{"id":249789,"date":"2023-12-11T12:00:35","date_gmt":"2023-12-11T12:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=249789"},"modified":"2023-12-05T05:06:59","modified_gmt":"2023-12-05T05:06:59","slug":"this-week-in-history-181","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/12\/this-week-in-history-181\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-247253\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-300x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-300x150.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-1024x512.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-768x384.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-1536x768.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>11-17 December 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Serb &amp; Kosovar Albanian Videos of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=r2hHzyd5u3c\" >In Kosovo, a Serb grandmother and her Albanian \u2018brother&#8217; &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Y3J9QhUgFLA\" >A Kosovar Albanian Cares For 92-Year-Old Ethnic Serb &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>11 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1937\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War\" >Second Italo-Ethiopian War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Italy\" >Italy<\/a>\u00a0leaves the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/League_of_Nations\" >League of Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9q-xHo8MdRM\" >Second Italo-Ethiopian War &#8211; Every Day (1930-50) &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Italo-Ethiopian-War-1935-1936\" >Italo-Ethiopian War | Causes, Summary, &amp; Facts <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/trove.nla.gov.au\/newspaper\/article\/17441091\" >13 Dec 1937 &#8211; ITALY LEAVES LEAGUE OF NATIONS. <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abyssinia_Crisis#:~:text=The%20League%20of%20Nations%20ruled%20against%20Italy%20and,after%20it%20had%20won%20the%20Second%20Italo-Ethiopian%20War.\" ><em>The League of Nations ruled against Italy and voted for economic sanctions, but they were never fully applied. Italy ignored the sanctions, quit the League, made special deals with the United Kingdom and France&#8230;<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Germany\" >Germany<\/a>\u00a0and Italy declare war on the United States, following the Americans&#8217; declaration of war on the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_of_Japan\" >Empire of Japan<\/a>\u00a0in the wake of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor\" >attack on Pearl Harbor<\/a>. The United States, in turn, declares war on them.<\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polish_government-in-exile\" >Poland<\/a>\u00a0declares war on the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_of_Japan\" >Empire of Japan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1946<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>The United Nations International Children&#8217;s Emergency Fund (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNICEF\" >UNICEF<\/a>) is established.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YfV5y2eBgfY\" >11th December 1946: UNICEF established by <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YfV5y2eBgfY\" >U<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YfV5y2eBgfY\" >NGA &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/what-we-do\" >What we do | UNICEF<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/emergencies\/11-emergencies-need-more-support-2023\" >11 emergencies that need more attention and support in 2023 | UNICEF<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/history\" >UNICEF history | UNICEF<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/question\/What-have-been-some-criticisms-of-UNICEF\" >What have been some criticisms of UNICEF? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/child-rights-convention\/convention-text-childrens-version\" >The Convention on the Rights of the Child: The children\u2019s version | UNICEF<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1948\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1948_Arab\u2013Israeli_War\" >Arab\u2013Israeli War<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>\u00a0passes\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194\" >General Assembly Resolution 194<\/a>, creating a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission\" >Conciliation Commission<\/a>\u00a0to mediate the conflict.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194#Full_text\" >Full Text of UNGA Res. 194 of 1948<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission\" >United Nations Conciliation Commission <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rGVgjS98OsU\" >How Palestinians were expelled from their homes &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H7FML0wzJ6A\" >Al-Nakba: The Palestinian catastrophe &#8211; Episode 1 | Featured Documentary &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight\" >1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947\u20131949_Palestine_war\" >List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947\u201349 Palestine war <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.plands.org\/en\/maps-atlases\/maps\/palestine-maps\" >Palestine Land Society | Palestine in 1948 and 1967 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)#Resolution_194\" >Corpus separatum (Jerusalem) <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1958\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Upper_Volta\" >French Upper Volta<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Dahomey\" >French Dahomey<\/a>\u00a0gain self-government from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Fourth_Republic\" >France<\/a>, becoming the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Upper_Volta\" >Republic of Upper Volta<\/a>\u00a0(now\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burkina_Faso\" >Burkina Faso<\/a>) and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Dahomey\" >Republic of Dahomey<\/a>\u00a0(now\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benin\" >Benin<\/a>), respectively, and joining the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Community\" >French Community<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Burkina_Faso#French_Upper_Volta\" >History of Burkina Faso <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_colonial_empire\" >French colonial empire <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies\" >List of French possessions and colonies <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/geography\/the-former-french-colonies.html\" >The Former French Colonies &#8211; WorldAtlas<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/western-Africa\/Decolonization-and-the-regaining-of-independence\" >Western Africa &#8211; Decolonization, Independence, Sovereignty <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-59517501\" >Why France faces so much anger in West Africa <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2021\/03\/africa-colonies-france-cfa-franc-currency\" >How France Continues to Dominate Its Former Colonies in Africa <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.answers.com\/Q\/What_three_things_led_to_the_European_dominance_of_Africa\" >What three things led to the European dominance of Africa? <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1964\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Che_Guevara\" >Che Guevara<\/a>\u00a0speaks at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_General_Assembly\" >United Nations General Assembly<\/a>\u00a0in New York City.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/cheguevaraspeaks0000unse\/page\/n3\/mode\/2up\" >Che Guevara: Speeches, Writings<\/a> and Interviews:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2021\/12\/homeland-or-death-che-guevaras-historic-speech-at-the-un-on-11-dec-1964\/\" >Che Guevara\u2019s Historic Speech at the UN on 11 Dec 1964<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qRuH_8W1bwY\" >Che Guevara in New York, USA 1964 &#8211; interview &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zDRrt5NTNgU\" >Che Guevara interview. Ireland 1964 \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xELHGR_ur0Q\" >Che Guevara on U.S.