{"id":250382,"date":"2023-12-18T12:00:07","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T12:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=250382"},"modified":"2023-12-12T08:37:56","modified_gmt":"2023-12-12T08:37:56","slug":"this-week-in-history-182","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/12\/this-week-in-history-182\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-247253\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-150x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>18-24 December 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Videos of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MwlUUmCD7tU\" >Michael Jackson &#8211; Heal the World (<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MwlUUmCD7tU\" >6:22<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MwlUUmCD7tU\" >) &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2s1YvnfcFVs\" >The story behind <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2s1YvnfcFVs\" >the <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2s1YvnfcFVs\" >Christmas <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2s1YvnfcFVs\" >Truce <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2s1YvnfcFVs\" >of 1914<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2s1YvnfcFVs\" >(3:18) &#8211; <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2s1YvnfcFVs\" >YouTube<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>18 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1622\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portuguese_Empire\" >Portuguese<\/a>\u00a0forces score a military victory over the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Kongo\" >Kingdom of Kongo<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Mbumbi\" >Battle of Mbumbi<\/a>\u00a0in present-day\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angola\" >Angola<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1878\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Thani\" >Al-Thani<\/a>\u00a0family become the rulers of the state of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qatar\" >Qatar<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Qatar\" >History of Qatar<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/visitqatar.com\/intl-en\/about-qatar\/education\/why-qatar\/the-history-of-qatar\" >The history of Qatar <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-Qatar\" >History of Qatar | People, Flag, Culture, &amp; Facts <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Thani-dynasty\" >Thani <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Thani-dynasty\" >D<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Thani-dynasty\" >ynasty<\/a> :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/qatarjust.com\/the-house-of-al-thani-qatar-royal-family\/\" >The House of Al Thani: Qatar Royal Family History and Rulers <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/qz.com\/97918\/the-family-tree-of-qatars-new-emir-the-fourth-oldest-son-who-has-23-brothers-and-sisters\" >The family tree of Qatar\u2019s new emir, the fourth-oldest son, who has 23 brothers and sisters <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/rpl.hds.harvard.edu\/faq\/al-thani-family\" >Al-Thani Family | Religion and Public Life at Harvard Divinity School<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbesmiddleeast.com\/list\/the-arab-worlds-richest-families\" >The Arab World&#8217;s Richest Families <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani\" >Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thesun.co.uk\/news\/20481195\/qatar-royal-family-net-worth\/\" >Who is in the Qatar royal family and what&#8217;s their net worth? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/shortcuts\/2014\/dec\/09\/london-qatar-royal-family-regents-park-200m-palace-harrods\" >How much of London is owned by Qatar\u2019s royal family? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marhaba.qa\/whos-who-in-qatar-the-people-of-qatar-you-should-know-about\/\" >Who\u2019s Who in Qatar: The People of Qatar You Should Know About <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1944\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States\" >Supreme Court of the United States<\/a>\u00a0issued its decision in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korematsu_v._United_States\" >Korematsu v. United States<\/a>\u00a0supporting\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" >Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Executive_Order_9066\" >Executive Order 9066<\/a>\u00a0which cleared the way for the incarceration of nearly all 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were U.S. citizens, born and raised in the United States.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans\" >Internment of Japanese Americans <\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Japanese-American-internment\" >Japanese American internment | Definition, Camps, Locations, Conditions, &amp; Facts <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2016\/12\/us-rescinds-internment-of-japanese-americans-dec-17-1944-232630\" >S. rescinds internment of Japanese-Americans, Dec. 17, 1944 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smithsonian-institution\/eighty-years-after-us-incarcerated-japanese-americans-trauma-scars-remain-180979519\/\" >Eighty Years After the U.S. Incarcerated 120,000 Japanese Americans, Trauma and Scars Still Remain <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/eleanor-roosevelts-work-to-oppose-japanese-internment\" >How Eleanor Roosevelt Opposed Japanese Internment <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1972\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >President<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Nixon\" >Richard Nixon<\/a>\u00a0announces that the United States will engage\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Vietnam\" >North Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Linebacker_II\" >Operation Linebacker II<\/a>, a series of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christmas\" >Christmas<\/a>\u00a0bombings, after peace talks collapsed with North Vietnam on the 13th.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-timeline\" >Timeline of <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-timeline\" >America\u2019s Vietnam War<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/millercenter.org\/the-presidency\/educational-resources\/age-of-eisenhower\/americas-vietnam\" >America&#8217;s Vietnam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1972_in_the_Vietnam_War\" >1972 in the Vietnam War <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/magazine-20719382\" >North Vietnam, 1972: The Christmas bombing of Hanoi <\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/story\/2018\/12\/18\/this-day-in-politics-dec-18-1972-1066637\" >Nixon orders Christmas bombing of North Vietnam, Dec. 18, 1972 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historynet.com\/the-christmas-bombing\/\" >Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon &amp; the Christmas Bombing of Hanoi <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/history\/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases\/nixons-letter-nguyen-van-thieu-17-december-1972\" >Nixon&#8217;s Letter to Nguyen Van Thieu (17 December 1972) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/12\/17\/asia\/operation-linebacker-ii-50th-anniversary-intl-hnk-ml-dst\/index.html\" >The Christmas bombings: A US airman recalls the Vietnam War&#8217;s Operation Linebacker II, 50 years on <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/worldbeyondwar.org\/the-christmas-bombing-of-1972-and-why-that-misremembered-vietnam-war-moment-matters\/\" >The &#8220;Christmas Bombing&#8221; of 1972 \u2014 and Why that Misremembered Vietnam War Moment Matters <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historynet.com\/how-nixons-operation-linebacker-countered-north-vietnams-all-out-bid-to-conquer-the-south\/\" >How Nixon&#8217;s Operation Linebacker Countered North Vietnam&#8217;s All-Out Bid to Conquer the South <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2005\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005\u201310)\" >Chadian Civil War<\/a>\u00a0begins when rebel groups, allegedly backed by neighboring\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sudan\" >Sudan<\/a>, launch an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Adr\u00e9\" >attack in Adr\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2018\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_bolides\" >List of bolides<\/a>: A meteor exploded over the Bering Sea with a force over 10 times greater than the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>19 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1932\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_World_Service\" >BBC World Service<\/a>\u00a0begins broadcasting as the BBC Empire Service.