{"id":298446,"date":"2025-07-14T12:00:58","date_gmt":"2025-07-14T11:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=298446"},"modified":"2025-07-13T08:01:12","modified_gmt":"2025-07-13T07:01:12","slug":"blood-in-the-sand-how-ashura-transformed-from-islamic-historys-greatest-tragedy-to-peace-destroying-sectarian-turmoil-part-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2025\/07\/blood-in-the-sand-how-ashura-transformed-from-islamic-historys-greatest-tragedy-to-peace-destroying-sectarian-turmoil-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Blood in the Sand: How Ashura Transformed from Islamic History\u2019s Greatest Tragedy to Peace Destroying, Sectarian Turmoil (Part 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Please note that this publication contains graphics, depicting violence and death, which may be disturbing to some readers and is not suitable for general readership. Parental guidance is strongly recommended for minors., who may use the contents as a resource material.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***********************<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201cEgo is the most potent Antidote for Human Stupidity, over Eons.\u201d<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div id=\"attachment_298451\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image006.png\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-298451\" class=\"wp-image-298451\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image006.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image006.png 940w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image006-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image006-768x529.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-298451\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sanctum Sanctorum of the Shrine of Imam Husayn ibn Ali in Karbala, current day Iraq, where he was martyred by the tyrannical Yazid 1 on 10th October 680 CE (10th Muharram-meaning forbidden) in 61 AH \u00a0and was interred there, together with his 72 loyal, companions.<br \/>Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This publication, Part 2, in the series, expands on the Day of Ashura<a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]<\/a>, the 10<sup>th<\/sup> day of month of Muharram 61 AH, corresponding to 01<sup>st<\/sup> October 680 CE, in the Gregorian calendar<a href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]<\/a>.\u00a0 The paper highlights the development of the <strong>two major sects in Islam<\/strong> dating back to 680 CE, when Imam Husayn ibn Ali was mercilessly martyred by Yazid 1 in Karbala.\u00a0 <strong>Yazid I<\/strong>\u00a0(Yazid ibn Muawiya) was the\u00a0<strong>Umayyad caliph<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]<\/a> at the time of the Battle of Karbala<a href=\"#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]<\/a>. The term\u00a0<strong>Caliph <a href=\"#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0(Arabic:\u00a0<strong>\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u200e<\/strong>,\u00a0<em>Khal\u012bfah<\/em>) refers to the\u00a0<strong>leader of the Muslim community<\/strong>\u00a0who is considered the\u00a0<strong>successor to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)<\/strong>\u00a0in terms of political and religious authority, though <strong>not <\/strong>in prophethood.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key aspects of a Caliph:<a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Title meaning<\/strong>: &#8220;Caliph&#8221; literally means\u00a0<em>successor<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>representative<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Role<\/strong>: Historically, the Caliph was the head of the\u00a0<strong>Caliphate<\/strong>, a unified Islamic state, and was responsible for:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Upholding Islamic law (Sharia)<\/li>\n<li>Leading the Muslim community (Ummah)<\/li>\n<li>Defending and expanding the Islamic realm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Famous Caliphates<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rashidun Caliphate<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]<\/a>(632\u2013661 CE): The first four &#8220;Rightly Guided&#8221; Caliphs after Prophet Muhammad.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Umayyad Caliphate<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]<\/a>(661\u2013750 CE): Founded by Muawiya I, included Yazid I.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Abbasid Caliphate<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]<\/a>(750\u20131258 CE): Known for cultural and scientific flourishing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ottoman Caliphate<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]<\/a>(1517\u20131924 CE): The last widely recognized Caliphate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The position of Caliph was both\u00a0<strong>religious and political<\/strong>, though over time, the religious authority of Caliphs varied depending on the era and region.<\/p>\n<p>Yazid 1 ruled from\u00a0<strong>680 to 683 CE<\/strong>. The Battle of Karbala occurred shortly after he came to power, and it involved the\u00a0<strong>martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali<\/strong>, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)<a href=\"#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]<\/a>, along with his family and companions. Yazid I&#8217;s<a href=\"#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]<\/a> had the Battle of Al Harra in which he attacked the Medinese in August 683 and the city was sacked.