{"id":251006,"date":"2023-12-25T12:00:21","date_gmt":"2023-12-25T12:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=251006"},"modified":"2023-12-21T07:13:15","modified_gmt":"2023-12-21T07:13:15","slug":"this-week-in-history-183","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2023\/12\/this-week-in-history-183\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork.jpeg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-247253\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/thisweekinhistory-logo-PieceWork-150x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>25-31 December 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Dear <\/em>TMS <em>Readers, t<\/em><em>hank you for reading <\/em>This Week in History<em> until this week (the last posting).\u00a0 <\/em><em>Have a Happy New Year, all of you!<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Videos of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WcSYIoTzHBU\" >Andr\u00e9 Rieu &#8211; \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a live in Bahrain (Tabeen Ayni) <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WcSYIoTzHBU\" >(6:44)<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WcSYIoTzHBU\" > &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cxLbmnvMWM0\" >Flash Mob &#8211; Started by one little girl &#8211; Ode to Joy <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cxLbmnvMWM0\" >(5:48)<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cxLbmnvMWM0\" > &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>25 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/why-is-christmas-celebrated-on-december-25\" >Why Is Christmas Celebrated on December 25? <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gotquestions.org\/December-25.html\" >Was Jesus born on December 25? Is December 25 Jesus\u2019 birthday? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.christianity.com\/wiki\/jesus-christ\/when-was-jesus-born.html\" >When Was Jesus Born? Biblical and Historical Evidence <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/334577126_The_Date_of_Jesus%27_Birth_How_December_25th_Became_Jesus%27_Birthday\" >The Date of Jesus&#8217; Birth: How December 25th Became Jesus&#8217; Birthday <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fromrome.info\/2021\/12\/25\/yes-christ-was-born-on-december-25-here-is-the-proof-2\/\" >Yes, Christ was born on December 25: Here is the proof <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ucg.org\/the-good-news\/biblical-evidence-shows-jesus-christ-wasnt-born-on-dec-25\" >Biblical Evidence Shows Jesus Christ Wasn&#8217;t Born on Dec. 25 <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historicity_of_Jesus\" >Historicity of Jesus <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/was-jesus-real-historical-evidence\" >The Bible Says Jesus Was Real. What Other Proof Exists? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biblicalarchaeology.org\/daily\/people-cultures-in-the-bible\/jesus-historical-jesus\/did-jesus-exist\/\" >Did Jesus Exist? Searching for Evidence Beyond the Bible <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gotquestions.org\/did-Jesus-exist.html\" >Did Jesus really exist? Is there any historical evidence of Jesus Christ? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biblestudytools.com\/bible-study\/topical-studies\/who-wrote-the-bible.html\" >Who Wrote the Bible? Evidence of Authors <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/zondervanacademic.com\/blog\/who-wrote-gospels\" >Who Wrote the Gospels, and How Do We Know for <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/zondervanacademic.com\/blog\/who-wrote-gospels\" >Sure?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bibliotecapleyades.net\/esp_sociopol_piso.htm\" >The Piso Family and the Story of The Bible <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1000\u00a0 The foundation of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Hungary\" >Kingdom of Hungary<\/a>: Hungary is established as a Christian kingdom by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_I_of_Hungary\" >Stephen I of Hungary<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Hungary\" >History of Hungary<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Hungary\/History\" >Hungary &#8211; Magyar, Ottoman, Habsburg <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-Hungary\" >History of Hungary <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-17383522\" >Hungary profile &#8211; timeline <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1758\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halley%27s_Comet\" >Halley&#8217;s Comet<\/a>\u00a0is sighted by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johann_Georg_Palitzsch\" >Johann Georg Palitzsch<\/a>, confirming\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edmund_Halley\" >Edmund Halley<\/a>&#8216;s prediction of its passage. This was the first passage of a comet predicted ahead of time.<\/p>\n<p>1914\u00a0 \u00a0A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christmas_truce\" >series of unofficial truces<\/a>\u00a0occur across the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Front_(World_War_I)\" >Western Front<\/a>\u00a0to celebrate Christmas.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/history\/the-christmas-truce-of-1914\" >The WW<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/history\/the-christmas-truce-of-1914\" >I<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/history\/the-christmas-truce-of-1914\" > Christmas Truce of 1914 <\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NWF2JBb1bvM\" >1914 | Sainsbury&#8217;s Ad | Christmas 2014 \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/parallels\/2014\/12\/25\/370381693\/a-century-ago-when-the-guns-fell-silent-on-christmas\" >A Century Ago, When The Guns Fell Silent On Christmas <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/history\/the-real-story-of-the-christmas-truce\" >The Real Story Of The Christmas Truce Of 1914 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/it-was-german-soldiers-who-made-first-move-in-the-christmas-truce-35271\" >It was German soldiers who made first move in the Christmas Truce <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/teach\/teach\/how-did-the-christmas-truce-of-1914-happen\/zmvgmfr\" >How did the Christmas truce of 1914 happen? <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Hong_Kong\" >Battle of Hong Kong<\/a>\u00a0ends, beginning the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong\" >Japanese occupation of Hong Kong<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1946\u00a0 The first European self-sustaining\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_chain_reaction\" >nuclear chain reaction<\/a>\u00a0is initiated within the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F-1_(nuclear_reactor)\" >F-1 nuclear reactor<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1962\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0conducts its final above-ground\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests\" >nuclear weapon test<\/a>, in anticipation of the 1963\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty\" >Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1963\u00a0 Turkish Cypriot\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bayrak\" >Bayrak<\/a>\u00a0Radio begins transmitting in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprus\" >Cyprus<\/a>\u00a0after\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Cypriots\" >Turkish Cypriots<\/a>\u00a0are forcibly excluded from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprus_Broadcasting_Corporation\" >Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1977\u00a0 \u00a0Israeli Prime Minister\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menachem_Begin\" >Menachem Begin<\/a>\u00a0meets in Egypt with its