The University of California: a University, or a Biotech Company?<\/i><\/p>\n
Last month [Jan 2013] the University of California intervened in a high stakes U.S. Supreme Court case on the side of the agribusiness giant Monsanto Company by filing an amicus brief <\/a>stating that the university would be materially harmed if Monsanto doesn\u2019t prevail. On the receiving end of UC\u2019s legal argument is Vernon Bowman, a 75 year-old grain farmer from southern Indiana who has been battling Monsanto in court for several years now. It was already a David v. Goliath kind of fight, pitting an elderly guy in overalls against a global corporation with a bottomless pocket for legal expenses; the entry of UC into the court\u2019s deliberations makes that two Goliaths.<\/p>\n Monsanto alleges that Bowman stole from the company years ago when he purchased soybean seeds from a local grain elevator and planted them in his fields. The seeds were second generation crop from a previous year\u2019s harvest, the original seeds of which had been purchased from Monsanto by a different farmer. This second generation seed stock was found to contain genes that made the soybeans resistant to glyphosate-based herbicides, known to the public as Roundup, making them \u201cRoundup Ready\u201d in Monsanto\u2019s lexicon of trademarked phrases and proprietary industrial farming systems.<\/p>\n Monsanto, after deploying agribusiness spies to detect the genes in Bowman\u2019s fields, took the farmer to court. The handful of big biotech companies like Monsanto that dominate the trade in GMO seeds have prosecuted dozens of similar cases, winning nearly every time in lower courts, exhausting the legal resources of their opponents, and building support in case law for the idea that intellectual property ownership can extend into the very DNA of life, and that the legal owners of genetic \u201ctechnologies\u201d should have full control over the total reproductive power of the organisms they alter. Bowman is the farmer who fought back, all the way to the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n On February 19 the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Bowman v. Monsanto. The tenor of the discussion, which lasted for just over an hour, was decidedly hostile to Bowman and his counsel, Mark Walters, letting the lawyers from WilmerHale, Monsanto\u2019s billion dollar law firm, sit back and relax. Chief Justices Roberts, Scalia, Breyer, and Ginsberg interrogated Bowman\u2019s lawyer right from the beginning of his opening statement, often with obvious contempt in their voices, as he struggled to lay out an argument against Monsanto\u2019s interpretation of US patent law<\/a>.<\/p>\n Under the law, Monsanto seems the clear favorite to win. US property laws have been molded for over two centuries by a profoundly anti-social doctrine emphasizing private control over technology and the financial gains to be made from invention. What\u2019s relatively new is the extension of these propertarian doctrines into the essence of life itself, but thus far the courts and legal profession haven\u2019t allowed the contradictions inherent in this obstruct their valorization of capital over life.<\/p>\n The University of California\u2019s intervention is a big deal, even if it was to be expected. UC\u2019s amicus brief (which was actually spearheaded by a Wisconsin university research foundation) was co-signed by other schools that have close ties to big agribusiness such as the universities of Iowa, Illinois, Florida, and Nebraska. Joining them are the lobbying organizations of these schools which work to influence intellectual property laws, and to obtain research subsidies for their institutions. The entry of this academic coalition into the case creates the appearance of a broad public interest in upholding Monsanto\u2019s legal position in part because these are mostly major public land grant universities.<\/p>\n UC and its co-signatories argue in their brief that Bowman\u2019s seed saving stands to undermine scientific and technological \u201cprogress,\u201d and could even harm the public welfare. By failing to penalize Mr. Bowman for buying and using saved seeds that contained a patented gene, UC argues<\/a> that the Supreme Court:<\/p>\n \u201cwould impair technology transfer operations and ultimately deny the public the benefits of existing and yet-unknown artificial, progenitive technologies.\u00a0 The first buyers of artificial, progenitive technology could make an unlimited number of identical copies of the invention without having to compensate the patentee for those subsequent copies.\u00a0 In a short period of time, the market for the technology would become saturated with copies.\u00a0 The patent owner and its licensees would effectively lose the right to exclude others from practicing the patented technology over the full statutory term of the patent\u2014which is a fundamental right conferred by the patent system.\u00a0 This would devalue existing patents directed to artificial, progenitive technologies and remove any incentive for private sector entities to license and develop future technologies of this kind.\u00a0 Ultimately, the public may never benefit from such inventions.\u201d<\/p>\n Surprised the UC, which runs largely on federal and state taxpayer dollars, would make such pro-privatization arguments? You shouldn\u2019t be.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The University of California is a behemoth in the biotech industry, and behaves more like a for-profit corporation such as Monsanto, than a public college with a broadly social mission when it comes to research and technology. UC owns more patents than any other university in the world. In fact UC owns so many patents, and files for so many new applications each year, that only a few major corporations rank above it in the yearly quest to monopolize new ideas and creations in biotech and agribusiness. In 2011, the most recent year for which data is available, UC ranked just below Exxon Mobil and Proctor and Gamble, and just above Raytheon and Merck in the global tally of U.S. patents granted.