<\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Hitler\" >Adolf Hitler<\/a>\u00a0appoints himself as head of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oberkommando_des_Heeres\" ><em>Oberkommando des Heeres<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1961\u00a0 India\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_annexation_of_Goa\" >annexes<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daman_and_Diu\" >Daman and Diu<\/a>, part of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portuguese_India\" >Portuguese India<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1984\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration\" >Sino-British Joint Declaration<\/a>, stating that China would resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and the United Kingdom would restore Hong Kong to China with effect from July 1, 1997, is signed in Beijing by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deng_Xiaoping\" >Deng Xiaoping<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Thatcher\" >Margaret Thatcher<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1995\u00a0 The United States Government restores federal recognition to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nottawaseppi_Huron_Band_of_Potawatomi\" >Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi<\/a>\u00a0Native American tribe.<\/p>\n<p>2000\u00a0 The Leninist Guerrilla Units wing of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey\/Leninist\" >Communist Labour Party of Turkey\/Leninist<\/a>\u00a0attack a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nationalist_Movement_Party\" >Nationalist Movement Party<\/a>\u00a0office in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Istanbul\" >Istanbul<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkey\" >Turkey<\/a>, killing one person and injuring three.<\/p>\n<p>2001\u00a0 A record high\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmospheric_pressure\" >barometric pressure<\/a>\u00a0of 1,085.6\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pascal_(unit)\" >hectopascals<\/a>\u00a0(32.06\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inch_of_mercury\" >inHg<\/a>) is recorded at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tosontsengel,_Kh\u00f6vsg\u00f6l\" >Tosontsengel, Kh\u00f6vsg\u00f6l<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mongolia\" >Mongolia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2001\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1998\u20132002_Argentine_great_depression\" >Argentine economic crisis<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina\" >December riots<\/a>: Riots erupt in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buenos_Aires\" >Buenos Aires<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentina\" >Argentina<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>20 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1924\u00a0 \u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Hitler\" >Adolf Hitler<\/a>\u00a0is released from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landsberg_Prison\" >Landsberg Prison<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: First battle of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Volunteer_Group\" >American Volunteer Group<\/a>, better known as the &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flying_Tigers\" >Flying Tigers<\/a>&#8220;, in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kunming\" >Kunming<\/a>, China.<\/p>\n<p>1948\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesian_National_Revolution\" >Indonesian National Revolution<\/a>: The Dutch military\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Kraai\" >captures Yogyakarta<\/a>, the temporary capital of the newly formed Republic of Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_invasion_of_Panama\" >United States invasion of Panama<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deposition_(politics)\" >deposes<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuel_Noriega\" >Manuel Noriega<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1995\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NATO\" >NATO<\/a>\u00a0begins peacekeeping in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina\" >Bosnia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/nato-assumes-peacekeeping-duties-in-bosnia\" >NATO Peacekeeping in Bosnia]<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/WORLD\/Bosnia\/updates\/dec95\/12-04\/troops2\/index.html\" >First NATO troops arrive in Bosnia &#8211; Dec. 4, 1995<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina\" >NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina\u2013NATO_relations#:~:text=The%201995%20NATO%20bombing%20of%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina,Force%2C%20and%20other%20peacekeeping%20efforts%20in%20the%20country.\" >Bosnia and Herzegovina\u2013NATO relations <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/2023\/12\/01\/return-to-bosnia-herzegovina-a-british-peacekeepers-time-in-hell\/\" >Return to Bosnia-Herzegovina: a British Peacekeeper&#8217;s Time in Hell <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2019\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Space_Force\" >United States Space Force<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first new branch of the United States Armed Forces since 1947.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>21 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1832\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egyptian\u2013Ottoman_War_(1831\u201333)\" >Egyptian\u2013Ottoman War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egypt\" >Egyptian<\/a>\u00a0forces decisively defeat\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Empire\" >Ottoman<\/a>\u00a0troops at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Konya\" >Battle of Konya<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1923\u00a0 United Kingdom and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nepal\" >Nepal<\/a>\u00a0formally sign an agreement of friendship, called the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nepal\u2013Britain_Treaty_of_1923\" >Nepal\u2013Britain Treaty of 1923<\/a>, which superseded the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Sugauli\" >Treaty of Sugauli<\/a>\u00a0signed in 1816.<\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand_in_World_War_II\" >Thai-Japanese Pact of Alliance<\/a>\u00a0is signed.<\/p>\n<p>1963\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)\" >&#8220;Bloody Christmas&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0begins in Cyprus, ultimately resulting in the displacement of 25,000\u201330,000\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Cypriots\" >Turkish Cypriots<\/a>\u00a0and destruction of more than 100 villages.<\/p>\n<p>1965\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination\" >International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<\/a>\u00a0is adopted.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial\" >International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial\" >(Full Text)<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/chronicle\/article\/eliminating-racial-discrimination-challenges-prevention-and-enforcement-prohibition\" >Eliminating Racial Discrimination: The Challenges of Prevention and Enforcement of Prohibition | United Nations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/genocideprevention\/documents\/atrocity-crimes\/Doc.11_declaration%20on%20race%20and%20racial%20prejudice.pdf\" >Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice, <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/genocideprevention\/documents\/atrocity-crimes\/Doc.11_declaration%20on%20race%20and%20racial%20prejudice.pdf\" >adopted on 27 November 1978<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2022\/03\/1114252\" >For equality, respect and dignity we must \u2018speak as one\u2019 against racism: Guterres <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/treaty-bodies\/cerd\" >Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ask.un.org\/faq\/306811\" >What is the UN doing to combat racism and racial discrimination? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/hrc-subsidiaries\/adhoc-committee-on-complementary-standards-to-icerd\" >Ad Hoc Committee on the elaboration of complementary standards |<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/conferences\/racism\" >Conferences | Racism | United Nations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine\" >Case of Palestinians<\/a> and<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racism_in_Israel\" > Israelis<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2016\/2\/25\/in-israel-racism-is-the-law\/\" >In Israel, racism is the law | Human Rights <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2018\/7\/19\/five-ways-israeli-law-discriminates-against-palestinians\" >Five ways Israeli law discriminates against Palestinians <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26770771\" >Enshrining Discrimination <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2021\/06\/israel-violence-hate-speech-discrimination-against-palestinian-minority-must\" >Israel: Violence, hate speech, discrimination against Palestinian minority must stop \u2013 UN expert <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/un-committee-voices-concern-about-rising-israeli-hate-speech-against-2023-10-27\/\" >UN committee voices concern about rising Israeli hate speech against Palestinians |<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commondreams.org\/opinion\/israel-is-a-racist-state\" >Opinion | Yes, Israel Is a Racist State <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/05\/12\/israel-discriminatory-land-policies-hem-palestinians\" >Israel: Discriminatory Land Policies Hem in Palestinians | Human Rights Watch <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/11\/21\/1213892449\/palestinians-israel-war-discrimination-censorship\" >Palestinians in Israel face threats, firings and discrimination after Oct. 7, <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/11\/21\/1213892449\/palestinians-israel-war-discrimination-censorship\" >2023<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2022\/04\/israels-housing-policies-occupied-palestinian-territory-amount-racial\" >Israel\u2019s housing policies in occupied Palestinian territory amount to racial segregation &#8211; UN experts <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1973\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva_Conference_(1973)\" >Geneva Conference<\/a>\u00a0on the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab\u2013Israeli_conflict\" >Arab\u2013Israeli conflict<\/a>\u00a0opens.<\/p>\n<p>1995\u00a0 The city of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bethlehem\" >Bethlehem<\/a>\u00a0passes from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel\" >Israeli<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestinian_National_Authority\" >Palestinian<\/a>\u00a0control.<\/p>\n<p>1999\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Guard_(Spain)\" >Spanish Civil Guard<\/a>\u00a0intercepts a van loaded with 950\u00a0kg of explosives that\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ETA_(separatist_group)\" >ETA<\/a>\u00a0intended to use to blow up\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torre_Picasso\" >Torre Picasso<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madrid\" >Madrid<\/a>, Spain.<\/p>\n<p>2004\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq_War\" >Iraq War<\/a>: A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide_attack\" >suicide bomber<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2004_Forward_Operating_Base_Marez_bombing\" >kills 22<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forward_operating_base\" >forward operating base<\/a>\u00a0next to the main U.S. military airfield at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mosul\" >Mosul<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq\" >Iraq<\/a>, the single deadliest suicide attack on American soldiers.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/timeline\/iraq-war\" >Iraq War of 2002\/<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/timeline\/iraq-war\" >2003<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-cjriLK-y14\" >This will change how you think about the Iraq War. &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War\" >Timeline of the Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Iraq-War\" >Iraq War | Summary, Causes, Dates, Combatants, Casualties, &amp; Facts<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usip.org\/iraq-timeline-2003-war\" >Iraq Timeline: Since the 2003 War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2011\/12\/14\/timeline-2002-2011-notable-events-in-iraq\/\" >Timeline 2002-2011: Notable events in Iraq<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2006\/feb\/03\/iraq.usa\" >Blair-Bush deal before Iraq war revealed in secret memo <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fcnl.org\/updates\/2023-02\/2002-iraq-aumf-what-it-and-why-congress-should-repeal-it\" >The 2002 Iraq AUMF: What It Is and Why Congress Should Repeal It<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GpBNVCpWL7M\" >What do Iraqis have to say about the US invasion 20 years on? &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.msnbc.com\/opinion\/msnbc-opinion\/iraq-war-invasion-democracy-anniversary-rcna75453\" >Why the Iraq War brought corruption, not democracy, to Iraq<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/weve-erased-the-iraq-war-from-our-memory-but-not-the-shame\" >We\u2019ve Erased the Iraq War From Our Memory, but Not the Shame <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2023\/03\/iraq-war-us-invasion-anniversary-2023\/673343\/\" >What If the U.S. Hadn\u2019t Invaded Iraq in 2003? <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War\" >Rationale for the Iraq War <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.teenvogue.com\/story\/us-military-global-superpower-tomorrow-the-world\" >How the U.S. Military Used Armed Force to Take Over the World\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2004\/ALLPOLITICS\/01\/10\/oneill.bush\/\" >O&#8217;Neill: Bush planned Iraq invasion before 9\/11 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2023\/3\/20\/the-difficult-truth-us-propaganda-has-won-iraqs-battlespace\" >How US propaganda won Iraq\u2019s \u2018battlespace\u2019 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/10\/18\/he-lied-iraqis-blame-colin-powell-for-role-in-iraq-war\" >\u2018He lied\u2019: Iraqis blame Colin Powell for role in invasion on Iraq <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/politics\/2011\/12\/leadup-iraq-war-timeline\/\" >Lie by Lie: A Timeline of How We Got Into Iraq <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/3\/19\/examining-justifications-us-invasion-iraq\" >How the US and UK tried to justify the invasion of Iraq <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/shows\/iraq\/etc\/cron.html\" >Chronology &#8211; The Evolution Of The Bush Doctrine <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uiuJqQXGoZo\" >Iraq War veteran condemns US-led invasion &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/23311983.2022.2111829\" >Full article: US foreign policy, neo-conservatism and the Iraq war (2003-2011): Critical reviews of factors and rationales <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/world101.cfr.org\/global-era-issues\/terrorism\/how-single-phrase-defined-war-terror\" ><em>What is the 2001 AUMF and what does it have to do with 9\/11? From the invasion of Afghanistan, to the Iraq War, \u00a0and more, learn how the United States justified U.S. counterterrorism policy for over two decades.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2021\/06\/17\/2002-iraq-war-authorization-repealed-494997\" >House repeals 2002 Iraq War authorization<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2003_invasion_of_Iraq\" >2003 invasion of Iraq<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War\" >United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/2002-iraq-war-vote-3325446\" >Congress Members Who Voted Against the 2002 Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/fpif.org\/us_support_for_the_iraqi_opposition\/\" >S. Support for the Iraqi Opposition <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2022\/may\/19\/george-bush-iraq-ukraine-speech\" >George W Bush accidentally admits Iraq war was \u2018unjustified and brutal\u2019 in gaffe <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_reactions_to_the_prelude_to_the_Iraq_War\" >International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ksk.edu.