president\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anwar_Sadat\" >Anwar Sadat<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanian_Revolution\" >Romanian Revolution<\/a>: Deposed\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Romania\" >President of Romania<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicolae_Ceau\u0219escu\" >Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu<\/a>\u00a0and his wife,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elena_Ceau\u0219escu\" >Elena<\/a>, are condemned to death and executed after a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trial_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau\u0219escu\" >summary trial<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikhail_Gorbachev\" >Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>\u00a0resigns as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >President of the Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0(the union itself is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >dissolved<\/a>\u00a0the next day). Ukraine&#8217;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum\" >referendum<\/a>\u00a0is finalized and Ukraine officially leaves the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/gorbachev-resigns-as-president-of-the-ussr\" >Resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zlieWAng4w8\" >Mikhail Gorbachev&#8217;s Resignation and Dissolution of the Soviet Union &#8211; Dec. 25, 1991 &#8211; ABC Nightline &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/soviethistory.msu.edu\/1991-2\/the-end-of-the-soviet-union\/the-end-of-the-soviet-union-texts\/gorbachev-resigns-as-president\/\" >Text of Gorbachev resignation speech on 25 December 1991 (translated in<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/soviethistory.msu.edu\/1991-2\/the-end-of-the-soviet-union\/the-end-of-the-soviet-union-texts\/gorbachev-resigns-as-president\/\" >to<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/soviethistory.msu.edu\/1991-2\/the-end-of-the-soviet-union\/the-end-of-the-soviet-union-texts\/gorbachev-resigns-as-president\/\" > English)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/gorbachev-era-collapse-soviet-union-2022-08-30\/\" >The Gorbachev era and the collapse of the Soviet Union <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >Dissolution of the Soviet Union <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/the-soviet-unions-final-hours\" >The Soviet Union\u2019s Final Hours <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/byjus.com\/free-ias-prep\/dissolution-of-the-soviet-union-1991\/\" >Disintegration of USSR | Dissolution of the Soviet Union [December 25, 1991] <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/soviet-union-collapse-timeline\/31487661.html\" >The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1991\/12\/26\/world\/end-of-the-soviet-union-the-soviet-state-born-of-a-dream-dies.html\" >END OF THE SOVIET UNION; The Soviet State, Born of a Dream, Dies &#8211; The New York Times <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/dissolution-of-the-ussr\/\" >Dissolution of the USSR | History of Western Civilization II <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ukraine\u2019s Independence from the Soviet Union:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine\" ><em>Ukrainian independence led to the\u00a0<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine\" ><em>dissolution of the Soviet Union<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine\" ><em>by 26 December 1991.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum\" >1991 Ukrainian independence referendum <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1989\u20131991_Ukrainian_revolution\" >1989\u20131991 Ukrainian revolution <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/02\/12\/1080205477\/history-ukraine-russia\" >A timeline of Ukraine&#8217;s history <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/history\/the-20th-century-history-behind-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-180979672\/\" ><em>During WWII, Ukrainian nationalists saw the Nazis as liberators from Soviet oppression. Now, Russia is using that chapter to paint Ukraine as a Nazi nation.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russians_in_Ukraine\" >Russians in Ukraine <\/a>\u00a0and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-inside-story-of-the-cia-v-russia-from-cold-war-conspiracy-to-black-propaganda-in-ukraine-188550\" >CIA<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/shadowproof.com\/2014\/08\/09\/cia-intervention-in-ukraine-has-been-taking-place-for-decades\/\" >CIA Intervention in Ukraine Has Been Taking Place for Decades <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/story\/2022-02-25\/ukraine-cia-insurgents-russia-invasion\" >Op-Ed: The CIA has backed Ukrainian insurgents before. Let&#8217;s learn from those mistakes <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/anatomy-coup-how-cia-front-laid-foundations-ukraine-war\/5785577\" >Anatomy of a Coup: How CIA Front Laid Foundations for Ukraine War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2023\/10\/23\/ukraine-cia-shadow-war-russia\/\" >Ukrainian spies with deep ties to CIA wage shadow war against Russia <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/magazine\/2022\/05\/11\/covert-operation-ukrainian-independence-haunts-cia-00029968\" >The Covert Operation to Back Ukrainian Independence that Haunts the CIA <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p>\n<p><strong>26 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1862\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dakota_War_of_1862#Execution\" >largest mass-hanging in U.S. history<\/a>\u00a0took<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mankato,_Minnesota\" >, Minnesota<\/a>, where 38 Native Americans died.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cla.umn.edu\/chgs\/holocaust-genocide-education\/resource-guides\/us-dakota-war-1862\" >US-Dakota War of 1862 | Holocaust and Genocide Studies <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/largest-mass-execution-us-history-150-years-ago-today\/\" >Largest Mass Execution in US History: 150 Years Ago Today <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zinnedproject.org\/news\/tdih\/execution-dakota\/\" > 26, 1862: Mass Execution of Dakota Indians <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dakota_War_of_1862#Execution\" >Dakota War of 1862 &#8211; Execution <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/fact-check\/lincoln-dakota\/\" >Did Abraham Lincoln Order the Execution of 38 Dakota Fighters? <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/library.fiu.edu\/hate\/nativeamericans\" >Native Americans &#8211; History of Hate &amp; Discrimination in America <\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2017\/11\/NPR-RWJF-HSPH-Discrimination-Native-Americans-Final-Report.pdf\" >Discrimination-Native-Americans-Final-Report.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/networkadvocates.org\/recommittoracialjustice\/legacy\/\" >The Legacy of Injustices Against Native Americans <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/news\/press-releases\/poll-native-americans-discrimination\/\" >Poll: Native Americans report discrimination <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.healthaffairs.org\/doi\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01419\" >The Generational Impact Of Racism On Health: Voices From American Indian Communities <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1948\u00a0 The last\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet<\/a>\u00a0troops withdraw from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea\" >North Korea<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1972\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: As part of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Linebacker_II\" >Operation Linebacker II<\/a>, 120 American\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress\" >B-52 Stratofortress<\/a>\u00a0bombers attacked\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanoi\" >Hanoi<\/a>, including 78 launched from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andersen_Air_Force_Base\" >Andersen Air <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andersen_Air_Force_Base\" >Force Base<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guam\" >Guam<\/a>, the largest single combat launch in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strategic_Air_Command\" >Strategic Air Command<\/a>\u00a0history.