\u00a0Earlier, ddemand for allegiance from Husayn and the subsequent refusal led to the tragic events at Karbala. It is to be noted that <strong>Yazid II<\/strong>\u00a0(Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik), on the other hand, ruled much later, from\u00a0<strong>720 to 724 CE<\/strong>, and had no involvement in the tragic events of Karbala.<a href=\"#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Part 1<a href=\"#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]<\/a> introduces the sad odyssey of Imam Husayn Iman Husayn, who was invited by the people of Karbala to discuss the tyrannical regime of Yazid 1, but after the Imam\u2019s arrival with his 72 companions, they withdrew their pledged support and sided with Yazid.\u00a0 The ensuing Battle of Karbala was brutal, non-event, in view the large army of Yazid, fighting 72 companions of the Imam.\u00a0\u00a0 The martyrdom of the Imam was the beginning of sectarianism in Islam and is acrimoniously perpetuated to this day, by both the Shias and Sunni, sects, which emerged after the civil war.\u00a0 This paper also examines and unpacks the details of why the Sunnis do not even accept the Shias as \u201cbelievers\u201d how it impacts on global peace efforts in the long term. This sectarianism and separatism is a major cause of intra-Islamic turmoil, aggression and ongoing Peace Disruption, globally.\u00a0 This publication, also proposes a strategy as to what can the peace lovers and propagators, as well as all members and readers of Transcend Media Service, do to eradicate the Sunni-Shia belligerence and disharmony?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Interestingly, a recent paper by Dr. Firoz Mahboob Kamal<a href=\"#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]<\/a> discusses the turmoil within the Islamic community and brotherhood is glaringly heightened, using the Palestinian-Israel-Iranian war, which is actually a US proxy war and the non-involvement of the Arab states, as well as the customary silence of the major role players. like Saudi Arabia.\u00a0 The disunity within the Islamic community has allowed the western powers to gain the upper hand and is primarily based on Shia-Sunni ideological divide, against the tragic background of Ashura, in early Islamic history, in Medina, climaxing with the martyrdom of Imam Husayn and his 72 loyal companions, at Karbala, in 680CE. <strong>Karbala<\/strong>\u00a0is situated about\u00a0<strong>100 km (62 miles) southwest of Baghdad<\/strong>, Iraq. It lies to the\u00a0<strong>northeast of Medina<\/strong>,<a href=\"#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]<\/a> which is in\u00a0<strong>present-day Saudi Arabia<\/strong>. The distance between\u00a0<strong>Medina and Karbala<\/strong>\u00a0is approximately\u00a0<strong>1,400 km (870 miles)<\/strong>\u00a0by road. Karbala is one of the holiest cities in Shia Islam due to the place of martyrdom<strong> of Husayn ibn Ali,<\/strong>\u00a0there during the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE.<\/p>\n<p>It is relevant to elaborate, later in the paper, on the differences between the Shias\u2019 and Sunnis\u2019 religious interpretation and practice of Islamic tenets, as enunciated in the scriptural books; The divine Quran and the Hadiths: which are the recorded narrations of the Prophet Muhamad (PBUH).<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Political and religio-spiritual significance of Imam Husayn&#8217;s Martyrdom<a href=\"#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]<\/a>,<a href=\"#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0martyrdom of Imam Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)at the\u00a0Battle of Karbala\u00a0in 680 CE is one of the most profound and emotionally resonant events in Islamic history, especially for\u00a0Shia Muslims, but also respected by many\u00a0Sunni Muslims.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Historical Context<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Husayn ibn Ali\u00a0was the son of\u00a0Ali ibn Abi Talib\u00a0and\u00a0Fatimah, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>After the death of his brother\u00a0Hasan, Husayn became the head of the Prophet Muhamad\u2019s (PBUH) household.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>He refused to pledge allegiance to\u00a0Yazid ibn Muawiya, the Umayyad caliph, whom he viewed as corrupt and unjust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The Battle of Karbala<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>On\u00a010 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680 CE), Husayn and his small group of family and followers were surrounded by Yazid\u2019s army in\u00a0Karbala (modern-day Iraq).<\/li>\n<li>Despite being vastly outnumbered and deprived of water for days, Husayn refused to surrender.<\/li>\n<li>He and nearly all his male companions were killed. The women and children were taken captive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Spiritual and Moral Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Symbol of Resistance Against Oppression<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Husayn\u2019s stand is seen as the ultimate act of\u00a0moral courage\u2014choosing death over submission to tyranny.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Sacrifice for Truth and Justice<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>His martyrdom is viewed as a\u00a0sacrifice to uphold the values of Islam, including justice, dignity, and righteousness.