-Cuba relations in 1964 &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/castro-che-guevara-1928-1967\/\" >Che Guevara (1928-1967) | American Experience <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara\" >Legacy of Che Guevara<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Che-Guevara\" >Che Guevara | Biography, Facts, Books, Fidel Castro, &amp; Death <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2017\/10\/9\/che-an-assassin-or-a-revolutionary\/\" >Che: An assassin or a revolutionary? | History <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ibtimes.co.in\/complex-relationship-between-revolutionaries-fidel-castro-che-guevara-705726\" >The complex relationship between revolutionaries Fidel Castro and Che Guevara <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/cuba-intelligence\/2020-10-09\/che-guevara-cia-mountains-bolivia\" >Guev<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/cuba-intelligence\/2020-10-09\/che-guevara-cia-mountains-bolivia\" >a<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/cuba-intelligence\/2020-10-09\/che-guevara-cia-mountains-bolivia\" >ra vs. the U.S.\/CIA<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mintpressnews.com\/analysis-cia-got-away-murdering-revolutionary-che-guevara\/197538\/\" >How The CIA Got Away With Murdering Revolutionary Che Guevara <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/allthatsinteresting.com\/felix-rodriguez\" >Meet The CIA Agent Who Hunted Down Che Guevara In Bolivia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/how-did-che-die-cia-helped-military-ruled-bolivia-kill-marxist-revolutionary-680751\" >How Did Che Die? The CIA Helped Military-Ruled Bolivia Kill the Marxist Revolutionary <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-3318675\/The-astonishing-story-notorious-Nazi-helped-kill-Che-Guevara-worked-cocaine-boss-Pablo-Escobar.html\" >The story of Nazi Klaus Barbie who helped kill Che Guevara and worked for Pablo Escobar <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2023\/apr\/09\/revealed-the-terrorist-hired-by-the-cia-to-catch-carlos-the-jackal\" >Revealed: the terrorist hired by the CIA to catch Carlos the Jackal <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/in-depth\/news\/investigations\/2019\/11\/21\/jfk-spy-cuba-new-york-times-crozier\/2425360001\/\" >JFK files: Spy in Cuba knew Castro, Che <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/7027619.stm\" >Americas | CIA man recounts Che Guevara&#8217;s death<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB5\/\" >The Death of Che Guevara: U.S. declassified documents <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/newsable.asianetnews.com\/life\/cia-files-finally-reveal-che-gueveras-final-words-moments-before-he-was-killed-in-bolivia\" >CIA files finally reveal Che Guevera\u2019s final words moments before he was killed in Bolivia <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1994\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Chechen_War\" >First Chechen War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Russia\" >Russian President<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Yeltsin\" >Boris Yeltsin<\/a>\u00a0orders Russian troops into\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chechnya\" >Chechnya<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-18190473\" >Chechnya profile &#8211; Timeline &#8211; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu\/olj\/sa\/sa_aug00bag01.html\" >The War in Chechnya: A Military Analysis <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994\u20131995)\" >Battle of Grozny (1994\u20131995) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chechen\u2013Russian_conflict\" >Chechen\u2013Russian conflict <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/blog\/reboot\/grozny-1994-battle-changed-post-soviet-russia-forever-181529\" >Grozny 1994: The Battle That Changed Post-Soviet Russia Forever <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Chechen_War\" >Second Chechen War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.du.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1130&amp;context=hrhw\" >Human Rights &amp; Human Warfare \u2013 Chechnya \u2013 by Kelley Laird <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1997\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kyoto_Protocol\" >Kyoto Protocol<\/a>\u00a0opens for signature.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Kyoto-Protocol\" >Kyoto Protocol<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/education.nationalgeographic.org\/resource\/kyoto-protocol-signed\/\" >Kyoto Protocol Signed <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/resource\/docs\/convkp\/kpeng.pdf\" >Full Text of <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/resource\/docs\/convkp\/kpeng.pdf\" >KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/byjus.com\/free-ias-prep\/kyoto-protocol\/\" >Kyoto Protocol &#8211; Step Towards Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/the-kyoto-protocol\/what-is-the-kyoto-protocol\/kyoto-protocol-targets-for-the-first-commitment-period\" >Kyoto Protocol &#8211; Targets for the first commitment period | UNFCCC<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climateforesight.eu\/articles\/success-or-failure-the-kyoto-protocols-troubled-legacy\/\" >Problems<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_the_Kyoto_Protocol\" >Criticism<\/a> of the Kyoto Protocol:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.harvardmagazine.com\/2002\/11\/problems-with-the-protoc-html\" >Problems with the Protocol | Harvard Magazine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/world101.cfr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/video-transcripts\/2022\/03\/Transcript%20Why%20the%20Kyoto%20Protocol%20Failed%20and%20How%20U.S.%20Presidents%20Make%20Treaties%20Today.pdf\" >Why the Kyoto Protocol Failed and How U.S. Presidents Make Treaties Today <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/dn23041-has-the-kyoto-protocol-done-more-harm-than-good\/\" >Has the Kyoto protocol done more harm than good? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/kyoto-protocol-fails-get-ready-for-a-hotter-world-10742\" >Kyoto Protocol fails: get ready for a hotter world <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/book\/collapse-kyoto-protocol-and-struggle-slow-global-warming\" >The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/491663a\" >The Kyoto approach has failed <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.c2es.org\/speech\/beyond-kyoto-core-challenges\/\" >Beyond Kyoto: Core Challenges <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2001\u00a0 China joins the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Organization\" >World Trade Organization<\/a>\u00a0(WTO).<\/p>\n<p>2006\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust\" >International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust<\/a>\u00a0is opened in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tehran\" >Tehran<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\" >Iran<\/a>, by then-president\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad\" >Mahmoud Ahmadinejad<\/a>; nations such as Israel and the United States express concern.<\/p>\n<p>2019\u00a0 The results of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Bougainvillean_independence_referendum\" >2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum<\/a>\u00a0are announced. The results are overwhelmingly one-sided. Over 98% of voters vote for\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville\" >Bougainville<\/a>&#8216;s independence.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>12 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust\" >The Holocaust<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Hitler\" >Adolf Hitler<\/a>\u00a0declares the imminent extermination of the Jews at a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reich_Chancellery_meeting_of_12_December_1941\" >meeting in the Reich Chancellery<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1945\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Republic_of_Korea\" >People&#8217;s Republic of Korea<\/a>\u00a0is outlawed in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Korea\" >South<\/a>, by order of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea\" >United States Army Military Government in Korea<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1946\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_13\" >United Nations Security Council Resolution 13<\/a>\u00a0relating to acceptance of Siam (now\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand\" >Thailand<\/a>) to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>\u00a0is adopted.<\/p>\n<p>1956\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_121\" >United Nations Security Council Resolution 121<\/a>\u00a0relating to acceptance of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" >Japan<\/a>\u00a0to the United Nations is adopted.<\/p>\n<p>1979\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coup_d%27\u00e9tat_of_December_Twelfth\" >Coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat of December Twelfth<\/a>\u00a0occurs in South Korea.