<\/p>\n<p>1980\u00a0 Witnesses report the first of several sightings of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rendlesham_Forest_incident\" >unexplained lights<\/a>\u00a0near\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RAF_Woodbridge\" >RAF Woodbridge<\/a>, in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rendlesham_Forest\" >Rendlesham Forest<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suffolk\" >Suffolk<\/a>, England, United Kingdom, an incident called &#8220;Britain&#8217;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roswell_UFO_incident\" >Roswell<\/a>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0meets and formally\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >dissolves the Soviet Union<\/a>, ending the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cold_War\" >Cold War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >Dissolution of the Soviet Union <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/the-soviet-unions-final-hours\" >The Soviet Union\u2019s Final Hours <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union\" >Collapse of the Soviet Union | Causes, Facts, Events, &amp; Effects <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/soviet-union-collapse-timeline\/31487661.html\" >The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1991\/12\/26\/world\/end-of-the-soviet-union-the-soviet-state-born-of-a-dream-dies.html\" >END OF THE SOVIET UNION; The Soviet State, Born of a Dream, Dies &#8211; The New York Times <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/dissolution-of-the-ussr\/\" >Dissolution of the USSR | History of Western Civilization II <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/fall-of-the-soviet-union-mikhail-gorbachev\/\" >How and Why the Soviet Union Collapsed<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union\" >Collapse of the Soviet Union | Causes, Facts, Events, &amp; Effects <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/12\/24\/1066861022\/how-the-soviet-unions-collapse-explains-the-current-russia-ukraine-tension\" >How the Soviet Union&#8217;s collapse explains the current Russia-Ukraine tension <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/opinion\/articles\/2021-12-24\/what-caused-the-soviet-union-to-collapse-30-years-ago\" >What Caused the Soviet Union to Collapse 30 Years Ago? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/story\/why-did-the-soviet-union-collapse\" >Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/10-reasons-for-the-collapse-of-the-soviet-union.html\" >10 Reasons For The Collapse Of The Soviet Union <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/historum.com\/t\/why-did-the-soviet-union-collapse.197141\/page-3\" >Why did the Soviet Union collapse? | Page 3 | History Forum <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/why-did-soviet-union-fall\" >Was the Soviet Union\u2019s Collapse Inevitable? | HISTORY<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1998\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ba%27athist_Iraq\" >Iraq<\/a>\u00a0announces its intention to fire upon U.S. and British warplanes that patrol the northern and southern\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraqi_no-fly_zones\" >no-fly zones<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2012\u00a0 China\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-speed_rail_in_China\" >opens<\/a>\u00a0the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines\" >world&#8217;s longest<\/a>\u00a0high-speed\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing\u2013Guangzhou\u2013Shenzhen\u2013Hong_Kong_High-Speed_Railway\" >rail route<\/a>, which links\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing\" >Beijing<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangzhou\" >Guangzhou<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>27 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1831\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Darwin\" >Charles Darwin<\/a>\u00a0embarks on\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle\" >his journey<\/a>\u00a0aboard\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMS_Beagle\" >HMS\u00a0<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMS_Beagle\" ><em>Beagle<\/em><\/a>, during which he will begin to formulate his theory of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolution\" >evolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1929\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >Soviet General Secretary<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Stalin\" >Joseph Stalin<\/a>\u00a0orders the &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dekulakization\" >liquidation of the kulaks as a class<\/a>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p>1935\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regina_Jonas\" >Regina Jonas<\/a>\u00a0is ordained as the first female\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rabbi\" >rabbi<\/a>\u00a0in the history of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judaism\" >Judaism<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1945\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund\" >International Monetary <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund\" >Fund<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Monetary_Fund\" >(IMF)<\/a>\u00a0is created with the signing of an agreement by 29 nations.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/IMF-at-a-Glance\" >IMF<\/a> (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/aa\/\" >Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund (<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/aa\/\" >downloadable)<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/about\/timeline\/index.htm\" >IMF-Timeline<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/historydraft.com\/story\/international-monetary-fund\/timeline\/830\" >History of International Monetary Fund &#8211; Timeline &#8211; <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/articles\/03\/030703.asp\" >Works of IMF<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/imf-worlds-controversial-financial-firefighter\" >The IMF: The World\u2019s Controversial Financial Firefighter <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Topics\/imf-and-covid19\/COVID-Lending-Tracker\" >IMF Financing and Debt Service Relief<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/IMF-Lending\" >IMF Lending<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/effectiveness-of-imf-lending\" >IMF Lending Programs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\" >World Economic Outlook <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/GFSR\/Issues\/2023\/10\/10\/global-financial-stability-report-october-2023\" >Global Financial Stability Report, October 2023: Financial and Climate Policies for a High-Interest-Rate Era <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/np\/fin\/tad\/balmov2.aspx?type=TOTAL\" >Member Financial Data <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1949\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesian_National_Revolution\" >Indonesian National Revolution<\/a>: The Netherlands officially