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Inspiration for Social Justice Movements<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Across centuries, Imam Husayn has inspired\u00a0revolutionaries, reformers, and freedom fighters. both Muslim and non-Muslim.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Annual Mourning and Reflection<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Shia Muslims\u00a0observe\u00a0Ashura\u00a0with mourning rituals, passion plays (ta&#8217;ziya), and processions.<\/li>\n<li>Sunni Muslims\u00a0often fast on Ashura and reflect on the broader themes of sacrifice and divine justice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Universal Legacy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Imam Husayn\u2019s words before the battle: \u201cI only desire to spread good values and prevent evil\u201d. are often quoted as a timeless mission of ethical leadership.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_298447\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image001-1.png\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-298447\" class=\"wp-image-298447\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image001-1-539x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"759\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image001-1-539x1024.png 539w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image001-1-158x300.png 158w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image001-1.png 738w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-298447\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Top: The Clock Tower entrance to the Tomb of Imam Husayn ibn Ali in present day Karbala<br \/>Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons<br \/>Photo Bottom: An Infographic Table summarised by the author, on Sunni-Shia Comparisons using Dal e.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Ashura (<\/strong>Arabic number 10)<strong> is Observed Predominantly by Shia Muslims?<a href=\"#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0holds\u00a0<strong>particular prominence in Shia Islam<\/strong>, but it is\u00a0<strong>also observed by Sunni Muslims<\/strong>, albeit in different ways and with different emphases.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udd39<\/strong><strong>\u00a0Shia Perspective<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For\u00a0<strong>Shia Muslims<\/strong>, Ashura is the\u00a0<strong>pivotal day of mourning<\/strong>\u00a0for the\u00a0<strong>martyrdom of Imam Husayn ibn Ali<\/strong>\u00a0at Karbala.<\/li>\n<li>It is commemorated with\u00a0<strong>majlis (gatherings)<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>processions<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>poetry<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>reenactments<\/strong>\u00a0of the tragedy.<\/li>\n<li>The day symbolizes\u00a0<strong>resistance against tyranny<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>sacrifice for justice<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>devotion to the Prophet\u2019s family (Ahl al-Bayt)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udd39<\/strong><strong>\u00a0Sunni Perspective<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sunni Muslims<\/strong>\u00a0also recognize the\u00a0<strong>virtue of Ashura<\/strong>, primarily due to the\u00a0<strong>fasting tradition<\/strong>\u00a0established by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), who fasted on this day in gratitude for the\u00a0<strong>deliverance of Moses and the Israelites<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>While the\u00a0<strong>Battle of Karbala<\/strong>\u00a0is acknowledged and respected, it is not the central focus of Ashura in Sunni practice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why the Difference? Is It Sectarianism?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The difference is\u00a0<strong>not necessarily sectarianism or arrogance<\/strong>, but rather a\u00a0<strong>divergence in historical emphasis and theological development<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Shia Islam<\/strong>\u00a0places a strong theological and emotional emphasis on the\u00a0<strong>Imamate<\/strong>\u00a0and the\u00a0<strong>suffering of the Prophet\u2019s family<\/strong>, especially Husayn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sunni Islam<\/strong>\u00a0emphasizes the\u00a0<strong>Prophetic traditions (Sunnah)<\/strong>\u00a0and broader historical events like the\u00a0<strong>Exodus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, this\u00a0<strong>does not mean<\/strong>\u00a0that Sunnis disregard Husayn\u2019s sacrifice. Many Sunni scholars and communities\u00a0<strong>honour his legacy deeply<\/strong>, even if their rituals differ.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Call for Unity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Your sentiment is powerful:\u00a0<strong>Islam is one<\/strong>, and the\u00a0<strong>values of justice, sacrifice, and truth<\/strong>\u00a0that Husayn stood for are\u00a0<strong>universal Islamic values<\/strong>. Recognizing and respecting different expressions of remembrance can be a\u00a0<strong>source of unity<\/strong>, not division.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHusayn is from me, and I am from Husayn.\u201d \u2014\u00a0<em>Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)<\/em><br \/>\nThis hadith is embraced and strictly observed by\u00a0<strong>all Muslims<\/strong>, regardless of sect.