-palestinian-conflict-about-how-did-it-start-2023-10-30\/\" >What&#8217;s the Israel-Palestinian conflict about and how did it start?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.news18.com\/explainers\/israel-palestine-conflict-hamas-gaza-explainers-a-history-of-conflict-everything-you-need-to-know-8607845.html\" >What is the Israel-Palestine Conflict and How Did it Originate <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2023\/israel-palestine-conflict-timeline-history-explained\/\" >History of the Israeli-Palestine conflict: A chronology <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/middle-east\/palestine\" >Palestine &#8211; History, Religion &amp; Conflicts <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/middle-east\/20231011-from-1947-to-2023-retracing-the-complex-and-tragic-israeli-palestinian-conflict\" >From 1947 to 2023: Retracing the complex, tragic Israeli-Palestinian conflict <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/situation-in-occupied-palestine-and-israel\/history\" >Israel-Gaza Crisis: History &amp; Background<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/two-state-solution\" >Two-state solution | Definition, Facts, History, &amp; Map <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pij.org\/articles\/2144\/the-twostate-solution--illusion-and-reality\" >The Two-State Solution \u2013 Illusion and R<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pij.org\/articles\/2144\/the-twostate-solution--illusion-and-reality\" >eality <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/09\/15\/opinion\/sunday\/two-state-illusion.html\" ><em>American politicians need the\u00a0two-state\u00a0slogan to show they are working toward a diplomatic\u00a0solution, to keep the pro-Israel lobby from turning against them&#8230;<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1947<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>French forces carry out\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M\u1ef9_Tr\u1ea1ch_massacre\" >a massacre<\/a>\u00a0at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/M\u1ef9_Tr\u1ea1ch_massacre\" >M\u1ef9 Tr\u1ea1ch<\/a>, Vietnam during the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Indochina_War\" >First Indochina War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2007\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines\" >Armed Forces of the Philippines<\/a>\u00a0lay siege to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Peninsula_Manila\" >the Peninsula Manila<\/a>\u00a0after soldiers led by Senator\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonio_Trillanes\" >Antonio Trillanes<\/a>\u00a0stage a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manila_Peninsula_Mutiny\" >mutiny<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>30 November<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust\" >The Holocaust<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Einsatzgruppen\" >SS-Einsatzgruppen<\/a>\u00a0round up 11,000 Jews from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riga_Ghetto\" >Riga Ghetto<\/a>\u00a0and kill them in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumbula_massacre\" >Rumbula massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1947\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1947\u201348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine\" >Civil War in Mandatory Palestine<\/a>\u00a0begins, leading up to the creation of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel\" >State of Israel<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1948_Arab\u2013Israeli_War\" >1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mandatory_Palestine\" >Mandatory <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mandatory_Palestine\" >Palestine <\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London_Conference_of_1946\u20131947\" >London Conference of 1946\u20131947 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1947\u20131948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine#Beginning_of_the_civil_war_(30_November_1947_\u2013_1_April_1948)\" >1947\u20131948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/the-partition-plan\" >The Partition Plan Table of Contents <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/32077\/chapter-abstract\/267901917?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false\" >The Creation of the State of Israel, 1947\u201348 | Mythologies Without End<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1966\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decolonization\" >Decolonization<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbados\" >Barbados<\/a>\u00a0becomes independent from the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>1967\u00a0 Decolonization:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Yemen\" >South Yemen<\/a>\u00a0becomes independent from the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>1967\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan_Peoples_Party\" >Pakistan Peoples Party<\/a>\u00a0is founded by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto\" >Zulfikar Ali Bhutto<\/a>, who becomes its first chairman.<\/p>\n<p>1981\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cold_War\" >Cold War<\/a>: In\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva\" >Geneva<\/a>, representatives from the United States and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0begin to negotiate intermediate-range\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_weapon\" >nuclear weapon<\/a>\u00a0reductions in Europe. (The meetings end inconclusively on December 17.)