<\/p>\n<p>2001\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam\" >Prime Minister of Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phan_V\u0103n_Kh\u1ea3i\" >Phan V\u0103n Kh\u1ea3i<\/a>\u00a0announces the decision on upgrading the Phong Nha\u2013K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng nature reserve to a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phong_Nha-K\u1ebb_B\u00e0ng_National_Park\" >national park<\/a>, providing information on projects for the conservation and development of the park and revised maps.<\/p>\n<p>2012\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea\" >North Korea<\/a>\u00a0successfully\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country\" >launches its first satellite<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kwangmy\u014fngs\u014fng-3_Unit_2\" >Kwangmy\u014fngs\u014fng-3 Unit 2<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2015\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_Agreement\" >Paris Agreement<\/a>\u00a0relating to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change\" >United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<\/a>\u00a0is adopted.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/files\/essential_background\/convention\/application\/pdf\/english_paris_agreement.pdf\" >Full Text of the Paris Agreement<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/the-paris-agreement\" >The Paris Agreement | UNFCCC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/most-requested\/key-aspects-of-the-paris-agreement\" >Key aspects of the Paris Agreement | UNFCCC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/minnesota\/news\/sobering-climate-change-report-says-were-falling-well-short-of-promises-made-at-paris-climate-agreement\/\" >Sobering climate change report says we&#8217;re falling well short of promises made in Paris Climate Agreement <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>13 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1642\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abel_Tasman\" >Abel Tasman<\/a>\u00a0is the first recorded European to sight\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand\" >New Zealand<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1937\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" >Second Sino-Japanese War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Nanking\" >Battle of Nankin<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Nanking\" >g (<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Nanking\" >= <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Nanking\" >Nanjin<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Nanking\" >g<\/a><u>)<\/u>: The city of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanjing\" >Nanjing<\/a>, defended by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Revolutionary_Army\" >National Revolutionary Army<\/a>\u00a0under the command of General\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tang_Shengzhi\" >Tang Shengzhi<\/a>, falls to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_of_Japan\" >Japanese<\/a>. This is followed by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanking_Massacre\" >Nanking <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanking_Massacre\" >(Nanjing) <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanking_Massacre\" >Massacre<\/a>, in which Japanese troops rape and slaughter hundreds of thousands of civilians.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sfi.usc.edu\/collections\/nanjing-massacre\" >Nanjing Massacre<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ranker.com\/list\/nanking-details\/brian-guthrie\" >10 Horrific Details About The Nanjing Massacre <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/thoughts-on-the-nanjing-massacre\/\" >Thoughts on the Nanjing Massacre <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/minds.wisconsin.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1793\/69487\/Gordon_Josh_Spr2014.pdf?sequence=2\" >The Nanking Massacre: Analysis of Japanese and Chinese Interpretation and Remembrance of Nanking 1940s-The Present, <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/minds.wisconsin.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1793\/69487\/Gordon_Josh_Spr2014.pdf?sequence=2\" >by Josh Gordon<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/allthatsinteresting.com\/rape-of-nanking-massacre\" >27 Rape Of Nanking Photos And Facts That Reveal Its True Horrors <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Nanjing_Massacre\" >Nanjing Massacre &#8211; New World Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facinghistory.org\/resource-library\/nanjing-atrocities\" >The Nanjing Atrocities | Facing History &amp; Ourselves<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sfi.usc.edu\/news\/2019\/11\/26316-testimonies-1937-nanjing-massacre-china-fully-indexed-and-subtitled\" >Testimonies from 1937 Nanjing Massacre in China <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hundred_man_killing_contest\" >Hundred man killing contest <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.chinatoday.com.cn\/english\/report\/2014-10\/13\/content_644464.htm\" >Memorialize the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engadget.com\/2018-01-03-nanking-massacre-usc-shoah-foundation.html\" >A Nanjing Massacre survivor&#8217;s story lives on digitally <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/lessons-from-history\/the-nanking-massacre-80-000-gang-rapes-and-millions-were-killed-84e1e46400d7\" >The Nanking Massacre: 80,000 Gang-Rapes and Millions Were Killed <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.co.jp\/\u5199\u771f\/nanking-massacre-\u5199\u771f\" >7<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.co.jp\/\u5199\u771f\/nanking-massacre-\u5199\u771f\" >20 Photographs of Nanjing Massacre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.co.jp\/\u5199\u771f\/massacre-of-nanking\" >1223 Photographs of Nanjing Massacre<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/china_nanjing_en.pdf\" >I<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/china_nanjing_en.pdf\" >nternational Memory of the World Register: Documents of Nanjing Massacre <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/libguides.unomaha.edu\/c.php?g=100469&amp;p=7908011\" >Nanjing Massacre &#8211; Holocaust and Genocide Research Guide <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wOp2MwZqCfY\" >Schindlers in Nanking: a Chinese diplomat and a German businessman<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ww2days.com\/prince-asaka-hirohitos-uncle-to-command-china-troops.html\" >Prince <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ww2days.com\/prince-asaka-hirohitos-uncle-to-command-china-troops.html\" >Yasuhiko <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ww2days.com\/prince-asaka-hirohitos-uncle-to-command-china-troops.html\" >Asaka and the Nanjing Massacre<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prince_Yasuhiko_Asaka\" ><em>He was&#8230;uncle by marriage of Emperor\u00a0Hirohito. As the commander of Japanese forces outside\u00a0Nanjing\u00a0in December 1937, Asaka presided over the mass murder of hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians&#8230;known as the\u00a0Nanjing Massacre.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.warhistoryonline.com\/history\/horrible-war-crimes.html\" >Virtually Unpunished &#8211; Horrible War Crimes in Nanking <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.viewofchina.com\/why-nanjing-massacre-mastermind-not-prosecuted\/\" >Why the Nanjing Massacre Mastermind Never Prosecuted? <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_war_crimes\" >Japan<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_war_crimes\" >ese <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_war_crimes\" >War Crimes<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Definitions_of_Japanese_war_crimes\" >Definitions of Japanese war crimes <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thoughtcatalog.com\/james-swift\/2016\/12\/five-reasons-imperial-japan-was-more-terrifying-than-nazi-germany\/\" >5 Reasons Imperial Japan Was More Terrifying Than Nazi Germany <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historynet.com\/a-culture-of-cruelty\/\" >Why Were the Japanese So Cruel in World War II? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EoyZBOMueC8\" >The Unspeakable things in Japanese concentration camps &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3PxGsLic6tg\" >WW II: Japanese troops kill children and unarmed civilians &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/allthatsinteresting.com\/japanese-war-crimes\" >Inside The Most Horrific Japanese War Crimes Of World War 2 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/hidden-horrors-japanese-war-crimes-world-war-ii\" >Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ranker.com\/list\/japanese-wwii-war-crimes\/mel-judson\" >Horrific Japanese Crimes in WWII that History Overlooked <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/iwg\/japanese-war-crimes\" >Japanese War Crimes | National Archiv<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/iwg\/japanese-war-crimes\" >es<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unit_731\" >Unit 731 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/allthatsinteresting.com\/worst-war-crimes-in-history\" >Worst War Crimes: Four Of History&#8217;s Most Gruesome <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@darkenergyarticles\/hirohito-an-emperor-who-didnt-know-about-the-crimes-controversy-surrounding-japan-s-ruler-d5a0904c458b\" >Emperor Hirohito and the Japanese War Crimes<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/hirohito-the-war-criminal-who-got-away\/\" >Hirohito, the war criminal who got away <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.realclearhistory.com\/2019\/08\/15\/why_hirohito_wasn039t_tried_for_war_crimes_3156.html\" >Why Hirohito Wasn&#8217;t Tried for War Crimes <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/prateekdasgupta1.medium.com\/why-was-emperor-hirohito-never-removed-after-the-second-world-war-2d47891fdac9\" >Why Was Emperor Hirohito Never Removed After the Second World War? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-6VRESxVT4w\" >Why was Japan Allowed to Keep its Emperor After World War 2? (Short Animated Documentary) &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/dash.harvard.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1\/37736797\/CHOI-DOCUMENT-2017.pdf?sequence=1\" >The Ambiguous Emperor: Hirohito&#8217;s Role in Engaging in and Ending the Pacific War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&amp;context=access\" >A Reexamination of Emperor Hirohito&#8217;s Military and Political Role in Wartime Japan, 1926-1945 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hpEAOgmI9Ho\" >Hirohito: The Man Who Escaped War Crimes &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/constitution\/e\/etc\/c02.html\" ><em>Constitution of the Empire of Japan: <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/constitution\/e\/etc\/c02.html\" ><em>A<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/constitution\/e\/etc\/c02.html\" ><em>rticle 4.\u00a0The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution.<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/constitution\/e\/etc\/c02.html\" ><em>Article 11.<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/constitution\/e\/etc\/c02.html\" ><em>The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy.<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/constitution\/e\/etc\/c02.html\" ><em>Article 12.<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/constitution\/e\/etc\/c02.html\" ><em>The Emperor determines the organization and peace standing of the Army and Navy.<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/constitution\/e\/etc\/c02.html\" ><em>Article 13.<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ndl.go.jp\/constitution\/e\/etc\/c02.html\" ><em>The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties.<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/visit-nagasaki.com\/the-nanjing-massacre-vs-the-atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki\/\" >The Nanjing Massacre Vs The Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.independent.org\/2016\/06\/02\/the-rape-of-nanking-and-the-u-s-atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki\/\" >The Rape of Nanking and the U.S. Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Robert Higgs <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/opinion\/2016-05\/11\/content_25215508.htm\" >Shadow of Nanjing hangs over Hiroshima &#8211; Opinion &#8211; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/visit-nagasaki.com\/nanking-vs-hiroshima-which-was-worse\/\" >Nanking Vs Hiroshima: Which Was Worse? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dawn.com\/news\/1261045\" >Nanjing more worthy of remembrance than Hiroshima: China &#8211; World &#8211; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2017\/12\/japan-china-and-the-strains-of-historical-memory\/\" >Japan, China, and the Strains of Historical Memory <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.budgetyourtrip.com\/compare\/nanjing-vs-hiroshima-1799962-1862415\" >Should I Visit Nanjing or Hiroshima for Vacation? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/magazine-21226068\" >What Japanese history lessons leave out <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanjing_Massacre_denial\" >Denial of Nanjing Massacre<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/02\/23\/world\/asia\/china-nanjing-row\/index.html\" >Fury over Japanese politician&#8217;s Nanjing Massacre denial <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Truth_About_Nanjing\" ><em>The Truth About Nanjing <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Truth_About_Nanjing\" >(film)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>\u201c<\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2005-apr-11-oe-cunningham11-story.html\" ><em>Japanese politicians and publishers have made a cottage industry of denying the 1937\u00a0Nanking<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2005-apr-11-oe-cunningham11-story.html\" ><em>..<\/em><\/a><em>\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/military-history.fandom.com\/wiki\/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre#Denial_by_Japanese_government_officials\" ><em>Nagano Shigeto, a World War II veteran and a former chief of staff of the\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/military-history.fandom.com\/wiki\/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre#Denial_by_Japanese_government_officials\" ><em>Japan Ground Self-Defense Force<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/military-history.fandom.com\/wiki\/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre#Denial_by_Japanese_government_officials\" ><em>who was appointed justice <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/military-history.fandom.com\/wiki\/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre#Denial_by_Japanese_government_officials\" ><em>minister in spring of 1994. Shigeto told a Japanese newspaper that \u2018the Nanjing Massacre and the rest was a fabrication\u2019.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/248876425_Forgetting_and_Denying_Iris_Chang_the_Holocaust_and_the_Challenge_of_Nanking\" ><em>Forgetting and Denying: Iris Chang, the Holocaust and the Challenge of Nanking<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_cover-up_of_Japanese_war_crimes\" >American cover-up of Japanese war crimes <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2019\/05\/29\/tokyo-keeps-defending-world-war-ii-atrocities\/\" >Tokyo Keeps Defending World War II Atrocities <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/gjia.georgetown.edu\/2021\/10\/25\/un-remembering-the-massacre-how-japans-history-wars-are-challenging-research-integrity-domestically-and-abroad\/\" >Un-remembering the Massacre: How Japan\u2019s \u201cHistory Wars\u201d are <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/gjia.georgetown.edu\/2021\/10\/25\/un-remembering-the-massacre-how-japans-history-wars-are-challenging-research-integrity-domestically-and-abroad\/\" >Challenging Research Integrity Domestically and Abroad <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nippon_Kaigi\" >Nippon Kaigi <\/a>and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_Nippon_Kaigi\" >List of members of Nippon Kaigi <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/asia-pacific\/why-yasukuni-shrine-is-controversial-symbol-japans-war-legacy-2021-08-13\/\" >Explainer: Why Yasukuni shrine is a controversial symbol of Japan&#8217;s war legacy <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.stanford.edu\/2020\/08\/27\/war-never-really-ended-asia\/\" ><em>War never really ended in Asia <\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1938\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust\" >The Holocaust<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuengamme_concentration_camp\" >Neuengamme concentration camp<\/a>\u00a0opens in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bergedorf\" >Bergedorf<\/a>\u00a0district of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamburg\" >Hamburg<\/a>, Germany.<\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Massacre_of_Kalavryta\" >Massacre of Kalavryta<\/a>\u00a0by German occupying forces in Greece.