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Differences between Shia and Sunni Muslims Observance of Ashura Highlighted:<a href=\"#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Category<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Shia Observance <\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Sunni Observance<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Historical Focus<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Martyrdom of Husayn at Karbala<\/td>\n<td>Exodus of Moses, Martyrdom of Husayn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Rituals<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Majlis, Processions, Passion Plays, Mourning<\/td>\n<td>Fasting, Reflection, Sermons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Emotional Tone<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deep Mourning, Grief, Reflection<\/td>\n<td>Gratitude, Reflection, Respect<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Theological Emphasis<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Imamate, Sacrifice for Justice, Devotion to Ahl al-Bayt<\/td>\n<td>Prophetic Traditions, Broader Historical Events<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This chart is meant to\u00a0<strong>foster mutual understanding and respect<\/strong>\u00a0between traditions, not to divide.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>Day of Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0(10<sup>th<\/sup> day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar) holds significance in\u00a0<strong>Judaism, Christianity, and Islam<\/strong>, though its observance and interpretation differ among the Abrahamic traditions. Below is a comparative analysis of the events associated with Ashura in the three Abrahamic scriptures:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> In Judaism (Tanakh \/ Hebrew Bible)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0is not explicitly mentioned, but the\u00a0<strong>10th of Tishrei<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]<\/a>(Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement) is significant.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Events:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Moses receiving the second set of tablets<\/strong>\u00a0(Exodus 34:28) <a href=\"#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]<\/a>after repentance for the Golden Calf incident. day of fasting, repentance, and seeking forgiveness (Leviticus 16:29-30).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Some Jewish traditions also associate this day with\u00a0<strong>Noah\u2019s Ark resting on Mount Ararat<\/strong>\u00a0(Genesis 8:4).<a href=\"#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> In Christianity (Bible)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Ashura is not directly observed, but some connections exist:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prophet Moses and the Israelites\u2019 deliverance<\/strong>\u00a0from Egypt (Exodus 12-14).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jesus (Isa) fasting for 40 days<\/strong>\u00a0(Matthew 4:1-2), though not directly linked to Ashura.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Some Eastern Christian traditions commemorate\u00a0<strong>martyrdom<\/strong>\u00a0on similar dates but not specifically Ashura.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> In Islam (Quran and Hadith)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ashura is highly significant, especially for\u00a0<strong>Sunnis and Shias<\/strong>, but with different perspectives:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Sunni Tradition:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fasting on Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0was practiced by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) following the Jewish tradition of Moses\u2019 victory over Pharaoh.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Events:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Noah\u2019s Ark saved<\/strong>\u00a0from the flood (Tafsir Ibn Kathir).<a href=\"#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Moses and the Israelites saved<\/strong>\u00a0from Pharaoh (Sahih Bukhari).<a href=\"#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) intended to fast on this day and encouraged Muslims to fast (either the 9<sup>th<\/sup> \u00a0and 10<sup>th<\/sup> \u00a0or 10<sup>th<\/sup> \u00a0and 11<sup>th<\/sup> \u00a0of Muharram).<a href=\"#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Shia Tradition:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Mourning the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (RA)\u00a0(grandson of Prophet Muhammad) in\u00a0Karbala (680 CE).<\/li>\n<li>A day of grief, processions, and recalling the sacrifice for justice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Comparative Summary Table<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Tradition<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Key Event(s)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Observance<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Judaism<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Moses\u2019 atonement, Yom Kippur<\/td>\n<td>Fasting, repentance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Christianity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deliverance of Moses (indirect link)<\/td>\n<td>Not directly observed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Islam (Sunni)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Moses\u2019 victory, Noah\u2019s salvation<\/td>\n<td>Fasting (recommended)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Islam (Shia)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Martyrdom of Imam Hussain<\/td>\n<td>Mourning, processions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ashura is a day of\u00a0<strong>deliverance, repentance, and sacrifice<\/strong>\u00a0across Abrahamic faiths. While\u00a0<strong>Jews observe Yom Kippur<a href=\"#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]<\/a><\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>Sunnis fast<\/strong>\u00a0commemorating Prophetic events, and\u00a0<strong>Shias mourn Imam Husayn\u2019s martyrdom<\/strong>. Each tradition enriches the spiritual understanding of this sacred day.