<\/p>\n<p>1995\u00a0 Official end of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Desert_Storm\" >Operation Desert Storm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1999<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exxon\" >Exxon<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobil\" >Mobil<\/a>\u00a0sign a US$73.7\u00a0billion agreement to merge, thus creating\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ExxonMobil\" >ExxonMobil<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wshu.org\/2012-05-02\/exxonmobil-a-private-empire-on-the-world-stage\" >world&#8217;s largest company<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.campaignmoney.com\/exxon_mobil.asp\" >ExxonMobil<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_ExxonMobil\" >History of ExxonMobil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/corporatewatch.org\/exxonmobil-company-profile\/\" >ExxonMobil Company Profile<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/531354\/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-exxon-mobil-worldwide\/\" >ExxonMobil GHG emissions worldwide 2022<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2354492-exxon-scientists-in-the-1970s-accurately-predicted-climate-change\/\" >Exxon scientists in the 1970s accurately predicted climate change<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalsecurityzone.medill.northwestern.edu\/archives\/oilchangeproject\/how-do-we-protect-the-flow-of-oil\/index.html\" >Major U.S. military operations\/actions to protect oil <\/a>\u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marketscreener.com\/quote\/stock\/EXXON-MOBIL-CORPORATION-4822\/news\/Exxon-Mobil-Corporation-Exxon-yet-to-inspect-Afghanistan-s-biggest-oil-project-minister-15243667\/\" >Exxon and Afghanistan<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/this-energy-company-hopes-to-find-oil-in-afghanistan-2012-9\" >The U.S. Interest and Exxon Mobil in Afghanistan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marketscreener.com\/quote\/stock\/EXXON-MOBIL-CORPORATION-4822\/news\/Exxon-Mobil-Corporation-Afghanistan-may-attract-more-energy-firms-as-Exxon-shows-interest-14414249\/\" >Afghanistan may attract more energy firms as Exxon shows interest<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.outlookindia.com\/website\/story\/pipeline-politics-oil-gas-and-the-us-interest-in-afghanistan\/213804\" >Pipeline Politics: Oil, Gas And The US Interest In Afghanistan <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthisland.org\/journal\/index.php\/magazine\/entry\/afghanistan_its_about_oil\/\" >Afghanistan: It\u2019s About Oil <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/historynewsnetwork.org\/article\/963\" >Oil and 9-11: The Connection <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.outlookindia.com\/website\/story\/pipeline-politics-oil-gas-and-the-us-interest-in-afghanistan\/213804\" >Pipeline Politics: Oil, Gas And The US Interest In Afghanistan <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iraq-businessnews.com\/list-of-international-oil-companies-in-iraq\/international-oil-companies-exxonmobil\/\" >The U.S. Interest and Exxon Mobil in Iraq<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2013\/03\/19\/opinion\/iraq-war-oil-juhasz\/index.html\" >Why the war in Iraq was fought for Big Oil <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2003\/jan\/23\/usa.oil\" >US begins secret talks to secure Iraq&#8217;s oilfields <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/in-iraq-exxon-oil-deal-foments-talk-of-civil-war\/2012\/12\/17\/bdb242c0-4860-11e2-b6f0-e851e741d196_story.html\" >In Iraq, Exxon oil deal foments talk of civil war <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/earth-insight\/2014\/mar\/20\/iraq-war-oil-resources-energy-peak-scarcity-economy\" >Iraq invasion was about oil | Environment <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2012\/1\/7\/western-oil-firms-remain-as-us-exits-iraq\" >Western oil firms remain as US exits Iraq <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/REPS-07-2021-0076\/full\/html\" >Neomercantilist War: the US military and Middle East oil (1980\u20132003) <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>01 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1913\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crete\" >Crete<\/a>, having obtained\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self_rule\" >self rule<\/a>\u00a0from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkey\" >Turkey<\/a>\u00a0after the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Balkan_War\" >First Balkan War<\/a>, is annexed by Greece.<\/p>\n<p>1918\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transylvania\" >Transylvania<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania\" >unites<\/a>\u00a0with\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Romania\" >Romania<\/a>, following the incorporation of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bessarabia\" >Bessarabia<\/a>\u00a0(<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/March_27\" >March 27<\/a>) and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bukovina\" >Bukovina<\/a>\u00a0(<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/November_28\" >November 28<\/a>) and thus concluding the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Union\" >Great Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1918\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Iceland\" >Iceland<\/a>\u00a0becomes a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danish\u2013Icelandic_Act_of_Union\" >sovereign state<\/a>, yet remains a part of the Danish kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>1918\u00a0 The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia\" >Kingdom of Yugoslavia<\/a>) is proclaimed.