recognizes\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesia\" >Indonesian<\/a>\u00a0independence. End of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_East_Indies\" >Dutch East Indies<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Indonesia\" >History of Indonesia <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Indonesia\" >Indonesia | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Language, Religion, &amp; Facts |<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history\" >Timeline of Indonesian history <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/history\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/indonesian-independence-struggle\" >Independence of Indonesia<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_Indonesian_National_Revolution\" >Timeline of the Indonesian National Revolution <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Indonesia\/Toward-independence\" >Indonesia &#8211; Colonialism, Revolution, Independence <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Indonesia\" >Geography and history of Indonesian Independence <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesian_National_Revolution\" >Indonesian National Revolution <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesian_National_Revolution\" >(15 August 1945-27 December 1949) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Indonesian_War_of_Independence\" >Indonesian War of Independence <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence\" >Proclamation of Indonesian Independence <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historytoday.com\/archive\/independence-indonesia\" >Independence for Indonesia <\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/voi.id\/en\/memori\/201903\/\" >History Of The Proclamation Of Indonesian Independence <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1966\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cave_of_Swallows\" >Cave of Swallows<\/a>, the largest known cave shaft in the world, is discovered in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquism\u00f3n\" >Aquism\u00f3n<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Luis_Potos\u00ed\" >San Luis Potos\u00ed<\/a>, Mexico.<\/p>\n<p>1985\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestinians\" >Palestinian<\/a>\u00a0guerrillas\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome_and_Vienna_airport_attacks\" >kill eighteen people<\/a>\u00a0inside the airports of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome\" >Rome<\/a>, Italy, and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vienna\" >Vienna<\/a>, Austria.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/december\/27\/newsid_2545000\/2545949.stm\" >27 December<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/december\/27\/newsid_2545000\/2545949.stm\" > 1985: Gunmen kill 16 at two European airports<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/en\/1985_Rome_and_Vienna_airport_attacks\" >1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1985\/12\/31\/The-Palestinians-who-staged-attacks-at-Rome-and-Vienna\/3825504853200\/\" >The Palestinians who staged attacks at Rome and Vienna&#8230; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1985\/12\/30\/world\/terror-in-1985-brutal-attacks-tough-response.html\" >TERROR IN 1985: BRUTAL ATTACKS, TOUGH RESPONSE <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40394667\" >The Palestine Guerrilla Movement <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestinian_fedayeen#:~:text=Palestinian%20fedayeen%20%28from%20the%20Arabic%20fid\u0101%27\u012b%2C%20plural%20fid\u0101%27iy\u016bn%2C,while%20most%20Israelis%20consider%20them%20to%20be%20%22terrorists%22.\" >Palestinian fedayeen <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestinian_political_violence\" >Palestinian political violence <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Palestine\/Resurgence-of-Palestinian-identity\" >Palestine &#8211; Nationalism, Intifada, Occupation <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4328432\" >Turning Defeat into Opportunity: The Palestinian Guerrillas after the June 1967 War <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/16\/997259390\/the-history-behind-tensions-between-israel-palestine\" >The History Behind Tensions Between Israelis And Palestinians <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1989\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanian_Revolution\" >Romanian Revolution<\/a>\u00a0concludes, as the last minor street confrontations and stray shootings abruptly end in the country&#8217;s capital,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bucharest\" >Bucharest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1996\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taliban\" >Taliban<\/a>\u00a0forces retake the strategic\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bagram_Airfield\" >Bagram Airfield<\/a>\u00a0which solidifies their buffer zone around\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kabul\" >Kabul<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan\" >Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2004\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiation\" >Radiation<\/a>\u00a0from an explosion on the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetar\" >magnetar<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SGR_1806-20\" >SGR 1806-20<\/a>\u00a0reaches Earth. It is the brightest\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extrasolar\" >extrasolar<\/a>\u00a0event known to have been witnessed on the planet.<\/p>\n<p>2007\u00a0 Former Pakistani\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_minister\" >prime minister<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benazir_Bhutto\" >Benazir Bhutto<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto\" >is assassinated<\/a>\u00a0in a shooting incident.<\/p>\n<p>2008\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaza_War_(2008\u201309)\" >Operation Cast Lead<\/a>: Israel launches three-week operation on Gaza.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/operation-cast-lead\" >Israel\u2019s Wars &amp; Operations: Operation Cast Lead<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/en\/Gaza_War_(2008\u20132009)\" ><em>The Gaza War, also known as Operation Cast Lead (Hebrew: <\/em><em>\u05de\u05b4\u05d1\u05b0\u05e6\u05b8\u05e2 \u05e2\u05d5\u05b9\u05e4\u05b6\u05e8\u05b6\u05ea \u05d9\u05b0\u05e6\u05d5\u05bc\u05e7\u05b8\u05d4<\/em><em>), also known in the Muslim world as the Gaza Massacre.. <\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/en\/Gaza_War_(2008\u20132009)\" ><em>was a three-week armed conflict between Gaza Strip Palestinia paramilitary groups and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/background-and-overview-of-operation-cast-lead\" >Background &amp; Overview of Operation Cast Lead <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.idf.il\/en\/mini-sites\/wars-and-operations\/operation-cast-lead\/\" >12.2008 \u201318.01.2009 Operation Cast Lead | IDF<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/the-invasion-of-gaza-operation-cast-lead-part-of-a-broader-israeli-military-intelligence-agenda\/11606\" >Video: &#8220;Justified Vengeance&#8221; and The History of Israeli &#8220;False Flags&#8221;(2001-2023): Palestine Portrayed as &#8220;The Aggressor&#8221; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rand.org\/content\/dam\/rand\/pubs\/research_briefs\/RB9900\/RB9975\/RAND_RB9975.pdf\" >Lessons from Israel&#8217;s Wars in Gaza (rand.org)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/documents\/MDE15\/015\/2009\/en\/\" >Israel\/Gaza: Operation &#8220;Cast Lead&#8221;: 22 days of death and destruction <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2009\/08\/13\/white-flag-deaths\/killings-palestinian-civilians-during-operation-cast-lead\" >White Flag Deaths: Killings of Palestinian Civilians during Operation Cast Lead <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casualties_of_the_Gaza_War_(2008\u20132009)\" >Casualties of the Gaza War (2008\u20132009) <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>28 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1941\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Anthropoid\" >Operation Anthropoid<\/a>, the plot to assassinate high-ranking\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazism\" >Nazi<\/a>\u00a0officer\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reinhard_Heydrich\" >Reinhard Heydrich<\/a>, commences.