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_298448\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image002-1.png\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-298448\" class=\"wp-image-298448\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image002-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image002-1.png 910w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image002-1-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image002-1-768x692.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-298448\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artistic series of symbolic and respectful depictions of the Brutal Battle at Karbala in 680CE.<br \/>Artist\u2019s Depiction: Top Left: Imam Husayn on horseback with his body pierced by multiple arrows as he defends his 72 companions<br \/>Artist\u2019s Depiction: Photo Top Right:\u00a0 \u00a0Imam Husayn taking the last stand as his horse is surrounded by the enemy forces.<br \/>Artists Depiction Photo Bottom:\u00a0 Iman Husayn, dehorsed and lying on the ground with numerous arrows having pierced his body.\u00a0 The Imam\u2019s neck was cut 13 times before his head was decapitated by Yazid\u2019s General in the final killing.\u00a0 His head was then paraded on a long spear for the people of Karbala to demonstrate the power of Yazid.<br \/>The scenes show a vast desert battlefield under a golden sunset. In the foreground, a lone standard (flag) of Imam Husayn (AS) stands upright, surrounded by soldiers with scattered arrows and broken swords, symbolizing sacrifice and resistance. In the distance, silhouettes of tents and palm trees evoke the camp of Ahl al-Bayt. Surrounding the gruesome decapitation is the army of Yazid, looking on the act by Yazid\u2019s general. The atmosphere is solemn and reverent, with a sense of spiritual triumph in the face of worldly loss. Inspired by Islamic tradition and the legacy of Ashura.<br \/>Photo Credits. https:\/\/th.bing.com\/th\/id\/OIP.gpyvzUMwdhUmVeLl9_YQNAAAAA?w=255&amp;h=180&amp;c=7&amp;r=0&amp;o=5&amp;dpr=1.5&amp;pid=1.7<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In Islamic tradition, the\u00a0<strong>10<sup>th<\/sup> of Muharram (Ashura)<\/strong>\u00a0is believed to be a day of immense significance, with numerous pivotal events occurring on this date. While different scholars and sources mention varying numbers of events, a compilation of\u00a0<strong>12 major events<\/strong>\u00a0associated with\u00a0<strong>Ashura<\/strong>, as derived from\u00a0<strong>Hadith, Tafsir (exegesis), and historical Islamic sources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><strong>12 Events Associated with Ashura (10th Muharram)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Acceptance of Adam\u2019s (AS<a href=\"#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]<\/a>) Repentance<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]<\/a>\u2013 After being sent to Earth, his repentance was accepted on this day.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Noah\u2019s (AS) Ark Resting on Mount Judi<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\">[31]<\/a>\u2013 The flood ended, and his ship came to rest (Quran 11:44, Tafsir Ibn Kathir).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Passage of Moses (AS) and the Israelites Through the Red Sea<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\">[32]<\/a>\u2013 Pharaoh drowned, and Bani Israel were saved (Sahih Bukhari).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jonah (AS) Emerged from the Fish\u2019s Belly<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]<\/a>\u2013 He was freed after supplicating to Allah (Quran 37:143-144).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Job (AS) Was Healed from His Afflictions<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]<\/a>\u2013 Allah restored his health after severe trials (Quran 21:83-84).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Joseph (AS) Was Reunited with His Father Jacob (AS)<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\u2013 After years of separation (Quran 12:93-96).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jesus (AS) Was Raised to Heaven<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Some traditions suggest his ascension occurred on Ashura (though other dates are also mentioned).<\/li>\n<li><strong>David\u2019s (AS) Repentance Was Accepted<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 After the incident with Uriah (2 Samuel 12:13, referenced in Islamic sources).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Solomon (AS) Was Granted His Kingdom<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Allah gave him authority over wind and jinn (Quran 38:35).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Abraham (AS) Was Saved from Nimrod\u2019s Fire<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 The fire became cool for him (Quran 21:69).