<\/p>\n<p>1964\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson\" >Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a>\u00a0and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Vietnam\" >North Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1971\u00a0 Purge of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croatian_Spring\" >Croatian Spring<\/a>\u00a0leaders starts in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia\" >Yugoslavia<\/a>\u00a0at the meeting of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia\" >League of Communists<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kara\u0111or\u0111evo_estate\" >Kara\u0111or\u0111evo estate<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1973\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papua_New_Guinea\" >Papua New Guinea<\/a>\u00a0gains self-government from Australia.<\/p>\n<p>1988\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_AIDS_Day\" >World AIDS Day<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed worldwide by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations\" >UN member states<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1988\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benazir_Bhutto\" >Benazir Bhutto<\/a>, is named as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan\" >Prime Minister of Pakistan<\/a>, becoming the first female leader to lead a Muslim nation.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukraine\" >Ukrainian<\/a>\u00a0voters overwhelmingly approve a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum\" >referendum for independence<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2006\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Same-sex_marriage_in_South_Africa\" >law on same-sex marriage<\/a>\u00a0came into force in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa\" >South Africa<\/a>\u00a0for the first time on the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Africa\" >African continent<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2009\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Lisbon\" >Treaty of Lisbon<\/a>\u00a0entered into force in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union\" >European Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2019\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic\" >outbreak of coronavirus infection<\/a>\u00a0began in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan\" >Wuhan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>02 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1942\u00a0 During the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manhattan_Project\" >Manhattan Project<\/a>, a team led by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enrico_Fermi\" >Enrico Fermi<\/a>\u00a0initiates the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicago_Pile-1\" >first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1947<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerusalem_Riots_of_1947\" >Jerusalem Riots of 1947<\/a>: Arabs riot in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerusalem\" >Jerusalem<\/a>\u00a0in response to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine\" >United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine\" >Timeline of intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1947\u20131948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine\" >1947\u20131948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Sergeants_affair\" >The Sergeants affair <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_for_Jerusalem\" >Battle for Jerusalem <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1949\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Persons_and_of_the_Exploitation_of_the_Prostitution_of_Others\" >Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others<\/a>\u00a0is adopted.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/convention-suppression-traffic-persons-and-exploitation\" >Te<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/convention-suppression-traffic-persons-and-exploitation\" >xt of the Co<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/convention-suppression-traffic-persons-and-exploitation\" >nvention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Issues\/Women\/WRGS\/OnePagers\/IntInstrumentsconcerningTraffickingpersons_Aug2014.pdf\" >International Instruments Concerning Trafficking in Persons<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1950\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War\" >Korean War<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River\" >Battle of the Ch&#8217;ongch&#8217;on River<\/a>\u00a0ends with a decisive Chinese victory and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Command\" >UN forces<\/a>\u00a0are completely expelled from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea\" >North Korea<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1954\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-American_Mutual_Defense_Treaty\" >Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty<\/a>, between the United States and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan\" >Taiwan<\/a>, is signed in Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n<p>1956\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Granma_(yacht)\" ><em>Granma<\/em><\/a>\u00a0reaches the shores of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuba\" >Cuba<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oriente_Province\" >Oriente Province<\/a>.\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fidel_Castro\" >Fidel Castro<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Che_Guevara\" >Che Guevara<\/a>\u00a0and 80 other members of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/26th_of_July_Movement\" >26th of July Movement<\/a>\u00a0disembark to initiate the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuban_Revolution\" >Cuban Revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1957\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_126\" >UNSC Resolution 126<\/a>\u00a0relating to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kashmir_conflict\" >Kashmir conflict<\/a>\u00a0is adopted.