<\/p>\n<p>1943\u00a0 Soviet authorities launch Operation Ulussy, beginning the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalmyk_deportations_of_1943\" >deportation of the Kalmyk nation<\/a>\u00a0to Siberia and Central Asia.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/ETHNIC-IDENTITY-AS-STIGMA%3A-KALMYKS-IN-DEPORTATION-Guchinova\/9d2e013c4fe67ea42c3923677f789edbbe3bd357\" >ETHNIC IDENTITY AS STIGMA: KALMYKS IN DEPORTATION (1943\u20131956)<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalmyks\" >Kalmyks <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic\" >Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historyandheadlines.com\/december-28-1943-operation-ulusy-the-forgotten-genocide\/\" >December 28, 1943: Operation Ulusy, the Forgotten Genocide <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbth.com\/multimedia\/history\/2017\/07\/12\/real-life-horror-stories-of-the-kalmyks-who-survived-genocide_801192\" >Real-life horror stories of the Kalmyks who survived Stalin&#8217;s deportation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/slavic-review\/article\/abs\/kalmyk-dps-and-the-narration-of-displacement-in-postworld-war-ii-europe\/2E0EFA3420169851598128C185D92708\" >Kalmyk DPs and the Narration of Displacement in Post-World War II Europe<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1967\u00a0 American businesswoman\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muriel_Siebert\" >Muriel Siebert<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first woman to own a seat on the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_Stock_Exchange\" >New York Stock Exchange<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2006\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_in_Somalia_(2006\u201309)\" >War in Somalia<\/a>: The militaries of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somalia\" >Somalia<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transitional_Federal_Parliament\" >Transitional Federal Government<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopia\" >Ethiopian<\/a>\u00a0troops\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fall_of_Mogadishu\" >capture Mogadishu<\/a>\u00a0unopposed.<\/p>\n<p>2009\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2009_Karachi_bombing\" >Forty-three people die in a suicide bombing<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karachi\" >Karachi<\/a>, Pakistan, where\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shia_Islam\" >Shia<\/a>\u00a0Muslims are observing the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Day_of_Ashura\" >Day of Ashura<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>29 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1911\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mongolia\" >Mongolia<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_dynasty\" >Qing dynasty<\/a>, enthroning\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bogd_Khan\" >8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu<\/a>\u00a0as\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khagan_of_Mongolia\" >Khagan of Mongolia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1934\u00a0 Japan renounces the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_Naval_Treaty\" >Washington Naval Treaty<\/a>\u00a0of 1922 and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London_Naval_Treaty\" >London Naval Treaty<\/a>\u00a0of 1930.<\/p>\n<p>1937\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Free_State\" >Irish Free State<\/a>\u00a0is replaced by a new state called\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Ireland\" >Ireland<\/a>\u00a0with the adoption of a new\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_Ireland\" >constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1989\u00a0 Czech writer, philosopher and dissident\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V\u00e1clav_Havel\" >V\u00e1clav Havel<\/a>\u00a0is elected the first post-communist President of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovakia\" >Czechoslovakia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Velvet_Revolution\" >Velvet Revolution <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Velvet-Revolution\" >Velvet Revolution | Definition, History, &amp; Facts <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9qG5fxLmfAk\" >Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia 1989 NHD &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5730106\/velvet-revolution-history\/\" >What to Know About Czechoslovakia&#8217;s Velvet Revolution <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1989_Czechoslovak_presidential_election\" >1989 Czechoslovak presidential election <\/a>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Vaclav-Havel\" >Vaclav Havel <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vIPMsy_8ukc\" >Va\u0301clav Havel: The 1st and Last Democratically Elected President of Czechoslovakia &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/research.bond.edu.au\/en\/publications\/the-political-thought-of-vaclav-havel-philosophical-influences-an\" >The political thought of Vaclav Havel: Philosophical influences and contemporary applications <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01916599.2023.2267068\" >Havel\u2019s idea of post-democracy in a comparative perspective <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3072577\" >V\u00e1clav Havel and the Political Uses of Tragedy <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/distributed\/V\/bo151927644.html\" >V\u00e1clav Havel\u2019s Meanings: His Key Words and Their Legacy, Danaher, Williams, Prib\u00e1n <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14409917.2023.2262342\" >V\u00e1clav Havel\u2019s Search for Emancipatory Governmentality <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yeQgqm1Cn7w\" >The Czech Republic: Vaclav Havel | European Journal &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1989\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nikkei_225\" >Nikkei 225<\/a>\u00a0for the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange\" >Tokyo Stock Exchange<\/a>\u00a0hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87, serving as the apex of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_asset_price_bubble\" >Japanese asset price bubble<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1996\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guatemala\" >Guatemala<\/a>\u00a0and leaders of\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity\" >Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity<\/a>\u00a0sign a peace accord ending a 36-year\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guatemalan_Civil_War\" >civil war<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2006\u00a0 The UK settles its\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-American_loan\" >Anglo-American loan<\/a>, post-WWII loan debt.