<\/p>\n<p>1949\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knesset\" >Knesset<\/a>\u00a0votes to move the capital of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel\" >Israel<\/a>\u00a0from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tel_Aviv\" >Tel Aviv<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerusalem\" >Jerusalem<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1974\u00a0 In the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Vietnam\" >North Vietnamese<\/a>\u00a0forces launch their\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1975_Spring_Offensive\" >1975 Spring Offensive<\/a>\u00a0(to 30 April 1975), which results in the final capitulation of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Vietnam\" >South Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1988<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chairman_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Organization\" >PLO Chairman<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yasser_Arafat\" >Yasser Arafat<\/a>\u00a0gives a speech at a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_General_Assembly\" >UN General Assembly<\/a>\u00a0meeting in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva\" >Geneva<\/a>, Switzerland, after United States authorities refused to grant him a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visa_(document)\" >visa<\/a>\u00a0to visit UN headquarters in New York.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.palquest.org\/en\/historictext\/9677\/yasir-arafat\u2019s-speech-forty-third-session-united-nations-general-assembly\" >Full Text of Yasir Arafat\u2019s Speech Before the 43<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.palquest.org\/en\/historictext\/9677\/yasir-arafat\u2019s-speech-forty-third-session-united-nations-general-assembly\" ><sup>rd<\/sup><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.palquest.org\/en\/historictext\/9677\/yasir-arafat\u2019s-speech-forty-third-session-united-nations-general-assembly\" > General Assembly at the UN Geneva on 13 December 1988<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yoV1CU5-olI\" >UN chief visits Arafat&#8217;s grave, talks about peace process &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2002\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union\" >European Union enlargement<\/a>: The EU announces that\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprus\" >Cyprus<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czech_Republic\" >Czechia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estonia\" >Estonia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hungary\" >Hungary<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latvia\" >Latvia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithuania\" >Lithuania<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malta\" >Malta<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poland\" >Poland<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovakia\" >Slovakia<\/a>, and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovenia\" >Slovenia<\/a>\u00a0will become members on May 1, 2004.<\/p>\n<p>2003\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_War\" >Iraq War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Red_Dawn\" >Operation Red Dawn<\/a>: Former Iraqi President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saddam_Hussein\" >Saddam Hussein<\/a>\u00a0is captured near his home town of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tikrit\" >Tikrit<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Iraq-War\" >Iraq War<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/timeline\/iraq-war\" >Timeline: The Iraq War <\/a>or <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War\" >Timeline of the Iraq War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2022\/may\/19\/george-bush-iraq-ukraine-speech\" >George W Bush accidentally admits Iraq war was \u2018unjustified and brutal\u2019 in gaffe <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction\" >Iraq and <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction\" >W<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction\" >eapons of <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction\" >M<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction\" >ass <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction\" >D<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction\" >estruction <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/magazine\/story\/2016\/01\/iraq-war-wmds-donald-rumsfeld-new-report-213530\/\" >Iraq Invasion: Newly Discovered Document Reveals Unknowns About Iraq Weapons <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/the-iraq-war-in-the-beginning-was-the-lie\/a-43301338\" >The Iraq War: In the beginning was the lie <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/2015\/05\/29\/dick-cheneys-biggest-lie-333097.html\" >Dick Cheney&#8217;s Biggest Lie <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2016\/7\/9\/12123022\/george-w-bush-lies-iraq-war\" >No, really, George W. Bush lied about WMDs <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2023\/03\/19\/george-bush-iraq-lies-trump\/\" >George W. Bush\u2019s Iraq Lies Served as a Blueprint for Trump <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/politics\/politics-features\/iraq-war-media-fail-matt-taibbi-812230\/\" >Taibbi: How the Press That Sold the Iraq War Got Away With It <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2016\/02\/18\/trump-is-right-bush-lied-a-little-known-part-of-the-bogus-case-for-war\/\" >Trump Was Right: Bush Lied About Iraq and WMD <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2023\/03\/15\/iraq-war-where-are-they-now\/\" >The Architects of the Iraq War: Where Are They Now? <\/a><\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/truthout.org\/articles\/surprise-surprise-iraq-war-was-about-oil\/\" >Oil<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/US\/story?id=90764&amp;page=1\" >Revenge<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/iraq-oil-basra-us-invasion-corruption-disparities-b155140f9e9f9a2c962c4513cb7b1730\" >Corruption, deep disparity mark Iraq&#8217;s oil legacy post-2003 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2021\/05\/23\/middleeast\/iraq-oil-money-us-invastion-intl\/index.html\" >Iraq oil money: $150 billion stolen from the country since the US-led invasion of 2003 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2013\/03\/19\/opinion\/iraq-war-oil-juhasz\/index.html\" >Why the war in Iraq was fought for Big Oil <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2023\/01\/fear-power-and-hubris-bush-and-iraq-war\/672759\/\" >What Really Took America to War in Iraq <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2002-dec-11-et-johnson11-story.html\" >Revenge: A family affair <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2002\/ALLPOLITICS\/09\/27\/bush.war.talk\/\" >Bush calls Saddam &#8216;the guy who tried to kill my dad&#8217; &#8211; Sep. 27, 2002<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2007\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Lisbon\" >Treaty of Lisbon<\/a>\u00a0is signed by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Member_state_of_the_European_Union\" >EU member states<\/a>\u00a0to amend both the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Rome\" >Treaty of Rome<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Treaty\" >Maastricht Treaty<\/a>\u00a0which together form the constitutional basis of the EU. The Treaty of Lisbon is effective from 1 December 2009.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>14 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1751\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresian_Military_Academy\" >Theresian Military Academy<\/a>\u00a0is founded in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wiener_Neustadt\" >Wiener Neustadt<\/a>, Austria.<\/p>\n<p>1939\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winter_War\" >Winter War<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0is expelled from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/League_of_Nations\" >League of Nations<\/a>\u00a0for invading Finland.