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent\" >Kashmir Conflict<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict\" >Timeline of the Kashmir conflict <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/1999\/kashmir\/back.htm\" >Behind the Kashmir Conflict &#8211; Background <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/article\/kashmir-conflict-how-did-it-start\" >The Kashmir conflict: How did it start? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/10537286\" >Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.outlookindia.com\/national\/the-history-of-kashmir-conflict-news-189840\" >The History Of Kashmir Conflict And Its Various Phases<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1962\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: After a trip to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam\" >Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0at the request of U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_F._Kennedy\" >John F. Kennedy<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Senate_Majority_Leader\" >U.S. Senate Majority Leader<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Mansfield\" >Mike Mansfield<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first American official to comment adversely on the war&#8217;s progress.<\/p>\n<p>1971\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi\" >Abu Dhabi<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ajman\" >Ajman<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fujairah\" >Fujairah<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emirate_of_Sharjah\" >Sharjah<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai\" >Dubai<\/a>, and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umm_al-Quwain\" >Umm al-Quwain<\/a>\u00a0form the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Arab_Emirates\" >United Arab Emirates<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1976\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fidel_Castro\" >Fidel Castro<\/a>\u00a0becomes\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Cuba\" >President of Cuba<\/a>, replacing\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osvaldo_Dortic\u00f3s_Torrado\" >Osvaldo Dortic\u00f3s Torrado<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)\" >Peace Agreement of Hat Yai<\/a>\u00a0is signed and ratified by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malayan_Communist_Party\" >Malayan Communist Party<\/a>\u00a0(MCP) and the governments of Malaysia and Thailand, ending the over two-decade-long\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968\u20131989)\" >communist insurgency in Malaysia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 Canada and Poland become the first nations to recognize the independence of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukraine\" >Ukraine<\/a>\u00a0from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1999<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>The United Kingdom devolves political power in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland\" >Northern Ireland<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Executive\" >Northern Ireland Executive<\/a>\u00a0following the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Good_Friday_Agreement\" >Good Friday Agreement<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2001\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enron\" >Enron<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enron_scandal#Bankruptcy\" >files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/helenair.com\/news\/opinion\/bush-and-enron\/article_20bc61bb-ed48-596c-ab70-eb51727d6891.html\" >G.W.Bush <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/helenair.com\/news\/opinion\/bush-and-enron\/article_20bc61bb-ed48-596c-ab70-eb51727d6891.html\" >and Enron<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/dreamersden.wordpress.com\/2007\/04\/14\/hello-world\/\" >THE ENRON SCANDAL! | Vicious Circle of Thoughts <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stormfront.org\/forum\/t12301\/\" >The Whole Ball of Wax &#8211; Pipeline, Bush, Taliban, Enron <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/story?id=121269&amp;page=1\" >Enron&#8217;s Close Ties to Bush <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2006\/5\/26\/enron_the_bush_connection\" >Enron: The Bush Connection <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/nation\/article\/0,8599,192920,00.html\" >Bush&#8217;s Enron Problem <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/bushs-enron-deal\/\" >Bush&#8217;s Enron Deal <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.truthdig.com\/articles\/the-enron-story-everyone-is-missing-the-bush-ken-lay-connection\/\" >The Enron Story Everyone Is Missing: The Bush-Ken Lay Connection <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/01\/12\/business\/enron-s-collapse-the-relationships-bush-and-democrats-disputing-ties-to-enron.html\" >ENRON&#8217;S COLLAPSE: THE RELATIONSHIPS; Bush and Democrats Disputing Ties to Enron <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/enron-what-dick-cheney-knew\/\" >D. C<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/enron-what-dick-cheney-knew\/\" >heney and Enron<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myplainview.com\/news\/article\/Enron-Met-With-Cheney-Before-Fall-8829490.php\" >Enron Met With Cheney Before Fall <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/nation\/article\/0,8599,198829,00.html\" >Cheney, Enron, and the Constitution <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alternet.org\/2002\/02\/the_enron-cheney-taliban_connection\" >The Enron-Cheney-Taliban Connection? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/rielpolitik.com\/2018\/12\/16\/the-9-11-psy-opera-enrongate-the-enron-cheney-taliban-connection-flashback\/\" >THE 9\/11 PSY-OPERA: \u2018EnronGate\u2019, The Enron-Cheney-Taliban Connection?<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.utne.com\/community\/arnolds-enron-connection\/\" ><em>Cheney, who chairs Bush\u2019s energy task force, met with Lay to discuss Bush\u2019s National Energy Policy. Lay, whose company was the largest contributor to Bush\u2019s presidential campaign\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ourmidland.com\/news\/article\/US-Defends-Handling-of-Enron-Project-7077522.php\" ><em>Vice President Dick Cheney to help campaign supporters at Enron collect a $64 million debt from India..<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sechistorical.org\/museum\/galleries\/enf\/enf06d_911-enron.php\" >Enron, <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sechistorical.org\/museum\/galleries\/enf\/enf06d_911-enron.php\" >Afghanistan<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sechistorical.org\/museum\/galleries\/enf\/enf06d_911-enron.php\" > and 9\/11<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/freerepublic.com\/focus\/f-news\/639906\/posts\" >ENRON gave TALIBAN $$millions for OIL PIPELINE<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/911-tapi-pipeline-missing-enron-link\/5793207\" ><em>On August 15<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/911-tapi-pipeline-missing-enron-link\/5793207\" ><em><sup>th<\/sup><\/em><\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/911-tapi-pipeline-missing-enron-link\/5793207\" ><em>[2001]<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/911-tapi-pipeline-missing-enron-link\/5793207\" ><em>, an Enron lobbyist informed White House economic advisor Robert McNally that Enron was facing a financial crisis&#8230; That month, US officials claimed that the US would invade Afghanistan in mid- October.<\/em><\/a>\u201c<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hbswk.hbs.edu\/item\/will-the-societal-effects-of-enron-exceed-those-of-september-11\" >Will the Societal Effects of Enron Exceed Those of September 11? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scoop.co.nz\/stories\/HL0206\/S00029\/what-congress-does-not-know-about-enron-and-911.htm\" >What Congress Does Not Know about Enron and 9\/11 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.corpwatch.org\/article\/enrons-pipe-scheme\" >Energy giant bulldozed over environmental, human rights concerns to build Bolivian pipeline &#8212; with U.S. government backing<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdfplus\/10.1257\/089533003765888403\" >The Fall of Enron<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/business\/the-rise-and-fall-of-enron-a-brief-history-1.591559\" >The rise and fall of Enron: a brief history <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Enron-scandal\" >Enron scandal | Summary, Explained, History, &amp; Facts <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/specials\/packages\/article\/0,28804,2021097_2023262_2023247,00.html\" >Chronology of a Collapse &#8211; Behind the Enron Scandal <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/enron-collapse\/\" >The Enron Collapse: 8 Reasons Why It Failed <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/updates\/enron-scandal-summary\/\" >Enron Scandal: The Fall of a Wall Street Darling <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-58026162\" >The collapse of Enron and the dark side of business <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/rise-fall-enron-tale-corporate-greed-corruption-jerotich-cpa-fmva-\" >The Rise and Fall of Enron: A Tale of Corporate Greed and Corruption that Collapsed an Empire <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>03 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1912\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria\" >Bulgaria<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Greece\" >Greece<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Montenegro\" >Montenegro<\/a>, and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Serbia\" >Serbia<\/a>\u00a0(the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkan_League\" >Balkan League<\/a>) sign an armistice with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Empire\" >Ottoman Empire<\/a>, temporarily halting the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Balkan_War\" >First Balkan War<\/a>. (The armistice will expire on February 3, 1913, and hostilities will resume.)<\/p>\n<p>1920\u00a0 Following more than a month of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish\u2013Armenian_War\" >Turkish\u2013Armenian War<\/a>, the Turkish-dictated\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Alexandropol\" >Treaty of Alexandropol<\/a>\u00a0is concluded.