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>30 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1916\u00a0 The last\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronation_of_the_Hungarian_monarch\" >coronation in Hungary<\/a>\u00a0is performed for King\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_I_of_Austria\" >Charles IV<\/a>\u00a0and Queen\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma\" >Zita<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Hungary#Modern_history\" >Modern Hi<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Hungary#Modern_history\" >story of Hungary<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Hungary\/History\" >Hungary &#8211; Magyar, Ottoman, Habsburg <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hungary_in_World_War_I\" >Hungary in World War I <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I\" >History of Austria-Hungary during World War I <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Hungary\/World-War-I\" >Hungary &#8211; WWI Losses, Treaty of Trianon, Sovereignty <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/royalwatcherblog.com\/2019\/12\/30\/coronation-of-charles-iv-of-hungary\/\" >Coronation of Emperor Charles I of Austria as King\u00a0of Hungary, 1916 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/World-War-I\/The-collapse-of-Austria-Hungary\" >World War I &#8211; Austria-Hungary, Collapse, Causes <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dYDo5c4-OIY\" >Why Was Hungary Punished So Severely After World War One? &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lMUxtLaTFwI\" >The Death Of The Austro-Hungarian Army 1916 &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1922\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Union of Soviet Socialist Republics<\/a>\u00a0(USSR)\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR\" >is formed<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/soviet-union-history\" >Soviet Union: History, leaders and legacy<\/a>]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Russia\/History\" >Russia &#8211; Soviet Union, Tsardom, Revolution <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >History of the Soviet Union <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/european-history\/history-of-the-soviet-union\" >Soviet Union &#8211; Countries, Cold War &amp; Collapse <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1972\u00a0 Vietnam War:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Linebacker_II\" >Operation Linebacker II<\/a>\u00a0ends.<\/p>\n<p>1993\u00a0 Israel establishes\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diplomatic_recognition\" >diplomatic relations<\/a>\u00a0with\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holy_See\" >Vatican City<\/a>\u00a0and also upgrades to full diplomatic relations with Ireland.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holy_See\u2013Israel_relations\" >Holy See\u2013Israel relations<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/1993\/12\/30\/vatican-israel-set-historic-accord\/88eff6df-1f31-459d-a323-63ef7b333712\/\" >VATICAN, ISRAEL SET HISTORIC ACCORD <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldjewishcongress.org\/en\/news\/this-week-in-jewish-history--israel-and-the-vatican-establish-diplomatic-relations-12-3-2020\" >This week in Jewish history | Israel and the Vatican establish diplomatic relations\u202f <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fundamental_Agreement_Between_the_Holy_See_and_the_State_of_Israel\" >Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jcpa.org\/article\/israels-relations-with-the-vatican\/\" >Israel&#8217;s Relations with the Vatican <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/fundamental-agreement-nbsp-between-the-holy-see-and-israel-december-1993\" >Fundamental Agreement\u00a0between The Holy See and Israel (December 1993) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/jcpa.org\/article\/the-holy-see-and-israel-the-historic-fight-against-the-jews-and-their-state\/\" >The Holy See and Israel: The Historic Fight against the Jews and their State <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jns.org\/the-vatican-is-risking-its-relationship-with-the-jewish-world\/\" >The Vatican is risking its relationship with the Jewish world <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1306&amp;context=scholar\" >The Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel: A Symposium &#8211; The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2006\u00a0 Former\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Iraq\" >President of Iraq<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saddam_Hussein\" >Saddam Hussein<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein\" >is executed<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commondreams.org\/news\/2004\/10\/19\/so-did-saddam-hussein-try-kill-bushs-dad\" >G.W.Bush, Saddam Hussein, Revenge?<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-87552-7_4\" >Iraq 2003: Deluded Revenge <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2002\/ALLPOLITICS\/09\/27\/bush.war.talk\/\" >Bush calls Saddam &#8216;the guy who tried to kill my dad&#8217; <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2002-dec-11-et-johnson11-story.html\" >Revenge: A family affair <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-srv\/inatl\/longterm\/iraq\/timeline\/062793.htm\" ><em>[A]<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-srv\/inatl\/longterm\/iraq\/timeline\/062793.htm\" ><em>fter the gulf war, Saddam was heard on official Iraq media promising to hunt down and punish Bush, even after he left office&#8230;classified evidence proving that the car bomb was meant for Bush, from Saddam.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2003\/mar\/16\/iraq9\" >Deep roots of Bush&#8217;s hatred for Saddam | Iraq <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1993\/10\/25\/world\/plot-by-baghdad-to-assassinate-bush-is-questioned.html\" >Plot by Baghdad to Assassinate Bush Is Questioned <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein\" >Trial of Saddam Hussein <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/4507568.stm\" >Timeline: Saddam Hussein Dujail trial<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2013\/10\/30\/world\/meast\/saddam-hussein-trial-fast-facts\/index.html\" >Saddam Hussein Trial Fast Facts <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.memri.org\/reports\/trial-saddam-hussein-\u2013-interim-report\" >The Trial of Saddam Hussein \u2013an Interim Report <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/03\/21\/1165093926\/saddam-husseins-trial-was-meant-to-be-a-symbol-of-a-new-democratic-iraq\" >Saddam Hussein&#8217;s trial was meant to be a symbol of a new democratic Iraq <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?193613-1\/saddam-hussein-trial\" >Saddam Hussein Trial <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna5345118\" >Transcript of Saddam in court <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2023\/03\/17\/opinions\/saddam-hussein-toppling-iraq-annivesary-bergen\/index.html\" >Opinion: Inside Saddam Hussein&#8217;s &#8216;chamber of horrors,&#8217; I reflect on 20 years since the Iraq War <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein\" >Execution of Saddam Hussein<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=4961744\" >Timeline: Saddam&#8217;s Violent Road to Execution <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/saddam-hussein-executed\/\" >Saddam Hussein Executed <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.veoh.com\/watch\/v193311w8ZTcCNh\" >SADDAM FULL EXECUTION (HANGING)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZkrtUOCoQwo\" >The ROUGH Execution Of Saddam Hussein &#8211; The 5th President Of Iraq \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reactions_to_the_execution_of_Saddam_Hussein#World_reaction\" >Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/statements\/2009\/10\/tragic-mistakes-made-trial-and-execution-saddam-hussein-must-not-be-repeated\" >TRAGIC MISTAKES MADE IN THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF SADDAM HUSSEIN MUST NOT BE REPEATED | OHCHR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/272507673_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Trial_Execution_A_case_for_forced_justice\" >(PDF) Saddam Hussein\u2019s Trial, Execution: A case for forced justice <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/mde140372006en.pdf\" >Iraq: Amnesty International deplores death sentences in Saddam Hussein tria<\/a>l<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna16389128\" >Saddam Hussein executed, ending era in Iraq <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2013\u00a0 More than 100 people are killed when anti-government forces\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/December_2013_Kinshasa_attacks\" >attack<\/a>\u00a0key buildings in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kinshasa\" >Kinshasa<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\" >Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p><strong>31 December<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1946\u00a0 President\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_S._Truman\" >Harry S. Truman<\/a>\u00a0officially proclaims the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cessation_of_hostilities\" >end of hostilities<\/a>\u00a0in World War II.