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/KVUOA_Toimetised_18_Iraak_2_Gerhard.pdf\" >American Exceptionalism and the War <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ksk.edu.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/KVUOA_Toimetised_18_Iraak_2_Gerhard.pdf\" >in Iraq<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u201c<\/em><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/us-culture-wars-real-wars-polarised-world\" >The\u00a0perception\u00a0has emerged that some core values of American exceptionalism are being updated through liberal-woke, activist-driven identity politics.<\/a><\/em><em>\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/truthout.org\/articles\/iraq-war-reaffirmation-or-the-end-of-us-exceptionalism\/\" >Iraq War: Reaffirmation or the End of US Exceptionalism? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/law-and-history-review\/article\/abs\/exceptionalism-again-the-bush-administration-the-global-war-on-terror-and-human-rights\/DED259A34EA6BE983C9103CAFD8EED05\" >Exceptionalism Again: The Bush Administration, the \u201cGlobal War on Terror\u201d and Human Rights <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/42704434\" >THE BUSH DOCTRINE: THE DANGERS OF AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM IN A REVOLUTIONARY AGE <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/world\/the-strange-career-of-american-exceptionalism\/\" ><em>With the\u00a0Iraq\u00a0War, appeals to\u00a0American\u00a0exceptionalism\u00a0turned into a rallying cry for a people that believed itself under siege.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9780203886342-16\/george-bush-american-exceptionalism-iraq-war-trevor-mccrisken\" >George W. Bush, American exceptionalism and the Iraq War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/7b687a78-109c-416e-9795-793bb017f964\" >Biden\u2019s foreign policy: the return of American exceptionalism <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2017\/02\/how-trump-wants-to-make-america-exceptional-again\/515406\/\" >Donald Trump&#8217;s American Exceptionalism <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.factcheck.org\/2015\/02\/obama-and-american-exceptionalism\/\" >Obama and &#8216;American Exceptionalism&#8217; <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commondreams.org\/news\/2004\/10\/19\/so-did-saddam-hussein-try-kill-bushs-dad\" >G.W.Bush, Saddam Hussein, Revenge?<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-87552-7_4\" >Iraq 2003: Deluded Revenge <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2002\/ALLPOLITICS\/09\/27\/bush.war.talk\/\" >Bush calls Saddam &#8216;the guy who tried to kill my dad&#8217; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2002-dec-11-et-johnson11-story.html\" >Revenge: A family affair <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-srv\/inatl\/longterm\/iraq\/timeline\/062793.htm\" ><em>[A]<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-srv\/inatl\/longterm\/iraq\/timeline\/062793.htm\" ><em>fter the gulf war, Saddam was heard on official Iraq media promising to hunt down and punish Bush, even after he left office&#8230;classified evidence proving that the car bomb was meant for Bush, from Saddam.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2003\/mar\/16\/iraq9\" >Deep roots of Bush&#8217;s hatred for Saddam | Iraq <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/10\/25\/world\/plot-by-baghdad-to-assassinate-bush-is-questioned.html\" >Plot by Baghdad to Assassinate Bush Is Questioned <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/2004\/01\/14\/bush-oil-amp-iraq-some-truth-at-last\/\" >Bush<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/2004\/01\/14\/bush-oil-amp-iraq-some-truth-at-last\/\" >Administration,<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/2004\/01\/14\/bush-oil-amp-iraq-some-truth-at-last\/\" > Oil &amp; Iraq: Some Truth at Last<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theecologist.org\/2018\/oct\/05\/george-w-bush-elected-2000-floating-oil-money\" >George W Bush elected in 2000 &#8216;floating on oil money&#8217; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2021\/09\/bush-blair-iraq-war-on-terror-war-for-oil-question-al-qaeda-saddam-hussein-wmds\" >The Bush Administration Turned the War on Terror Into a War for<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/politics\/2014\/04\/rand-paul-dick-cheney-exploited-911-iraq-halliburton\/\" >Rand Paul Says Dick Cheney Pushed for the Iraq War So Halliburton Would Profit <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/new-rule-stop-saying-iraq_b_66165\" >New Rule: Stop Saying Iraq is Another Vietnam, it&#8217;s Another Enron <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.democraticunderground.com\/discuss\/duboard.php?az=view_all&amp;address=132x3555888\" >And ENRON Begat IRAQ: How War Saved Bush From Enron Accountability <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/business\/comment\/the-oil-legacy-of-george-h-w-bush-1.798201\" >The oil legacy of George H\u2009W Bush <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2013\/mar\/18\/david-frum-iraq-war-oil\" >David Frum, the Iraq war and oil <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/oil-drive-us-invasion-of-iraq-3968261\" >Did Oil Drive the US Invasion of Iraq? &#8211; <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/oil-drive-us-invasion-of-iraq-3968261\" >Sands of Iraq Held World&#8217;s 2nd Largest Oil Reserve in 2003<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2013\/03\/19\/opinion\/iraq-war-oil-juhasz\/index.html\" >Why the war in Iraq was fought for Big Oil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/how-bushs-iraqi-oil-grab-went-awry\/\" >How Bush&#8217;s Iraqi Oil Grab Went Awry <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/2013\/02\/07\/blurring-the-blame-for-the-iraq-war\/\" >Blurring the Blame for the Iraq War <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2004\/jul\/28\/iraq.usa\" ><em>By invading\u00a0Iraq,\u00a0Bush\u00a0has taken over the Iraqi\u00a0oil\u00a0fields\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.corpwatch.org\/article\/usa-dick-cheneys-oil-connections\" >USA: Dick Cheney&#8217;s Oil Connections <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/halliburton-and-cheney-wa_b_29635\" >Halliburton and Cheney: War Profiteers in Chief Fight to Keep Their Wallets Fat <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/readersupportednews.org\/news-section2\/308-12\/16561-focus-cheneys-halliburton-made-395-billion-on-iraq-war\" >Cheney&#8217;s Halliburton Made $39.5 Billion on Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/larouchepub.com\/other\/2003\/3050halliburton.html\" >Cheney&#8217;s Halliburton Becomes the &#8216;Enron&#8217; of War Profiteers <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.corpwatch.org\/article\/cheney-halliburton-and-spoils-war\" >Cheney, Halliburton and the Spoils of War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2004\/09\/28\/us\/a-closer-look-at-cheney-and-halliburton.html\" >A Closer Look at Cheney and Halliburton <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/lifestyle\/2004\/02\/10\/the-profitable-connections-of-halliburton\/2f727e5e-a3d0-4333-a389-17ca4e715b49\/\" >The Profitable Connections Of Halliburton <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2004\/10\/hall-o30.html\" >Expanding Halliburton probe confirms Bush administration is most corrupt in US history <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/bushs-oil-cronies-where-are-they-now-2010-1\" >Bush&#8217;s Oil Cronies: Where Are They Now? <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/watson.brown.edu\/costsofwar\/2022\/IraqWarCosts\" >The Costs of War in Iraq <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_cost_of_the_Iraq_War\" >Financial cost of the Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/us-taxpayers-spent-8000-each-2-trillion-iraq-war-study-2020-2\" >US Taxpayers Have Spent Over $2 Trillion for the Iraq War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/watson.brown.edu\/costsofwar\/costs\/human\/civilians\/iraqi\" >Iraqi Civilians | Costs of War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/269729\/documented-civilian-deaths-in-iraq-war-since-2003\/\" >Civilian deaths in Iraq war 2003-2023<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War\" >Casualties of the Iraq War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2023\/3\/17\/neta_crawford_iraq\" >Blood