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Muhammad (PBUH) Intended to Fast on Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Following the Jewish tradition of Moses\u2019 victory (Sahih Muslim).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Martyrdom of Imam Hussain (RA) in Karbala (61 AH\/680 CE)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 A tragic event mourned by Shia Muslims.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Additional Points<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sunni Perspective:<\/strong>\u00a0Focuses on fasting and gratitude for divine favours (Moses\u2019 salvation, Noah\u2019s ark, etc.).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia Perspective:<\/strong>\u00a0Primarily commemorates Imam Hussain\u2019s martyrdom as a symbol of resistance against oppression.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Debated Events:<\/strong>\u00a0Some scholars question whether all 12 events happened\u00a0<em>exactly<\/em>\u00a0on Ashura, but these are widely cited in Islamic literature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Below are the\u00a0<strong>Islamic references (Hadith, Tafsir, and historical sources)<\/strong>\u00a0for the\u00a0<strong>12 events associated with Ashura (10<sup>th<\/sup> Muharram)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Acceptance of Adam\u2019s (AS) Repentance<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reference:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Mentioned in\u00a0<strong>Tafsir al-Qurtubi<\/strong>\u00a0(Vol. 8, p. 197) and\u00a0<strong>Tafsir Ibn Kathir<\/strong>\u00a0(under Surah Al-Baqarah 2:37).<a href=\"#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Also cited in\u00a0<strong>Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah (Ibn Kathir)<\/strong>\u00a0as a day of divine mercy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Noah\u2019s (AS) Ark Resting on Mount Judi<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quranic Reference:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;And it was said, \u2018O earth, swallow your water, and O sky, withhold [your rain].\u2019 And the water subsided, and the matter was accomplished, and the ship came to rest on the [mountain of] Judi&#8230;&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<strong>(Quran 11:44)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hadith\/Tafsir:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tafsir Ibn Kathir<\/strong>\u00a0links this event to the 10th of Muharram.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Moses (AS) &amp; Israelites Saved from Pharaoh<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hadith Reference:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;The Prophet (PBUH) came to Madinah and saw the Jews fasting on the day of Ashura. He asked, \u2018What is this?\u2019 They said, \u2018This is a righteous day, the day Allah saved Moses and the Children of Israel from their enemy, so Musa fasted.\u2019 The Prophet said, \u2018We have more right to Musa than you,\u2019 so he fasted and commanded the Muslims to fast.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<strong>(Sahih Bukhari 3397, Sahih Muslim 1130)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Jonah (AS) Emerged from the Fish\u2019s Belly<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quranic Reference:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;Had he not been of those who exalt Allah, he would have remained inside its belly until the Day of Resurrection.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<strong>(Quran 37:143-144)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\">[38]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tafsir:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ibn Kathir<\/strong>\u00a0mentions in his\u00a0<em>Stories of the Prophets<\/em>\u00a0that Yunus was freed on Ashura.<a href=\"#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Job (AS) Healed from His Afflictions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quranic Reference:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;And [mention] Job, when he called to his Lord, \u2018Indeed, adversity has touched me, and You are the Most Merciful of the merciful.\u2019 So We responded to him and removed what afflicted him&#8230;&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<strong>(Quran 21:83-84)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tafsir:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Al-Qurtubi<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>Ibn Kathir<\/strong>\u00a0mention his healing occurred on Ashura.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong> Joseph (AS) Reunited with His Father Jacob (AS)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quranic Reference:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;Go with this shirt of mine and cast it over the face of my father; he will become seeing. And bring me your family, all together.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<strong>(Quran 12:93)<a href=\"#_edn41\" name=\"_ednref41\">[41]<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tafsir:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Some scholars (like the leading Quranic exegete\u00a0<strong>Al-Tha\u2019labi<\/strong>) \u00a0<a href=\"#_edn42\" name=\"_ednref42\">[42]<\/a>mention this reunion occurred on Ashura<a href=\"#_edn43\" name=\"_ednref43\">[43]<\/a>.