Violent clashes in early June 2012 and again in December between Buddhists and Muslim communities in the western Myanmar state of Arakan on the frontier with Bangladesh was a warning signal of conflicts which could endanger the progress toward greater freedom in Myanmar symbolized by the election of Aung San Suu Kyi to the Parliament and the release of many political prisoners.\u00a0 This is not the first time that there has been sectarian violence in Arakan.\u00a0 In December 1991, there was a massive flight of Rohingyas (the name given to the Islamic community in Arakan, now used by themselves as well) to Bangladesh.<\/p>\n
The inhabitants of Arakan are divided at least into two major groups \u2014 the Muslim Arakanese (Rohingyas) and the Buddhist Arakanese (Rakhines).\u00a0 While there are divisions within each of the two groups, when there is violence, each community closes in on itself, and there are few individuals who are \u201cbridge-builders\u201d.\u00a0 It is estimated that there are now more Rohingyas living in Bangladesh (perhaps one million) than in Myanmar (700,000) but population statistics in both countries are weak.\u00a0 While there are a good number of NGOs in Bangladesh, the country as a whole is poor, and help to refugees is not a major priority.\u00a0 From time to time, the Bangladesh authorities round up Rohingyas and send them back to Myanmar.<\/p>\n
Now there is danger that Muslim-Buddhist violence spreads to other parts of the country taking on a more general Muslim-Buddhist sectarian character unless real measures are taken to build bridges between the two communities<\/p>\n
Myanmar has known ethnic conflict almost from Independence with ethnic groups \u2014 the Karen, Kachin, Mon and others \u2014 creating armed groups and fighting for greater autonomy or for the creation of an independent country.\u00a0 There is also wide agreement among the inhabitants of Arakan that they wish greater autonomy from the Central Government. In the late 1940s, with left-over weapons abandoned by the Japanese soldiers who had occupied the area, there was an armed revolt, first against the British and shortly after Independence, against the Buddhist-led Burmese government.\u00a0 The Rohingya militia was led by the Mujahid Bahimi <\/i>(Army of the Religious Volunteers) with internecine leadership struggles with the Jihad Council.\u00a0 Since that time on, there have been Muslim-led armed movements, particularly active during the 1970s and early 1980s \u2014 always met by Army repression.\u00a0 Although an Islamic vocabulary was used, the basic aim of the Arakan movements was for autonomy and was not hostile to local Buddhists;<\/p>\n
The Myanmar Government has long experience in dealing with ethnic conflicts \u2014 a mixture of repression and negotiated cease-fires \u2014, but religious sectarian tensions are something relatively new. There has been a religious element to the ethnic conflicts.\u00a0 Much of the ethnic leadership, especially among the Karen, is Christian \u2014 Baptist and Seventh Day Adventists \u2014, but the conflict was for autonomy and could not really be called sectarian.<\/p>\n
Now, there are attacks against Muslims \u2013 as Muslims- as they come from different ethnic groups.\u00a0 Except for the Rohingyas, who largely came from Bengal and live in fairly compact communities, Muslims elsewhere are often small shop keepers and live in a dispersed way, thus vulnerable to mob violence.<\/p>\n
While there is a police protection dimension to sectarian conflict resolution, the basic steps for reconciliation and training for conflict resolution must come from within the Buddhist community as by far the more numerous and powerful and especially from monks who hold positions of respect and authority.<\/p>\n
The ethics of non-violence are central to Buddhism. Monks, members of the Sangha, <\/i>have special responsibilities to respect freedom of thought and individual development as set out in the Kalama Sutta <\/i>\u201c Oh, Kalamas, when you know for yourselves that certain things are unwholesome, wrong, and bad, then give them up\u2026And when you know for yourselves that certain things are wholesome, right, and good, then accept them and follow them\u201d.<\/p>\n
In history, there have been many occasions when monks have sought to protect the weak from extortion and oppression and to intervene in conflicts. Such actions are part of the fundamental duty of the monk to alleviate suffering by indicating the correct moral path and expressing universal compassion.\u00a0 Monks have greatly influenced the general tone of government policy, although not so much its details.<\/p>\n
The current tensions with the Muslim community are an important challenge.\u00a0 Will Buddhist groups within Myanmar and its neighbours be able to respond creatively to this wave of violence?<\/p>\n
___________________________<\/p>\n
Ren\u00e9 Wadlow, a member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation and of its Task Force on the Middle East, is president and U.N. representative (Geneva) of the Association of\u00a0World\u00a0Citizens. He is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The current tensions with the Muslim community are an important challenge. Will Buddhist groups within Myanmar and its neighbours be able to respond creatively to this wave of violence?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,56,183],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-transcend-members","category-asia-pacific","category-religion-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29536","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29536"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29536\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29536"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29536"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29536"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}