<\/p>\n<p>1925\u00a0 Final agreement is signed between the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Free_State\" >Irish Free State<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland\" >Northern Ireland<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom\" >United Kingdom<\/a>\u00a0formalizing the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Partition_of_Ireland\" >Partition of Ireland<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1938\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Germany\" >Nazi Germany<\/a>\u00a0issues the Decree on the Utilization of Jewish Property forcing Jews to sell\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real_property\" >real property<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business\" >businesses<\/a>, and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stocks\" >stocks<\/a>\u00a0at below market value as part of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aryanization\" >Aryanization<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_Civil_War\" >Greek Civil War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dekemvriana\" >Fighting<\/a>\u00a0breaks out in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Athens\" >Athens<\/a>\u00a0between the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army\" >ELAS<\/a>\u00a0and government forces supported by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Army\" >British Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1971\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971\" >Indo-Pakistani War of 1971<\/a>: Pakistan launches\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Chengiz_Khan\" >a pre-emptive strike<\/a>\u00a0against India and a full-scale war begins.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asianstudies.org\/publications\/eaa\/archives\/india-pakistan-conflict-an-overview\/\" >India-Pakistan Conflict: An Overview<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/leverageedu.com\/discover\/general-knowledge\/indian-history-india-pakistan-war\/\" >Timeline and Causes of India-Pakistan War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/origins.osu.edu\/milestones\/december-2017-india-pakistan-partition?language_content_entity=en\" >India-Pakistan Partition | Origins <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2018\/12\/the-last-secret-of-the-1971-india-pakistan-war\/\" >Indo-Pakistan War of 1971<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eurasiantimes.com\/kashmir-dispute\/\" >History of Kashmir Dispute &#8211; How Indian Lost Kashmir in 1971 War?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts#Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971\" >Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/learn.culturalindia.net\/indo-pakistan-war-1971.html#:~:text=The%20Indo-Pakistani%20War%20started%20after%20Pakistan%20launched%20pre-emptive,and%20beginning%20of%20the%20nation\u2019s%20hostilities%20with%20Pakistan.\" >History of Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 : Causes, Results &amp; Significance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2021\/12\/16\/remembering-war-babies-1971-conflict-between-india-pakistan\/\" >Opinion | Remembering the \u2018war babies\u2019 of the 1971 conflict between India and Pakistan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2021\/03\/why-wont-pakistan-fully-recognize-the-1971-war\/\" >Why Won\u2019t Pakistan Fully Recognize the 1971 War?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uLDLsnBRe5s\" >Pak&#8217;s outgoing Army Chief lies about 1971 Indo-Pak war \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/global-conflict-tracker\/conflict\/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan\" >Conflict Between India and Pakistan | Global Conflict Tracker<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2018\/12\/the-last-secret-of-the-1971-india-pakistan-war\/\" >The Last Secret of the 1971 India-Pakistan War<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wagingpeace.org\/india-pakistan-history\/\" >Indo-Pakistan Relations<\/a> and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inuth.com\/india\/from-mossad-to-raw-9-most-lethal-spy-agencies-of-the-world\/\" >Intelligence Communi<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inuth.com\/india\/from-mossad-to-raw-9-most-lethal-spy-agencies-of-the-world\/\" >ties<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iasexpress.net\/india-pakistan-relations\/\" >India-Pakistan Relations: Evolution, Challenges &amp; Recent Developments <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/history.stackexchange.com\/questions\/68032\/what-did-the-cia-think-about-the-partition-of-pakistan-in-1971\" >What did the CIA think about the partition of Pakistan in 1971?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.indiandefencereview.com\/news\/did-a-cia-mole-inside-the-indian-cabinet-compromise-indias-1971-war-plans\/\" >Did a CIA mole inside the Indian cabinet compromise India\u2019s 1971 war plans?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB79\/\" >The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/india-news\/cia-files-us-tried-unsuccessfully-to-get-intel-on-india-s-moves-before-1971-war\/story-1LtNVjiLPf6SKhinTEBBDL.html\" >Revealed: How CIA tried to gather intel before 1971 India-Pakistan war<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/news\/news-desk\/the-cias-maddening-relationship-with-pakistan\" >The C.I.A.\u2019s Maddening Relationship with Pakistan<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindubusinessline.com\/news\/variety\/raw-50-years-of-operating-from-the-shadows\/article62284648.ece\" ><em>RAW\u2019s role in the\u00a0Indo-Pakistan\u00a0war\u00a0of 1971 \u2014 training the Mukti Bahini and helping create Bangladesh \u2014 is perhaps its most recounted accomplishment&#8230;<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wionews.com\/south-asia\/how-pakistans-president-zia-collaborated-with-israels-mossad-to-defeat-soviet-forces-in-afghanistan-353467\" >How Pakistan&#8217;s President Zia collaborated with Israel&#8217;s Mossad to defeat Soviet forces in Afghanistan &#8211; <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/JiaahRajpout123\/inter-services-intelligence\" ><em>After the 1971\u00a0Indo<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/JiaahRajpout123\/inter-services-intelligence\" ><em>Pak\u00a0war, the agency has been headed by a Gen officer three- star general officer of\u00a0Pakistan<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/JiaahRajpout123\/inter-services-intelligence\" ><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/JiaahRajpout123\/inter-services-intelligence\" ><em>Army, being the biggest segment of\u00a0Pakistan<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/JiaahRajpout123\/inter-services-intelligence\" ><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/JiaahRajpout123\/inter-services-intelligence\" ><em>armed forces&#8230;<\/em><\/a>\u201d.