\u00a0 An\u00a0<strong>exegete<\/strong>\u00a0is a person who\u00a0<strong>interprets and explains religious texts<\/strong>, especially sacred scriptures like the\u00a0<strong>Qur\u2019an<\/strong>\u00a0or the\u00a0<strong>Bible<\/strong>. The term comes from the Greek word\u00a0<em>ex\u0113g\u0113t\u0113s<\/em>\u00a0(\u1f10\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2), meaning\u00a0<em>interpreter<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>expounder<\/em>.<a href=\"#_edn44\" name=\"_ednref44\">[44]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>In the Islamic context, an exegete is known as a\u00a0<strong>Mufassir (\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong> Jesus (AS) Raised to Heaven<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn45\" name=\"_ednref45\">[45]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quranic Reference:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;But Allah raised him to Himself&#8230;&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<strong>(Quran 4:158)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn46\" name=\"_ednref46\">[46]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Historical Note:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Some Islamic historians (like\u00a0<strong>Al-Suyuti<\/strong>) suggest his ascension was on Ashura, though other dates are also mentioned.<a href=\"#_edn47\" name=\"_ednref47\">[47]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong> David\u2019s (AS) Repentance Accepted<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn48\" name=\"_ednref48\">[48]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Islamic Sources:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tafsir al-Alusi<\/strong>\u00a0(Ruh al-Ma\u2019ani) mentions that Dawud\u2019s repentance was accepted on Ashura.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><strong> Solomon (AS) Granted His Kingdom<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn49\" name=\"_ednref49\">[49]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quranic Reference:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;He said, \u2018My Lord, forgive me and grant me a kingdom such as will not belong to anyone after me&#8230;\u2019&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<strong>(Quran 38:35)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn50\" name=\"_ednref50\">[50]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tafsir:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ibn Kathir<\/strong>\u00a0links this to Ashura in his\u00a0<em>Stories of the Prophets<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li><strong> Abraham (AS) Saved from Nimrod\u2019s Fire<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn51\" name=\"_ednref51\">[51]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quranic Reference:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;We said, \u2018O fire, be coolness and safety upon Abraham.\u2019&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<strong>(Quran 21:69)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tafsir:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Al-Tabari<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>Al-Qurtubi<\/strong>\u00a0mention this miracle occurred on Ashura<a href=\"#_edn52\" name=\"_ednref52\">[52]<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li><strong> Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Fasted on Ashura<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn53\" name=\"_ednref53\">[53]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Fasting on\u00a0<strong>Muharram 10<\/strong>, known as the Day of Ashura expiates for the sins of the past year. When the Prophet (peace be upon him) arrived in Madinah in 622 CE, he found that the Jews there fasted on Muharram 10 and asked them the reason for their fasting on this day. They said: \u201cThis is a blessed day.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hadith:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;The Prophet (PBUH) observed the fast on Ashura and ordered (Muslims) to fast (on that day).&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<strong>(Sahih Bukhari 2004)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn54\" name=\"_ednref54\">[54]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li><strong> Martyrdom of Imam Hussain (RA) in Karbala (61 AH\/680 CE)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Historical Sources:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tarikh al-Tabari<\/strong>\u00a0(Vol. 19, p. 166) and\u00a0<strong>Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah (Ibn Kathir)<\/strong>\u00a0document his martyrdom on 10th Muharram.<a href=\"#_edn55\" name=\"_ednref55\">[55]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Important Points:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Variations in Authenticity:<\/strong>\u00a0Some narrations (like Adam\u2019s repentance) are from\u00a0<strong>Isra\u2019iliyyat (Jewish\/Christian sources adopted in some Tafsirs)<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"#_edn56\" name=\"_ednref56\">[56]<\/a>and are not in the strongest Hadiths.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ashura Fasting is Sahih (Authentic):<\/strong>\u00a0The Prophetic tradition of fasting is\u00a0<strong>undisputed<\/strong>\u00a0(Bukhari, Muslim).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia-Sunni Differences:<\/strong>\u00a0Sunni sources focus on fasting, while Shia sources emphasize mourning for Imam Hussain (RA).