<\/p>\n<p>1963\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland\" >The Central African Federation<\/a>\u00a0officially collapses, subsequently becoming\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zambia\" >Zambia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malawi\" >Malawi<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhodesia\" >Rhodesia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1981\u00a0 A\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coup_d%27\u00e9tat\" >coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghana\" >Ghana<\/a>\u00a0removes\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana\" >President<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hilla_Limann\" >Hilla Limann<\/a>&#8216;s\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_National_Party_(Ghana)\" >PNP<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Limann_government\" >government<\/a>\u00a0and replaces it with the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_National_Defence_Council\" >Provisional National Defence Council<\/a>\u00a0led by\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flight_lieutenant\" >Flight lieutenant<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerry_Rawlings\" >Jerry Rawlings<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1983\u00a0 In\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nigeria\" >Nigeria<\/a>, a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1983_Nigerian_coup_d%27\u00e9tat\" >coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0led by Major General\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muhammadu_Buhari\" >Muhammadu Buhari<\/a>\u00a0ends the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Nigerian_Republic\" >Second Nigerian Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1991\u00a0 All official\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0institutions have ceased operations by this date, five days after the Soviet Union is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >officially dissolved<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >Dissolution of the Soviet Union<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union\" >Collapse of the Soviet Union | Causes, Facts, Events, &amp; Effects <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Soviet-Union\" >The dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/story\/why-did-the-soviet-union-collapse\" >Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/12\/24\/1066861022\/how-the-soviet-unions-collapse-explains-the-current-russia-ukraine-tension\" >How the Soviet Union&#8217;s collapse explains the current Russia-Ukraine tension <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/soviet-union-collapse-timeline\/31487661.html\" >The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/why-did-soviet-union-fall\" >Was the Soviet Union\u2019s Collapse Inevitable? <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1992\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovakia\" >Czechoslovakia<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia\" >peacefully dissolved<\/a>\u00a0in what is dubbed by media as the\u00a0<em>Velvet Divorce<\/em>, resulting in the creation of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czech_Republic\" >Czech Republic<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovakia\" >Slovak Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>1994\u00a0 This date is skipped altogether in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kiribati\" >Kiribati<\/a>\u00a0as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phoenix_Islands\" >Phoenix Islands<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Line_Islands\" >Line Islands<\/a>\u00a0change time zones from\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UTC\u221211:00\" >UTC\u221211:00<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UTC%2B13:00\" >UTC+13:00<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UTC\u221210:00\" >UTC\u221210:00<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UTC%2B14:00\" >UTC+14:00<\/a>, respectively.<\/p>\n<p>1999\u00a0 The first\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Russia\" >President of Russia<\/a>,\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Yeltsin\" >Boris Yeltsin<\/a>, resigns from office, leaving\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_Russia\" >Prime Minister<\/a>\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vladimir_Putin\" >Vladimir Putin<\/a>\u00a0as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acting_President_of_Russia\" >acting President<\/a>\u00a0and successor.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hoover.org\/research\/yeltsin-putin\" >From Yeltsin to Putin <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/december\/31\/newsid_4102000\/4102107.stm\" >31 <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/december\/31\/newsid_4102000\/4102107.stm\" >December<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/december\/31\/newsid_4102000\/4102107.stm\" > 1999: Putin takes over as Yeltsin resigns<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2023-11-20\/how-russian-secret-service-took-control-of-presidency\/103052176\" >How Russia&#8217;s secret service took control of the country&#8217;s top office <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-50807747\" >The man who helped make ex-KGB officer Vladimir Putin a president <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtontimes.com\/news\/2022\/apr\/18\/history-it-happens-why-yeltsin-chose-putin-why-put\/\" >History As It Happens: Why Yeltsin chose Putin, why Putin chose war <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.grunge.com\/781082\/what-happened-to-boris-yeltsin\/\" >What Happened To Boris Yeltsin? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/russia-programs\/2020-11-02\/putin-clinton-transitions\" >Putin, Clinton, and Presidential Transitions <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/russia-ukraine-business-world-war-ii-sweden-finland-240d97572cc783b2c7ff6e7122dd72d2\" >NATO Expansion<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/briefing-book\/russia-programs\/2018-03-16\/nato-expansion-what-yeltsin-heard\" >NATO Expansion: What Yeltsin Heard <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.declassifieduk.org\/revealed-boris-yeltsin-privately-supported-nato-expansion-in-1990s\/\" ><em>Boris Yeltsin privately stated he was not against NATO expansion in the 1990s while publicly opposing the military alliance, declassified files show.