and Treasure: Documenting the Costs of Iraq War from Civilian Casualties to Trillions Spent <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B5L8nlMFCbg\" >Iraqis reflect on the cost of US invasion after 20 years &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[7]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Behind the Iraq War:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/spyscape.com\/article\/saddam-husseins-fake-uranium\" >The Uranium Hoax that Triggered the Iraq War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plame_affair\" >Plame affair<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>The\u00a0Niger uranium forgeries\u00a0were forged documents initially released in 2001 by\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>SISMI<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>(the former military intelligence agency of Italy), which seem to depict an attempt made by\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>Saddam Hussein<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>\u00a0in\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>Iraq<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>\u00a0to purchase\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>yellowcake uranium<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>\u00a0powder from\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>Niger<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niger_uranium_forgeries\" ><em>.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fcnl.org\/updates\/2023-03\/senate-has-finally-voted-end-iraq-war\" >The Senate Has Finally Voted to End the Iraq War<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2020\u00a0 A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_conjunction\" >great conjunction<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jupiter\" >Jupiter<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saturn\" >Saturn<\/a>\u00a0occurs, with the two planets separated in the sky by 0.1 degrees. This is the closest conjunction between the two planets since 1623.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p>\n<p><strong>22 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1769\u00a0 \u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Burmese_War_(1765\u201369)\" >Sino-Burmese War<\/a>: The war ends with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_dynasty\" >Qing dynasty<\/a>\u00a0withdrawing from Burma forever.<\/p>\n<p>1808\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ludwig_van_Beethoven\" >Ludwig van Beethoven<\/a>\u00a0conducts and performs in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beethoven_concert_of_22_December_1808\" >concert at the Theater an der Wien<\/a>, Vienna, with the premiere of his\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)\" >Fifth Symphony<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)\" >Sixth Symphony<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piano_Concerto_No._4_(Beethoven)\" >Fourth Piano Concerto<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Choral_Fantasy_(Beethoven)\" ><em>Choral Fantasy<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>1939\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_India\" >Indian Muslims<\/a>\u00a0observe a &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Day_of_Deliverance_(India)\" >Day of Deliverance<\/a>&#8221; to celebrate the resignations of members of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_National_Congress\" >Indian National Congress<\/a>\u00a0over their not having been consulted over the decision to enter\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>\u00a0with the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>1942\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Hitler\" >Adolf Hitler<\/a>\u00a0signs the order to develop the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V-2_rocket\" >V-2 rocket<\/a>\u00a0as a weapon.<\/p>\n<p>1944\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam\" >People&#8217;s Army of Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0is formed to resist\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_occupation_of_French_Indochina\" >Japanese occupation of Indochina<\/a>, now\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam\" >Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1945\u00a0 \u00a0U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_S._Truman\" >Harry S. Truman<\/a>\u00a0issues an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Executive_order\" >executive order<\/a>\u00a0giving\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion\" >World War II refugees<\/a>\u00a0precedence in visa applications under U.S. immigration quotas.<\/p>\n<p>1971\u00a0 The international aid organization\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M\u00e9decins_Sans_Fronti\u00e8res\" >Doctors Without Borders<\/a>\u00a0is founded by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernard_Kouchner\" >Bernard Kouchner<\/a>\u00a0and a group of journalists in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\" >Paris<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\" >France<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1974\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grande_Comore\" >Grande Comore<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anjouan\" >Anjouan<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moh\u00e9li\" >Moh\u00e9li<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1974_Comorian_independence_referendum\" >vote<\/a>\u00a0to become the independent nation of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comoros\" >Comoros<\/a>.\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mayotte\" >Mayotte<\/a>\u00a0remains under French administration.<\/p>\n<p>1975\u00a0 U.S. President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerald_Ford\" >Gerald Ford<\/a>\u00a0creates the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(United_States)\" >Strategic Petroleum Reserve<\/a>\u00a0in response to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1970s_energy_crisis\" >1970s energy crisis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1987\u00a0 \u00a0In\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zimbabwe\" >Zimbabwe<\/a>, the political parties\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union\" >ZANU<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union\" >ZAPU<\/a>\u00a0reach an agreement that ends the violence in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matabeleland\" >Matabeleland<\/a>\u00a0region known as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gukurahundi\" >Gukurahundi<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanian_Revolution\" >Romanian Revolution<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communism\" >Communist<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Romania\" >President of Romania<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicolae_Ceau\u0219escu\" >Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu<\/a>\u00a0is overthrown by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ion_Iliescu\" >Ion Iliescu<\/a>\u00a0after days of bloody confrontations. The deposed dictator and his wife Elena flee\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bucharest\" >Bucharest<\/a>\u00a0in a helicopter as protesters erupt in cheers<\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_reunification\" >German reunification<\/a>: Berlin&#8217;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brandenburg_Gate\" >Brandenburg Gate<\/a>\u00a0re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Germany\" >East<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Germany\" >West Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/uniabroad.io\/articles\/blog\/the-brandenburg-gate-a-symbol-of-unity-and-history-in-germany\" >Brandenburg Gate <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/uniabroad.io\/articles\/blog\/the-brandenburg-gate-a-symbol-of-unity-and-history-in-germany\" >as a Symbol of Unity of Germany<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/brandenburg-gate-a-brief-history\" >Brandenburg Gate: A Brief History <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/artsandculture.google.com\/story\/6gWBP_P--q3frw\" >The Tumultuous History of Berlin\u2019s Brandenburg Gate <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Brandenburg-Gate\" >Brandenburg Gate | Iconic Monument, Berlin, Germany <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.berlin.de\/mauer\/en\/sites\/other-key-sites\/pariser-platz-and-brandenburg-gate\/\" >Pariser Platz and Brandenburg Gate <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apcentral.collegeboard.org\/series\/lesson-plans-european-history\/german-reunification-1989-90\" >German Reunification, 1989-90 <\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/germany-divided-world-war-ii\" >How Germany Was Divided After World War II <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revolutions_of_1989\" >Revolutions of 1989 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usip.org\/publications\/2021\/02\/german-reunification-it-was-nothing-short-miracle\" >German Reunification: \u2018It Was Nothing Short of a Miracle\u2019 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Germany\" >East Germany <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hellovaia.com\/explanations\/history\/political-stability-in-germany\/german-reunification\/\" >German Reunification: Timeline and Effects <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20672241\" >A Chronology of Events The Collapse of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and Steps toward German Unity <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cvce.eu\/en\/education\/unit-content\/-\/unit\/55c09dcc-a9f2-45e9-b240-eaef64452cae\/fd9ac3f4-73bb-475b-b598-e8d3b217afa8\" >The collapse of the GDR and the fall of the Berlin Wall &#8211; The Cold War (1945\u20131989) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deutschland.de\/en\/topic\/politics\/germany-europe\/the-fall-of-the-wall-and-german-reunification\" >The fall of the Wall and German reunification <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1989\/11\/28\/world\/clamor-in-the-east-kohl-to-outline-plan-for-german-unity.html\" >Clamor in the East; Kohl to Outline Plan for German Unity <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-50013048\" >Fall of Berlin Wall: How 1989 reshaped the modern world <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/history.stackexchange.com\/questions\/63199\/why-did-east-germany-fail-and-why-did-ddr-need-hard-currency-1986-1989\" >Why did East Germany fail? <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/humanities.utah.edu\/perspectives\/2020-2021\/what-happened-in-east-germany.php\" >What Happened in East Germany? <\/a>:<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_East_Germany\" >History of East Germany <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cvce.eu\/en\/collections\/unit-content\/-\/unit\/df06517b-babc-451d-baf6-a2d4b19c1c88\/084c0f6f-0f4e-4f94-9513-6e0bb867abe1\" >The collapse of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2020\/10\/east-germany-gdr-reunification\" >Why the East Germans Lost <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/why-berlin-wall-built-fell\" >Why the Berlin Wall rose\u2014and how it fell <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_East_Germany\" >Economy of East Germany <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/the-downfall-of-communism-1779970\" >The Causes of the Downfall of Communism <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1990\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lech_Wa\u0142\u0119sa\" >Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1990_Polish_presidential_election\" >elected<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Poland\" >President of Poland<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/hero-or-double-agent-an-encounter-with-lech-walesa\/\" >Lech Wal<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/hero-or-double-agent-an-encounter-with-lech-walesa\/\" >\u0119<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/hero-or-double-agent-an-encounter-with-lech-walesa\/\" >sa: H<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/hero-or-double-agent-an-encounter-with-lech-walesa\/\" >ero or double agent? <\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2016\/05\/03\/wale-m03.html\" >Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa: A Stalinist agent in the Solidarity movement <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/world\/lech-walesa-was-paid-informant-communist-regime-documents-n520591\" >Lech Walesa Was Paid Informant to Communist Regime: Documents <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/eabb4d70-e7da-11e6-967b-c88452263daf\" >Lech Walesa faces further accusations of being an informant <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/mar\/10\/lech-waesa-not-agent-spy-polish-security-services-interview\" >Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa: I was not an agent of the Polish security services <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nonviolent-conflict.org\/polands-solidarity-movement-1980-1989\/\" >Solidarity Movement in Poland<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Solidarity\" >History of Solidarity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/poland-solidarity-movement\/\" >The Rise and Fall of Poland\u2019s Solidarity Movement<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwp.edu\/articles\/2019\/03\/17\/the-cia-and-solidarity\/\" >CIA and \u201cSolidarity\u201d<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/polishhistory.pl\/a-covert-action-reagan-the-cia-and-the-cold-war-struggle-in-poland\/\" >A Covert Action: Reagan, the CIA, and the Cold War Struggle in Poland<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/msuweb.montclair.edu\/~furrg\/furraft82.pdf\" >The AFT, the CIA, and Solidarno\u015b\u0107<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.idcommunism.com\/2016\/04\/solidarnosc-cia-backed-trojan-horse-of.html\" >In Defense of Communism: Solidarno\u015b\u0107: The CIA-backed &#8216;Trojan Horse&#8217; of Poland&#8217;s Counterrevolution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/opinions\/1989\/08\/27\/how-we-helped-solidarity-win\/443c4c9c-0a8f-4e88-8657-a6404fe11cc7\/\" >HOW WE HELPED SOLIDARITY WIN<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1990\u00a0 Final independence of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall_Islands\" >Marshall Islands<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federated_States_of_Micronesia\" >Federated States of Micronesia<\/a>\u00a0after termination of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands\" >trusteeship<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2001\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burhanuddin_Rabbani\" >Burhanuddin Rabbani<\/a>, political leader of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Alliance\" >Northern Alliance<\/a>, hands over power in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan\" >Islamic State of Afghanistan<\/a>\u00a0to the interim government headed by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Afghanistan\" >President<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamid_Karzai\" >Hamid Karzai<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2010\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010\" >repeal<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell\" >Don&#8217;t ask, don&#8217;t tell<\/a>\u00a0policy, the 17-year-old policy banning homosexuals serving openly in the United States military, is signed into law by President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barack_Obama\" >Barack Obama<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2016\u00a0 A study finds the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VSV-EBOV\" >VSV-EBOV<\/a>\u00a0vaccine against the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ebola_virus\" >Ebola virus<\/a>\u00a0between 70 and 100% effective, thus making it the first proven vaccine against the disease.<\/p>\n<p>2017\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2397\" >United Nations Security Council Resolution 2397<\/a>\u00a0against North Korea is unanimously approved.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>23 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1876\u00a0 \u00a0First day of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantinople_Conference\" >Constantinople Conference<\/a>\u00a0which resulted in agreement for political reforms in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkans\" >Balkans<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1947\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transistor\" >transistor<\/a>\u00a0is first demonstrated at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bell_Labs\" >Bell Laboratories<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1948\u00a0 Seven\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" >Japanese<\/a>\u00a0military and political leaders convicted of war crimes by the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East\" >International Military Tribunal for the Far East<\/a>\u00a0are executed by Allied occupation authorities at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sugamo_Prison\" >Sugamo Prison<\/a>\u00a0in Tokyo, Japan.