<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/tribune.com.pk\/story\/2220857\/pervasive-world-indian-intelligence\" >The pervasive world of Indian intelligence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/knowinsiders.com\/top-10-most-powerful-intelligence-agencies-in-the-world-36954.html\" >Top 10 Most Powerful Intelligence Agencies In The World<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1979\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iranian_Revolution\" >Iranian Revolution<\/a>: Ayatollah\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruhollah_Khomeini\" >Ruhollah Khomeini<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran\" >Supreme Leader of Iran<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnu.libguides.com\/primaryterrorism\/iranhostagecrisis\" >Iranian Revolution <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnu.libguides.com\/primaryterrorism\/iranhostagecrisis\" >in 1979<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/the-iranian-revolution-a-timeline-of-events\/\" >The Iranian revolution\u2014A timeline of events<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/what-to-read-to-understand-the-1979-iranian-revolution\/\" >What to read to understand the 1979 Iranian revolution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/views\/news\/middle-east\/2017\/02\/09\/Khomeini-s-revolution-and-CIA-declassified-documents\" >Khomeini\u2019s revolution and CIA declassified documents<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.e-ir.info\/2014\/05\/30\/iran-1978-1979-reflections-on-intelligence-failure\/\" >Iran 1978-1979: Reflections on Intelligence Failure<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usmcu.edu\/Portals\/218\/Fall%20of%20the%20Shah%20PDF.pdf\" >Policy, Perception, and Misconception The United States and the Fall of the Shah<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27\u00e9tat\" >1953 Iranian coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/historicaldocuments\/frus1951-54Iran\/pressrelease\" >CIA Documents: <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/historicaldocuments\/frus1951-54Iran\/pressrelease\" >FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1952-1954, IRAN, 1951\u20131954<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2019\/10\/30\/the-united-states-overthrew-irans-last-democratic-leader\/\" >The United States Overthrew Iran\u2019s Last Democratic Leader,<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/01\/31\/690363402\/how-the-cia-overthrew-irans-democracy-in-four-days\" >CIA, Iran in 1953<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2023\/oct\/13\/cia-1953-iran-coup-undemocratic-argo\" >CIA admits 1953 Iranian coup it backed was undemocratic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2018\/02\/05\/iran-cia-coup-mossadegh-ayatollah\/\" >CIA Coup Led to Islamic Revolution in Iran<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1989\u00a0 In a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malta_Summit\" >meeting<\/a>\u00a0off the coast of Malta, U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_H._W._Bush\" >George H. W. Bush<\/a>\u00a0and Soviet General Secretary\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikhail_Gorbachev\" >Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>\u00a0release statements indicating that the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cold_War\" >Cold War<\/a>\u00a0between\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NATO\" >NATO<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_Pact\" >Warsaw Pact<\/a>\u00a0may be coming to an end.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/historylearning.com\/modern-world-history\/coldwar\/malta-summit-1989\/\" >The Malta Summit 1989<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/december\/3\/newsid_4119000\/4119950.stm\" >3 <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/december\/3\/newsid_4119000\/4119950.stm\" >December<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/december\/3\/newsid_4119000\/4119950.stm\" > 1989: Malta summit ends Cold War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB298\/index.htm\" >Bush and Gorbachev at Malta <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/publication\/the-malta-summit-and-us-soviet-relations-testing-the-waters-amidst-stormy-seas\" >The Malta Summit and US-Soviet Relations: Testing the Waters Amidst Stormy Seas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB298\/\" >Malta Summit<\/a> and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/russia-programs\/2017-12-12\/nato-expansion-what-gorbachev-heard-western-leaders-early\" >Discussions on Non-enlargement of <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/russia-programs\/2017-12-12\/nato-expansion-what-gorbachev-heard-western-leaders-early\" >NATO<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/1990\/06\/04\/transcript-of-bush-gorbachev-news-conference\/9e85ac99-3ffb-44b6-b2e3-ebb0ea4b9d36\/\" >TRANSCRIPT OF BUSH-GORBACHEV NEWS CONFERENCE <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1989\/12\/04\/world\/the-malta-summit-transcript-of-the-bush-gorbachev-news-conference-in-malta.html\" >The Malta Summit; Transcript of the Bush-Gorbachev News Conference in Malta <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/uwidata.com\/25911-natos-pledges-in-documents-not-to-expand-eastward\/\" >NATO&#8217;s pledges in documents not to expand eastward <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/progressivehub.net\/betrayal-of-gorbachev-regarding-nato-explained-in-detail\/\" >Top leaders of the \u201cFree World\u201d all agreed that the United States would never enlarge NATO to reassure Gorbachev that the new Russia had nothing to fear from NATO.