<\/p>\n<p>1955 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albania\" >Albania<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austria\" >Austria<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgaria\" >Bulgaria<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953\u201370)\" >Cambodia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominion_of_Ceylon\" >Ceylon<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Finland\" >Finland<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hungary\" >Hungary<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Ireland\" >Ireland<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italy\" >Italy<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jordan\" >Jordan<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laos\" >Laos<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libya\" >Libya<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nepal\" >Nepal<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portugal\" >Portugal<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romania\" >Romania<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spain\" >Spain<\/a>\u00a0join the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>\u00a0through\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_109\" >United Nations Security Council Resolution 109<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1958\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition\" >3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first to reach the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pole_of_inaccessibility#Southern_pole_of_inaccessibility\" >southern pole of inaccessibility<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1960\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_against_Discrimination_in_Education\" >Convention against Discrimination in Education<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UNESCO\" >UNESCO<\/a>\u00a0is adopted.<\/p>\n<p>1971\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangladesh_Liberation_War\" >Bangladesh Liberation War<\/a>: Over 200 of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Pakistan\" >East Pakistan<\/a>&#8216;s intellectuals are\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals#14_December_executions\" >executed<\/a>\u00a0by the Pakistan Army and their local allies. (The date is commemorated in Bangladesh as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martyred_Intellectuals_Day\" >Martyred Intellectuals Day<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p>1981\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab\u2013Israeli_conflict\" >Arab\u2013Israeli conflict<\/a>: Israel&#8217;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knesset\" >Knesset<\/a>\u00a0ratifies the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golan_Heights_Law\" ><em>Golan Heights Law<\/em><\/a>, extending Israeli law to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golan_Heights\" >Golan Heights<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1992\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992\u201393)\" >War in Abkhazia<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Tkvarcheli\" >Siege of Tkvarcheli<\/a>: A helicopter carrying evacuees from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tkvarcheli\" >Tkvarcheli<\/a>\u00a0is shot down, resulting in at least 52 deaths, including 25 children. The incident catalyses more concerted Russian military intervention on behalf of Abkhazia.<\/p>\n<p>1995<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslav_Wars\" >Yugoslav Wars<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dayton_Agreement\" >Dayton Agreement<\/a>\u00a0is signed in Paris by the leaders of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbia_and_Montenegro\" >Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croatia\" >Croatia<\/a>, and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina\" >Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1998\u00a0 Yugoslav Wars: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro\" >Yugoslav Army<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/December_14,_1998_Albanian\u2013Yugoslav_border_ambush\" >ambushes<\/a>\u00a0a group of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosovo_Liberation_Army\" >Kosovo Liberation Army<\/a>\u00a0fighters attempting to smuggle weapons from Albania into Kosovo, killing 36.<\/p>\n<p>2003\u00a0 Pakistani President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pervez_Musharraf\" >Pervez Musharraf<\/a>\u00a0narrowly escapes an assassination attempt.<\/p>\n<p>2013<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2013_South_Sudanese_coup_d%27\u00e9tat_attempt\" >A reported coup attempt<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Sudan\" >South Sudan<\/a>\u00a0leads to continued fighting and hundreds of casualties.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>15 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1939<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)\" ><em>Gone with the Wind<\/em><\/a> (highest inflation adjusted grossing film) receives its premiere at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loew%27s_Grand_Theatre\" >Loew&#8217;s Grand Theatre<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlanta\" >Atlanta, Georgia<\/a>, United States.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/collegeessayexamples.net\/slavery-in-gone-with-the-wind\/\" >Slavery in Gone with the Wind <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/deadline.com\/2023\/04\/gone-with-the-wind-trigger-warning-racism-slavery-1235315663\/\" >\u2018Gone With The Wind\u2019 To Get Trigger Warning For Slavery Aspects <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/arts-entertainment\/films\/news\/gone-with-the-wind-racist-hbo-max-trump-scarlett-o-hara-a9558531.html\" >Gone with the Wind: Why has the film been accused of racism and will it return to HBO Max? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nypost.com\/2023\/03\/01\/original-gone-with-the-wind-script-shows-war-over-slavery-cut-scenes\/\" >Original &#8216;Gone With The Wind&#8217; script shows &#8216;war&#8217; over slavery, cut scenes <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine\" >The Holocaust in Ukraine<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Germany\" >German<\/a>\u00a0troops murder over 15,000 Jews at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drobytsky_Yar\" >Drobytsky Yar<\/a>, a ravine southeast of the city of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kharkiv\" >Kharkiv<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1961\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Eichmann\" >Adolf Eichmann<\/a>\u00a0is sentenced to death after being found guilty by an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judicial_system_of_Israel\" >Israeli court<\/a>\u00a0of 15 criminal charges, including charges of crimes against humanity, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership of an outlawed organization.<\/p>\n<p>1973\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Psychiatric_Association\" >American Psychiatric Association<\/a>\u00a0votes 13\u20130 to remove\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homosexuality\" >homosexuality<\/a>\u00a0from its official list of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_disorder\" >psychiatric disorders<\/a>, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders\" >Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1978\u00a0 U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jimmy_Carter\" >Jimmy Carter<\/a>\u00a0announces that the United States will\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China\u2013United_States_relations\" >recognize the People&#8217;s Republic of China<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan\u2013United_States_relations\" >sever diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1989<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights\" >Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<\/a>\u00a0relating the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abolition_of_capital_punishment\" >abolition of capital punishment<\/a>\u00a0is adopted.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/ProfessionalInterest\/ccpr-death.pdf\" >Full Text of the <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/ProfessionalInterest\/ccpr-death.pdf\" >Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/what-we-do\/death-penalty\/\" >Death Penalty &#8211; Amnesty Interna<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/topic\/death-penalty\/international-framework\" >Death penalty: The international framework | OHCHR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2023\/10\/un-experts-call-universal-abolition-death-penalty\" >UN experts call for universal abolition of the death penalty | OHCHR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osce.org\/files\/f\/documents\/5\/4\/38958.pdf\" >INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON THE DEATH PENALTY \u2013 <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osce.org\/files\/f\/documents\/5\/4\/38958.pdf\" >OSCE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment\" >List of methods of capital punishment <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_by_country\" >Capital punishment by country <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/deathpenaltyinfo.org\/policy-issues\/international\/countries-that-have-abolished-the-death-penalty-since-1976\" >Countries That Have Abolished the Death Penalty Since 1976 <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1993\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Troubles\" >The Troubles<\/a>: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downing_Street_Declaration\" >Downing Street Declaration<\/a>\u00a0is issued by British\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom\" >Prime Minister<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Major\" >John Major<\/a>\u00a0and Irish\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taoiseach\" >Taoiseach<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Reynolds\" >Albert Reynolds<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2000\u00a0 The third reactor at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant\" >Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant<\/a>\u00a0is shut down.