<\/p>\n<p>1954\u00a0 First successful\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kidney_transplantation\" >kidney transplant<\/a>\u00a0is performed by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Hartwell_Harrison\" >J. Hartwell Harrison<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Murray\" >Joseph Murray<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1970\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\" >Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a>\u00a0officially becomes a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One-party_state\" >one-party state<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1979\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet\u2013Afghan_War\" >Soviet\u2013Afghan War<\/a>: Soviet Union forces occupy\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul\" >Kabul<\/a>, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan\" >Afghan<\/a>\u00a0capital.<\/p>\n<p>1990\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Slovenia\" >History of Slovenia<\/a>: In a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovenian_independence_referendum,_1990\" >referendum<\/a>, 88.5% of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovenia\" >Slovenia<\/a>&#8216;s overall electorate vote for independence from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslavia\" >Yugoslavia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2007\u00a0 An agreement is made for the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Nepal\" >Kingdom of Nepal<\/a>\u00a0to be abolished and the country to become a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_republic\" >federal republic<\/a>\u00a0with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Nepal\" >Prime Minister<\/a>\u00a0becoming head of state.<\/p>\n<p>2008\u00a0 A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27\u00e9tat\" >coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0occurs in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinea\" >Guinea<\/a>\u00a0hours after the death of President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lansana_Cont\u00e9\" >Lansana Cont\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>24 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1906\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reginald_Fessenden\" >Reginald Fessenden<\/a>\u00a0transmits the first\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio\" >radio<\/a>\u00a0broadcast; consisting of a poetry reading, a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Violin\" >violin<\/a>\u00a0solo, and a speech.<\/p>\n<p>1914\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: The &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christmas_truce\" >Christmas truce<\/a>&#8221; begins.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/history\/the-christmas-truce-of-1914\" >The WW1 Christmas Truce of 1914 <\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NWF2JBb1bvM\" >1914 | Sainsbury&#8217;s Ad | Christmas 2014 \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/parallels\/2014\/12\/25\/370381693\/a-century-ago-when-the-guns-fell-silent-on-christmas\" >A Century Ago, When The Guns Fell Silent On Christmas <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/history\/the-real-story-of-the-christmas-truce\" >The Real Story Of The Christmas Truce Of 1914 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/it-was-german-soldiers-who-made-first-move-in-the-christmas-truce-35271\" >It was German soldiers who made first move in the Christmas Truce <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/teach\/teach\/how-did-the-christmas-truce-of-1914-happen\/zmvgmfr\" >How did the Christmas truce of 1914 happen? <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1924\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albania\" >Albania<\/a>\u00a0becomes a republic.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Albania\" >History of Albania<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Albania\" >Albania | History, Geography, Customs, &amp; Traditions <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caucasian_Albania\" >Caucasian Albania <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-Albania\" >History of Albania | Serbia, Flag, Map, Country, &amp; Kosovo <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939\u20131943)\" >Italian protectorate of Albania (1939\u20131943) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II_in_Albania\" >World War II in Albania <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/49474382\/_Un_centro_dintrighi_The_Tainted_Collaboration_of_the_Axis_Powers_in_the_Borderlands_of_Greater_Albania_\" >(PDF) &#8220;Un centro d&#8217;intrighi&#8221;: The Tainted Collaboration of the Axis Powers in the Borderlands of &#8220;Greater Albania&#8221; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.jp\/books\/about\/The_Albanian_Operation_of_the_CIA_and_MI.html?id=qy-6CwAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y\" >The Albanian Operation of the CIA and MI6, 1949-1953 <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greater_Albania\" >Greater Albania <\/a>\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430_\u0410\u043b\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430\" >\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430 <\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo\" >Unification of Albania and Kosovo <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/greater-albania-bogeyman-or-a-pipe-dream\/a-38705227\" >Greater Albania \u2013 threat to peace or pipe dream? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albanian_nationalism#Pan-Albanianism_and_Albanian_politics_in_the_Balkans\" >Pan-Albanianism and Albanian politics in the Balkans<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/Kaiserreich\/comments\/lo8mud\/ethnic_map_of_greater_albania\/\" >Ethnic Map of Greater Albania <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/towards-the-creation-of-greater-albania-historical-roots-imperial-ambitions\/5633675\" >Political Movement Toward the Creation of a Greater Albania<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070509145704\/http:\/www.crisisgroup.org\/home\/index.cfm?l=1&amp;id=2523\" >Pan-Albanianism: How Big a Threat to Balkan <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bnn.network\/politics\/kosovo-security-forces-day-stirs-controversy-and-fear-with-greater-albania-symbols\/\" >Controversy Erupts Over &#8216;Greater Albania&#8217; Symbols at Kosovo Event <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2021\/02\/16\/i-would-vote-to-unify-albania-and-kosovo-election-winner-albin-kurti-tells-euronews\" >I would vote to unify Albania and Kosovo, election winner Albin Kurti tells Euronews<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/astutenews.com\/2018\/11\/the-plan-for-greater-albania-unfolds\/\" >The Plan for Greater Albania Unfolds <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kosovo-online.com\/en\/news\/politics\/nastic-kurti-and-osmani-continue-racist-policies-promote-greater-albania-27-11-2023\" ><em>Kosovo Prime Minister Albin Kurti and President Vjosa Osmani continued to implement a very dangerous, racist policy aimed at ethnic cleansing to promote the plans for &#8220;Greater Albania&#8221;.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kosovo-online.com\/en\/news\/politics\/vucic-kurti-will-not-stop-greater-albania-project-18-8-2023\" >Vucic: Kurti will not stop with the &#8220;Greater Albania&#8221; project <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newgeopolitics.org\/2021\/09\/27\/albania-and-kosovo-to-unite-what-are-the-chances\/\" ><em>Kurti also noted that Kosovo and Albania are complementary and if it comes to unification, it will benefit people on both sides of the border.