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelibertybeacon.com\/all-western-leaders-were-lying-in-promising-not-to-expand-nato\/\" >All Western leaders were lying in promising not to expand NATO <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB296\/index.htm\" >The Soviet Origins of Helmut Kohl&#8217;s 10 Points <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/ceup\/2894\" >Masterpieces of History &#8211; Document No. 110: Soviet Transcript of the Malta Summit, December 2-3, 1989 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/nato-expansion-russia-mislead\/31263602.html\" >Did The West Promise Moscow That NATO Would Not Expand? Well, It&#8217;s Complicated.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eurasiareview.com\/03032022-nato-repeatedly-assured-russia-it-would-not-expand-oped\/\" >NATO Repeatedly Assured Russia It Would Not Expand <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/blog\/the-buzz\/newly-declassified-documents-gorbachev-told-nato-wouldnt-23629\" >Newly Declassified Documents: Gorbachev Told NATO Wouldn&#8217;t Move Past East German Border <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/historynewsnetwork.org\/article\/167707\" >Documents show Gorbachev was assured US wouldn&#8217;t expand NATO into Central and Eastern Europe <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/document\/16116-document-05-memorandum-conversation-between\" >Memorandum of conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and James Baker in Moscow. <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/2016-03-02\/gorbachev-file\" >The Gorbachev File | National Security Archive <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/washingtonmonthly.com\/2022\/02\/14\/how-americas-broken-promises-may-lead-to-a-new-cold-war\/\" >How America&#8217;s Broken Promises May Lead to a New Cold War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/russia-programs\/2016-12-18\/new-book-combines-soviet-us-transcripts-highest-level\" >New book combines Soviet and U.S. transcripts of highest-level meetings that ended the Cold War <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fairobserver.com\/web-stories\/nato-and-ukraine-how-have-we-gotten-here-from-1991\/\" >From Malta to Ukraine<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/2022\/05\/20\/bush-admits-us-broke-promise-on-nato-expansion\/\" >Bush Admits US Broke Promise on NATO Expansion; Says Ukraine Should \u2018Destroy as Many Russian Troops\u2019 as Possible <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/document\/16117-document-06-record-conversation-between\" >Record of conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and James Baker in Moscow. (Excerpts) | National Security Archive<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/responsiblestatecraft.org\/2022\/02\/15\/the-origins-of-the-ukraine-crisis-and-how-conflict-can-be-avoided\/\" >I was there: NATO and the origins of the Ukraine crisis &#8211; Responsible Statecraft<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/01\/29\/1076193616\/ukraine-russia-nato-explainer\" >How NATO&#8217;s expansion helped drive Putin to invade Ukraine <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cato.org\/commentary\/many-predicted-nato-expansion-would-lead-war-those-warnings-were-ignored\" >Many Predicted NATO Expansion Would Lead to War. Those Warnings Were Ignored <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/us-nato-helped-trigger-ukraine-war-its-not-siding-putin-admit-it-opinion-1685554\" >The U.S. and NATO Helped Trigger the Ukraine War. It&#8217;s Not &#8216;Siding With Putin&#8217; to Admit It <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/history.stackexchange.com\/questions\/59059\/how-did-western-leaders-justify-natos-eastwards-expansion-after-promising-the-s\" >How did Western leaders justify NATO&#8217;s eastwards expansion after promising the Soviet leadership it won&#8217;t happen? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/2022\/02\/16\/ukraine-crisis-should-have-been-avoided\/\" >Ukraine Crisis Should Have Been Avoided <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/event\/setting-record-straight-nato-enlargement-interview-robert-zoellick-us-lead-negotiator-24\" >Setting the Record Straight on NATO Enlargement <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>_____________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a><em>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Disclaimer:<\/em><\/strong><em> The author and <\/em>TMS <em>take no responsibility for&#8211;and do not necessarily subscribe to&#8211;contents of websites hyperlinked as sources.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>27 Nov &#8211; 3 Dec 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":247253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-248869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248869","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=248869"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248869\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":248870,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/248869\/revisions\/248870"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/247253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=248869"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=248869"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=248869"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}