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2022\/01\/19\/putin-russia-ukraine-nato-george-robertson\/\" >Putin Didn\u2019t Always See NATO as the Enemy <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/russia-putin-says-discussed-joining-nato-with-clinton\/28526757.html\" >Putin Says He Discussed Russia&#8217;s Possible NATO Membership With Bill Clint<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/russia-putin-says-discussed-joining-nato-with-clinton\/28526757.html\" >on <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5564207\/russia-nato-relationship\/\" >Inside the Complicated Relationship Between Russia and NATO <\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/never-forget-real-reason-russia-went-war-opinion-1781535\" ><em>Russian leaders including Gorbachev, Boris\u00a0Yeltsin, and Vladimir\u00a0Putin<\/em><\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/never-forget-real-reason-russia-went-war-opinion-1781535\" ><em>actually expressed interest in joining\u00a0NATO, but were ignored.<\/em><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/nato-why-russia-has-a-problem-with-its-eastward-expansion\/a-60891681\" >NATO: Why Russia has a problem with its eastward expansion <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/putin-s-a-solid-man-declassified-memos-offer-window-into-yeltsin-clinton-relationship\/29462317.html\" >Putin&#8217;s &#8216;A Solid Man&#8217;: Declassified Memos Offer Window Into Yeltsin-Clinton Relationship <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pittnews.com\/article\/121917\/opinions\/analysis-1999-nato-operation-turned-russia-west\/\" >Analysis: How a 1999 NATO operation turned Russia against the West <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cato.org\/commentary\/ignored-warnings-how-nato-expansion-led-current-ukraine-tragedy\" >Ignored Warnings: How NATO Expansion Led to the Current Ukraine Tragedy <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/07075332.2020.1848899\" >The 1999 Kosovo War and the Crisis in U.S.-Russia Relations <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/01\/29\/1076193616\/ukraine-russia-nato-explainer\" >How NATO&#8217;s expansion helped drive Putin to invade Ukraine <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/russia-putin-western-leaders-nato-expansion\/6392427.html\" >Russia\u2019s Putin Says Western Leaders Broke Promises, But Did They? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/2022\/05\/20\/bush-admits-us-broke-promise-on-nato-expansion\/\" >Bush Admits US Broke Promise on NATO Expansion; Says Ukraine Should \u2018Destroy as Many Russian Troops\u2019 as Possible <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/jan\/12\/russias-belief-in-nato-betrayal-and-why-it-matters-today\" >Russia\u2019s belief in Nato \u2018betrayal\u2019 \u2013 and why it matters today <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1999\u00a0 The U.S. government hands control of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama_Canal\" >Panama Canal<\/a>\u00a0(as well all the adjacent land to the canal known as the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama_Canal_Zone\" >Panama Canal Zone<\/a>) to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama\" >Panama<\/a>. This act complied with the signing of the 1977\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torrijos\u2013Carter_Treaties\" >Torrijos\u2013Carter Treaties<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Panama_Canal\" >History of the Panama Canal <\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/landmarks\/panama-canal\" >Panama Canal: History, Definition &amp; Canal Zone <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/world\/mexico-americas\/la-fg-panama-canal-timeline-20160622-snap-htmlstory.html\" >A timeline of the Panama Canal &#8211; Los Angeles Times <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/7-fascinating-facts-about-the-panama-canal\" >7 Fascinating Facts About the Panama Canal | HISTORY<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama_Canal_Zone\" >Panama Canal Zone <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Panama-Canal\/American-intervention\" >Panama Canal &#8211; Construction, US Intervention, Trade <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hoQ7RHyG-EA\" >How Does the Panama Canal Work? &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Panama_Canal#Transfer_to_Panama\" >Transfer to Panama<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/who-owns-the-panama-canal.html\" >Who Owns the Panama Canal? <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/billofrightsinstitute.org\/e-lessons\/the-panama-canal-treaties-jimmy-carter\" >The Panama Canal Treaties: Jimmy Carter <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torrijos\u2013Carter_Treaties\" >Torrijos\u2013Carter Treaties <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/panama-to-control-canal\" >S. agrees to transfer Panama Canal to Panama | September 7, 1977 | HISTORY<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/panama-canal-turned-over-to-panama\" >Panama Canal Turned Over to Panama <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/key-decision-point-coming-panama-canal\" >Key Decision Point Coming for the Panama Canal <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/statement-the-transfer-the-panama-canal-the-republic-panama\" >Statement on the Transfer of the Panama Canal to the Republic of Panama <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0165176521004559\" >The impact of the Panama Canal transfer on the Panamanian economy <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2000\u00a0 The last day of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/20th_century\" >20th Century<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2nd_millennium\" >2nd Millennium<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2009\u00a0 Both a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_moon\" >blue moon<\/a>\u00a0and a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/December_2009_lunar_eclipse\" >lunar eclipse<\/a>\u00a0occur.<\/p>\n<p>2019\u00a0 The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization\" >World Health Organization<\/a>\u00a0is informed of cases of pneumonia with an unknown cause, detected in\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan\" >Wuhan<\/a>.<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/December_31#cite_note-17\" >[17]<\/a>\u00a0This later turned out to be\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19\" >COVID-19<\/a>, the cause of the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic\" >COVID-19 pandemic<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2020\u00a0 The World Health Organization issues its first emergency use validation for a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine\" >COVID-19 vaccine<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>_____________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga is\u00a0a member of the\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a><em>. Having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Disclaimer:<\/em><\/strong><em> The author and <\/em>TMS <em>take no responsibility for&#8211;and do not necessarily subscribe to&#8211;contents of websites hyperlinked as sources.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25-31 December 2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":247253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-251006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/251006","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=251006"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/251006\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":251008,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/251006\/revisions\/251008"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/247253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=251006"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=251006"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=251006"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}