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-53483451\" >Dua Lipa sparks controversy with &#8216;Greater Albania&#8217; map tweet <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kosovo-online.com\/en\/news\/politics\/novosti-west-silent-while-greater-albania-being-built-large-scale-29-11-2022\" >Novosti: The West is silent while &#8220;Greater Albania&#8221; is being built on a large scale <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kosovo-online.com\/en\/news\/analysis\/north-macedonia-between-greater-albania-and-bulgarian-demands-silence-eu-and-what\" >North Macedonia between &#8220;Greater Albania&#8221; and Bulgarian demands, with the silence of the EU, and what does that indicate to Serbia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/kosovo-independence-greater-albania\/5810555\" >Europe&#8217;s Legalized Narco-State: Kosovo&#8217;s &#8220;Independence&#8221; and a Greater Albania <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ekathimerini.com\/in-depth\/analysis\/1172008\/greater-dreams-could-turn-into-a-nightmare\/\" >\u2018Greater\u2019 Balkan dreams a potential nightmare <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kosovo-online.com\/en\/news\/personal-opinion\/beginning-internationalization-process-greater-albania-22-8-2023\" >The beginning of the internationalization process of a &#8220;Greater Albania&#8221; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/en\/can-europe-make-it\/could-kosovo-story-end-greater-albania\/\" >Could the Kosovo story end in Greater Albania? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/analysis\/analysis-how-advantageous-is-a-greater-albania-\/2229109\" >ANALYSIS &#8211; How advantageous is a \u201cGreater Albania\u201d? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.realclearworld.com\/articles\/2017\/07\/12\/greater_albania_a_threat_to_europe_simmering_along_the_adriatic_112433.html\" >&#8216;Greater Albania&#8217;: A Threat to Europe Simmering Along the Adriatic? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/adarapress.com\/2017\/03\/10\/greater-muslim-albania-project-eu-and-nato-willing-to-see-blood-in-the-streets-of-macedonia\/\" >Greater Muslim Albania Project: EU and NATO \u2013 willing to see \u2018Blood in the streets of Macedonia\u2019 <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/global-politics.eu\/cia-greater-albania-origins-role-balkans\/\" >CIA and the Greater Albania<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/greater-albania-new-american-shell-against-europe-william-kergroach\" ><em>In truth, the Kosovar government is in the hands of the Pentagon, and Albania has become the CIA&#8217;s European hub. The promotion of Greater Albania is part of the American effort to weaken Serbia and Russia.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ocnal.com\/2017\/12\/cias-prediction-of-great-albania.html\" ><em>The\u00a0CIA\u00a0has carefully analyzed the Albanian politics of Kosovo&#8217;s independence, the brutal methods of Aleksandar Rankovic and the permanent goal for the creation\u00a0of Great Albania.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyisnowmagazine.com\/blog\/2022\/2\/15\/us-cold-war-propaganda-the-failures-of-the-cia-in-its-radio-broadcasts-to-albania-in-the-early-cold-war-part-2\" >US Cold War Propaganda: The Failures of the CIA in its Radio Broadcasts to Albania in the Early Cold War <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 U.S.\/CIA and Kosovo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/the-criminalization-of-the-state-independent-kosovo-a-territory-under-us-nato-military-rule\/7996\" >The Criminalization of the State: &#8220;Independent Kosovo&#8221;, a Territory under US-NATO Military Rule <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CIA_black_sites\" ><em>On January 23, 2009, The Guardian reported that the\u00a0CIA\u00a0had run black sites at Szymany Airport in Poland, Camp Eagle in Bosnia and Camp Bondsteel in\u00a0Kosovo.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nakedcapitalism.com\/2020\/07\/key-cia-backed-ally-indicted-for-organ-trade-murder-scheme.html\" >Key CIA-Backed Ally Indicted for Organ Trade Murder Scheme <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.globalpolicy.org\/component\/content\/article\/192-kosovo\/38782.html\" >CIA Aided Kosovo Guerrilla Army All Along <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2001\/mar\/11\/edvulliamy.peterbeaumont\" ><em>The\u00a0CIA\u00a0encouraged former\u00a0Kosovo\u00a0Liberation Army fighters to launch a rebellion in southern Serbia in an effort to undermine the then Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic\u2026<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/staging.globalresearch.ca\/kosovo-towards-the-formation-of-greater-albania\/22284\" ><em>The\u00a0CIA\u00a0Map has already Annexed Southern Serbia to Kosovo, Creating\u00a0Greater\u00a0Kosovo.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ciagate.substack.com\/p\/how-cia-pumps-up-kosovo-with-weapons\" >How CIA Pumps Up Kosovo With Weapons Through Czech Republic <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1943\u00a0 World War II: U.S. General\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwight_D._Eisenhower\" >Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a>\u00a0is named\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Allied_Commander\" >Supreme Allied Commander<\/a>\u00a0for the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Overlord\" >Operation Overlord<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1951\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Libya\" >Libya<\/a>\u00a0becomes independent.\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idris_of_Libya\" >Idris I<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed King of Libya.<\/p>\n<p>1964\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viet_Cong\" >Viet Cong<\/a>\u00a0operatives\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing\" >bomb the Brinks Hotel<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ho_Chi_Minh_City\" >Saigon<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Vietnam\" >South Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0to demonstrate they can strike an American installation in the heavily guarded capital.<\/p>\n<p>1969\u00a0 Nigerian troops capture\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umuahia\" >Umuahia<\/a>, the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biafra\" >Biafran<\/a>\u00a0capital.<\/p>\n<p>2005\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chad\u2013Sudan_relations\" >Chad\u2013Sudan relations<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chad\" >Chad<\/a>\u00a0declares a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Declaration_of_war\" >state of belligerence<\/a>\u00a0against\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sudan\" >Sudan<\/a>\u00a0following a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/December_18\" >December 18<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Adr\u00e9\" >attack on Adr\u00e9<\/a>, which left about 100 people dead.<\/p>\n<p>2008\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army\" >Lord&#8217;s Resistance Army<\/a>, a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uganda\" >Ugandan<\/a>\u00a0rebel group, begins a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2008_Christmas_massacres\" >series of attacks<\/a>\u00a0against civilians in the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\" >Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a>, massacring more than 400.<\/p>\n<p>2021\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tatmadaw\" >Burmese military forces<\/a>\u00a0commit the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mo_So_massacre\" >Mo So massacre<\/a>, killing at least 44 civilians.<\/p>\n<p><em>_____________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a><em>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Disclaimer:<\/em><\/strong><em> The author and <\/em>TMS <em>take no responsibility for&#8211;and do not necessarily subscribe to&#8211;contents of websites hyperlinked as sources.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>18-24 December 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":247253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-250382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/250382","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=250382"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/250382\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":250383,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/250382\/revisions\/250383"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/247253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=250382"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=250382"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=250382"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}