<\/p>\n<p>2005\u00a0 Introduction of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor\" >Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor<\/a>\u00a0into\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Air_Force\" >USAF<\/a>\u00a0active service.<\/p>\n<p>2013\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Sudanese_Civil_War\" >South Sudanese Civil War<\/a>\u00a0begins when opposition leaders Dr.\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riek_Machar\" >Riek Machar<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pagan_Amum\" >Pagan Amum<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rebecca_Nyandeng\" >Rebecca Nyandeng<\/a>\u00a0vote to boycott the meeting of the National Liberation Council at Nyakuron.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/concernusa.org\/news\/timeline-south-sudan-history\/\" >Timeline: South Sudan&#8217;s history at a glance <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/South-Sudan\/Sudanese-independence-and-civil-war\" >South Sudan &#8211; Independence, Civil War, Conflict <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/global-conflict-tracker\/conflict\/civil-war-south-sudan\" >Instability in South Sudan | Global Conflict Tracker <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/interview\/understanding-roots-conflict-south-sudan\" >Understanding the Roots of Conflict in South Sudan <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/show\/south-sudans-civil-war-spirals-genocide-leaving-ghost-towns-wake\" >South Sudan\u2019s civil war spirals into genocide, leaving ghost towns in its wake <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>16 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1942\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust\" >The Holocaust<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schutzstaffel\" >Schutzstaffel<\/a>\u00a0chief\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_Himmler\" >Heinrich Himmler<\/a>\u00a0orders that\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romani_people\" >Roma<\/a>\u00a0candidates for extermination be deported to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auschwitz_concentration_camp\" >Auschwitz<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1968\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Vatican_Council\" >Second Vatican Council<\/a>: Official revocation of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alhambra_Decree\" >Edict of Expulsion of Jews from Spain<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1971\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangladesh_Liberation_War\" >Bangladesh Liberation War<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971\" >Indo-Pakistani War of 1971<\/a>: The ceasefire of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan_Army\" >Pakistan Army<\/a>\u00a0brings an end to both conflicts. This is commemorated annually as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victory_Day_(Bangladesh)\" >Victory Day<\/a>\u00a0in Bangladesh, and as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vijay_Diwas_(India)\" >Vijay Diwas<\/a>\u00a0in India.<\/p>\n<p>1971\u00a0 The United Kingdom recognizes\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bahrain\" >Bahrain<\/a>&#8216;s independence, which is commemorated annually as Bahrain&#8217;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independence_Day_(Bahrain)\" >National Day<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1986<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeltoqsan\" >Jeltoqsan<\/a>: Riots erupt in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaty\" >Alma-Ata<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic\" >Kazakh SSR<\/a>, in response to Soviet leader\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikhail_Gorbachev\" >Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>&#8216;s dismissal of ethnic Kazakh\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev\" >Dinmukhamed Kunaev<\/a>, the First Secretary of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan_(Soviet_Union)\" >Communist Party of Kazakhstan<\/a>, and his replacement with\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gennady_Kolbin\" >Gennady Kolbin<\/a>, an ethnic Russian from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic\" >Russian SFSR<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1989<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanian_Revolution\" >Romanian Revolution<\/a>: Protests break out in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timi\u0219oara\" >Timi\u0219oara<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romania\" >Romania<\/a>, in response to an attempt by the government to evict dissident Hungarian pastor\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L\u00e1szl\u00f3_T\u0151k\u00e9s\" >L\u00e1szl\u00f3 T\u0151k\u00e9s<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2011\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhanaozen_massacre\" >Zhanaozen massacre<\/a>: Violent protests by oil workers take place in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhanaozen\" >Zhanaozen<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan\" >Kazakhstan<\/a>, leading to 16 people dead and 100 injured by the security forces.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>17 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1903\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wright_brothers\" >Wright brothers<\/a>\u00a0make the first controlled powered, heavier-than-air flight in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wright_Flyer\" ><em>Wright Flyer<\/em><\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina\" >Kitty Hawk, North Carolina<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1938<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otto_Hahn\" >Otto Hahn<\/a>\u00a0discovers the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_fission\" >nuclear fission<\/a>\u00a0of the heavy element uranium, the scientific and technological basis of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_power\" >nuclear energy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1948\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Finnish_Security_Intelligence_Service\" >Finnish Security Police<\/a>\u00a0is established to remove\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_Party_of_Finland\" >communist leadership<\/a>\u00a0from its predecessor, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Police_(Finland)\" >State Police<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1950\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_F-86_Sabre\" >F-86 Sab<\/a><u>r<\/u><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_F-86_Sabre\" >e<\/a>&#8216;s first mission over Korea.<\/p>\n<p>1951\u00a0 The American\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Rights_Congress\" >Civil Rights Congress<\/a>\u00a0delivers &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/We_Charge_Genocide\" >We Charge Genocide<\/a>&#8221; to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1957<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States successfully launches the first\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SM-65_Atlas\" >Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Canaveral,_Florida\" >Cape Canaveral, Florida<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1960\u00a0 Troops loyal to Emperor\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haile_Selassie\" >Haile Selassie<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopia\" >Ethiopia<\/a>\u00a0crush the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1960_Ethiopian_coup_attempt\" >coup<\/a>\u00a0that began\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/December_13\" >December 13<\/a>, returning power to their leader upon his return from Brazil. Haile Selassie absolves his son of any guilt.