<\/p>\n Most of UC\u2019s patents are medical and biotechnology-related, and many of them are leased to for-profit corporations to generate income for the different campuses, and the UC system as a whole. UC claims ownership of 3,900 different patents registered with the U.S. Patent Office, and another 3,729 patents registered with foreign authorities, according to the most recent report from the university\u2019s Technology Transfer Office. Its even worth pointing out that the source I just cited, the UC\u2019s Technology Transfer Office, is itself a direct product of UC\u2019s voracious appetite to patent and sell its technological properties. Tech transfer is a full-time task run out of the UC president\u2019s office, and through offices on each UC campus where staff and lawyers are busy finding ways to monetize the university\u2019s knowledge production, and to penalize anyone who attempts to use UC inventions without a fee. The UC even runs a searchable online database in which client corporations can search through the school\u2019s patents for technologies, plants, and processes that might be marketable<\/a>.<\/p>\n Over 1,477 of UC\u2019s patented technologies are licensed, mostly to businesses which have commercialized them into various medical, agricultural, and consumer products. UC licenses patents to Monsanto, among many other biotech companies.<\/p>\n Since 2007 UC has pulled in about $100 million annually from royalties and fees on these properties, and another $20 million from settlements with those who infringe on UC\u2019s patents. Among UC\u2019s most lucrative patents are GMOs modifying several kinds of strawberries, a citrus fruit, and a patent for recombinant DNA used to make somatotropin, the bovine growth hormone used in industrial cattle farming.<\/p>\n In fact, in 2004 UC sued<\/a> Monsanto over the company\u2019s use of the DNA material used to produce bovine growth hormone. In 2006 Monsanto agreed to pay UC $100 million to settle the case. UC\u2019s royalties from its bovine growth hormone patent, about $5 million in 2011, are on top of the $200 million settlement, and UC\u2019s patent runs until 2023. UC has also sued Genentec and other lesser-known biotech, and pharmaceutical corporations over multi-million dollar patent issues.<\/p>\n UC spends about $28 million each year employing a team a outside lawyers to manage its intellectual property portfolio. Most of their work involves enforcement of patent infringement claims against companies like Monsanto.<\/p>\n UC and its fellow universities filled their amicus brief with appeals to the public good, and advancement of noble goals like feeding the world. Specifically they argue that \u201cIn the coming years, artificial, progenitive technologies [like Monsanto’s GMO soybeans] promise to positively impact many aspects of Americans\u2019 lives.\u00a0 Reversal [allowing Vernon Bowman to use saved seeds containing Roundup Ready genes] here would undermine those positive impacts.\u201d<\/p>\n Whether GMO crops actually have \u201cpositive impacts\u201d on Americans lives is open to debate. GMOs are highly controversial. The whole technological-industrial system of agriculture that GMOs are being engineered to work within is itself widely perceived as a source of ecological degradation, and a threat to public health. GMOs are also viewed in the US and abroad as technologies that facilitate further monopolization of seed stocks and a loss of crop diversity. Large agribusiness companies are slowly consolidating their power over a broader spectrum of the farming sector. Many see GMOs as just the latest technologies of imperialism<\/a> in which powerful companies (including universities like UC) control farming practices in the global south.<\/p>\n The universities aren\u2019t the only parties to file briefs with the court. Numerous other biotechnology companies, the lawyers who represent them, and other intellectual property proponents filed briefs supporting Monsanto. One of these briefs, offered by BayhDole25, illustrates the degree to which the partisans of GMO technology have confused their legal arguments with ethical and moral appeals:<\/p>\n \u201cThis compensation [from patents] in turn supports long-term investment in new technologies for the continued vibrancy of U.S. agricultural biotechnology, where the private sector now provides the lion\u2019s share of R&D critical to continuing agricultural productivity gains. Like never before, innovative agricultural biotechnology companies play a key role in the commercialization and assimilation of advanced technologies for creation of economic and social value in the United States, as well as to meet global challenges associated with population growth and climate change.\u201d<\/p>\n That\u2019s a bold statement with zero evidence, indeed much evidence to the contrary. Similarly impossible to prove, value-laden language permeates the other briefs in support of Monsanto. For whatever reason these corporations, including the university-corporate hybrids like UC, feel their case must rest on more than just the letter of U.S. patent law, which does read in their favor.<\/p>\n BayhDole25\u2032s amicus brief is important for another reason. BayhDole25 was founded to promote technology transfer between universities and corporations, and to promote the ethics of privatization that this system thrives upon. The organization is run by a pharmaceutical industry lobbyist, and a university researcher <\/a>who claims to have been \u201cthe first person to receive a patent for a transgenic organism.\u201d<\/p>\n The Bayh Dole Act from which they take their name was passed by Congress in 1980. It was a watershed moment in terms of the incentives it created toward further privatization of U.S. universities. Prior to Bayh Dole, university researchers using federal funds were required to hand over any patentable inventions to the U.S. government. During the first years of the Reagan administration ascendent corporate interests lobbied hard to raid this intellectual commons, and turn it into a source of private profits. Bayh Dole changed things so that schools could take out the patents on technologies arising from federal research conducted under their auspices, and license them for whatever price they see fit. Today there are dozens of schools like UC with significant patent holdings that generate millions in income, but California\u2019s public university is by far the most dominant privatizer of knowledge.<\/p>\n ___________________________<\/p>\n Darwin Bond-Graham<\/i>, a contributing editor to CounterPunch,\u00a0<\/b>is a sociologist and author who lives and works in Oakland, CA. He is a contributor to\u00a0<\/i>Hopeless: Barack Obama and the Politics of Illusion<\/a>.<\/p>\n