<\/p>\n<p>1969\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Blue_Book\" >Project Blue Book<\/a>: The United States Air Force closes its study of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unidentified_flying_object\" >UFOs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ProjectBlueBookIndexes\/1947%20index%20redacted%20high%20resolution%20resized\/\" >Project Blue Book Indexes, 1947-1969 : United States Air Force <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.af.mil\/About-Us\/Fact-Sheets\/Display\/Article\/104590\/unidentified-flying-objects-and-air-force-project-blue-book\/\" >Unidentified Flying Objects and Air Force Project Blue Book <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/paranormal\/project-blue-book\" >Project Blue Book <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/news\/articles\/do-records-show-proof-of-ufos\" >Do Records Show Proof of UFOs? | National Archives<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1973\u00a0 Thirty passengers are killed in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1973_Rome_airport_attacks_and_hijacking\" >an attack<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestinian_political_violence\" >Palestinian terrorists<\/a>\u00a0on Rome&#8217;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonardo_da_Vinci\u2013Fiumicino_Airport\" >Leonardo da Vinci\u2013Fiumicino Airport<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1983\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army\" >Provisional IRA<\/a>\u00a0members\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harrods_bombings\" >detonate a car bomb<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harrods\" >Harrods<\/a>\u00a0Department Store in London. Three police officers and three civilians are killed.<\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanian_Revolution\" >Romanian Revolution<\/a>: Protests continue in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timi\u0219oara\" >Timi\u0219oara<\/a>, Romania, with rioters breaking into the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanian_Communist_Party\" >Romanian Communist Party<\/a>&#8216;s District Committee building and attempting to set it on fire.<\/p>\n<p>2002\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Congo_War\" >Second Congo War<\/a>: The Congolese parties of the Inter Congolese Dialogue sign a peace accord which makes provision for\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\" >transitional governance<\/a>\u00a0and legislative and presidential elections within two years.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/global-conflict-tracker\/conflict\/violence-democratic-republic-congo\" >Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/second-congo-war-43698\" >The Second Congo War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/723629\" >Briefing: The Second Congo War: More than a Remake <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/second-congo-war-battle-for-resources-43696\" >History of the Second Congo War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-drcs-colonial-legacy-forged-a-nexus-between-ethnicity-territory-and-conflict-153469\" >How DRC&#8217;s colonial legacy forged a nexus between ethnicity, territory and conflict <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/historyguild.org\/africas-world-war-the-congo-war\/\" >Africa\u2019s World War: The Congo War <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2003\u00a0 Sex work rights activists establish December 17 (or &#8220;D17&#8221;) as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Day_to_End_Violence_Against_Sex_Workers\" >International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers<\/a>\u00a0to memorialize victims of a serial killer who targeted prostitutes, and highlight State violence against sex workers by police and others.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sex_workers%27_rights\" >Sex workers&#8217; rights <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-018-1366-5\" >The Problem with Sex Work Policies | Archives of Sexual Behavior <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnestyusa.org\/issues\/gender-sexuality\/sex-work-rights\/\" >Sex workers&#8217; rights | Amnesty International USA <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/08\/07\/why-sex-work-should-be-decriminalized\" >Why Sex Work Should Be Decriminalized | Human Rights Watch <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/50470a992.pdf\" >10 Reasons to Decriminalize Sex Work: A REFERENCE BRIEF <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2005\u00a0 Anti-<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Organization\" >World Trade Organization<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005#17_December_2005\" >protesters riot in Wan Chai, Hong Kong<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2010<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohamed_Bouazizi\" >Mohamed Bouazizi<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-immolation\" >sets himself on fire<\/a>. This act became the catalyst for the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tunisian_Revolution\" >Tunisian Revolution<\/a>\u00a0and the wider\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_Spring\" >Arab Spring<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2020\/12\/17\/remembering-mohamed-bouazizi-his-death-triggered-the-arab\" >Remembering Mohamed Bouazizi: The man who sparked the Arab Spring <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/12\/17\/what-is-the-arab-spring-and-how-did-it-start\" >What is the Arab Spring, and how did it start? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326185188_Rethinking_the_%27Arab_Spring%27_The_Root_Causes_of_the_Tunisian_Jasmine_Revolution_and_Egyptian_January_25_Revolution\" >(PDF) Rethinking the \u2018Arab Spring\u2019: The Root Causes of the Tunisian Jasmine Revolution and Egyptian January 25 Revolution <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/the-arab-spring-made-in-the-usa\/5484950\" >The Arab Spring: Made in the USA <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/?p=45581\" >Clinton and Obama, the Arab Spring and the Creation of ISIS <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelastamericanvagabond.com\/arab-spring-and-the-business-of-cia-funded-revolutions\/\" >ARAB SPRING and the Business of CIA-funded Revolutions <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/themillenniumreport.com\/2019\/02\/the-arab-spring-was-planned-by-obama-administration-and-overseen-by-sos-hillary-clinton\/\" >The Arab Spring Was Planned by Obama Administration and Overseen by SoS Hillary Clinton <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/arab-spring-blaming-cia-foolish-so-funding-martin-kramer\" >Arab Spring: Blaming the CIA is foolish. So is funding it<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/04\/15\/world\/15aid.html\" >S.-Financed Groups Had Supporting Role in Arab Uprisings <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/?p=55250\" >Arab Spring: A Series of CIA-Coordinated Color Revolutions Delineated By Obama\u2019s Presidential Study Directive 11 <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2014\u00a0 The United States and Cuba re-establish\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuba\u2013United_States_relations\" >diplomatic relations<\/a>\u00a0after severing them in 1961.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/cold-war\/cuban-missile-crisis\" >Cuban Missile Crisis &#8211; Causes, Timeline &amp; Significance <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/us-cuba-relations\" >S.-Cuba Relations | Council on Foreign Relations <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/articles\/investing\/022415\/impact-ending-us-embargo-cuba.asp\" >The Impact of Ending the U.S. Embargo on Cuba <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>_____________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a><em>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Disclaimer:<\/em><\/strong><em> The author and <\/em>TMS <em>take no responsibility for&#8211;and do not necessarily subscribe to&#8211;contents of websites hyperlinked as sources.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>11-17 December 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":247253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-249789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/249789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=249789"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/249789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":249790,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/249789\/revisions\/249790"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/247253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=249789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=249789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=249789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}