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Brutal End of Imam Husayn, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) \u00a0at Karbala<a href=\"#_edn57\" name=\"_ednref57\">[57]<\/a>,<a href=\"#_edn58\" name=\"_ednref58\">[58]<\/a>,<a href=\"#_edn59\" name=\"_ednref59\">[59]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The prophecy of the martyrdom of Imam Husayn (as by his grandfather, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is also mentioned in a prominent Sunni\u00a0book<a href=\"#_edn60\" name=\"_ednref60\">[60]<\/a> . \u00a0At the battle, Imam Husayn bid farewell to the women, kissed his youngest daughter and told her to have patience. Imam Husayn helped mount everyone but when it was his time to go to the battlefield, he was all alone. He suddenly felt a hand on him. It was his sister Sayeda Zainab, who helped him mount on his pure white, horse, Zuljana<a href=\"#_edn61\" name=\"_ednref61\">[61]<\/a>, which was blood stained and pierced with arrows, as he shielded his master in the battle. Imam Husayn was extremely injured since he was attacked every time he went to bring the martyrs from the battlefield. He was also hungry, thirsty, and heartbroken as he had lost all of his loved ones.<\/p>\n<p>Sayeda Zainab <a href=\"#_edn62\" name=\"_ednref62\">[62]<\/a>was standing and watching the battle with her brother from afar. Husayn Ibn Ali fought with such bravery and courage, killing many of the enemy. The soldiers of Ibn Saad surrounded him. They shot arrows, attacked him with their swords and those who didn\u2019t have anything would throw stones at him. He had hundreds of arrows on his body; not a single part of his body was spared. When he came down from his horse, his body couldn\u2019t hit the ground because of the arrows. Imam Husaynn was not visible to Sayeda Zainab.<\/p>\n<p>Sayeda Zainab ordered \u201cthe earth to rise so that I can see my brother\u201d. The place where Sayeda Zainab was standing rose (this risen piece of land is still in Karbala and is known as Tilla-e-Zainabiya).<a href=\"#_edn63\" name=\"_ednref63\">[63]<\/a>What Sayeda Zainab saw was unbearable for any sister! She saw that Shimr was standing on Imam Hussain\u2019s chest and was cutting his neck with a blunt dagger. He cut off Imam Husayn\u2019s neck in 13 tries and Sayeda Zainab kept wailing.<\/p>\n<p>After killing the Imam brutally, the soldiers prepared their horses and to dishonor Imam, they ran those horses on the body of Imam Husayn. The \u2018Master of the Martyrs\u2019 has returned to his Lord, well pleased, obliging the command of his Creator. Imam Hussain (AS) chose death with dignity rather than life with humiliation, raising the slogan of \u2018Hayhaat mina Zilla\u2019 <a href=\"#_edn64\" name=\"_ednref64\">[64]<\/a>(never to humiliation). He gave blood to revive human values, to uproot despotism, to pave the ground for Islamic awakening and social reformation. He accomplished his task.<a href=\"#_edn65\" name=\"_ednref65\">[65]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In view of controversy, multiple questions and concerns raised, as well as the belligerence, it is necessary to address them in detail, quoting with\u00a0<strong>Quranic, Hadith, and Abrahamic scriptural references<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 1: Prophet David\u2019s (Dawud AS) Repentance in the Quran<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Background:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the\u00a0<strong>Hebrew Bible (2 Samuel 11-12)<\/strong>, Prophet David (AS) is tested when he commits an error involving\u00a0<strong>Bathsheba (Uriah\u2019s wife)<\/strong>\u00a0and subsequently repents.<a href=\"#_edn66\" name=\"_ednref66\">[66]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>In the Quran<\/strong>, however, the story is different\u2014it focuses on a\u00a0<strong>moral test of judgment<\/strong>, not impropriety.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quranic Account (Surah 38:17-26):<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn67\" name=\"_ednref67\">[67]<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allah tests Dawud (AS) with two disputing men who scale his palace wall.<\/li>\n<li>One man says:\u00a0<em>&#8220;This is my brother; he has 99 ewes, while I have one. He demands I give it to him, overpowering me in argument.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Dawud (AS) hastily rules in favor of the complainant without hearing the full story.<\/li>\n<li>He\u00a0<strong>realizes his error<\/strong>\u00a0and falls in\u00a0<strong>prostration, seeking forgiveness<\/strong>\u00a0(Quran 38:24).<\/li>\n<li>Allah\u00a0<strong>accepts his repentance<\/strong>\u00a0and reminds him of his high station as a chosen prophet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Differences from the Bible:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>No mention of Bathsheba or sin of desire<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 The Quran focuses on a\u00a0<strong>judgment error<\/strong>, not moral failing.<a href=\"#_edn68\" name=\"_ednref68\">[68]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Repentance was for hastiness in ruling<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Dawud (AS) is praised for his immediate remorse.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Allah forgives him<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<em>&#8220;So We forgave him that; and indeed, for him is nearness to Us and a good place of return.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(Quran 38:25)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Why Some Link This to Ashura?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tafsir scholars (like Al-Qurtubi, Ibn Kathir)<\/strong>\u00a0mention that Dawud\u2019s (AS) repentance was accepted on\u00a0<strong>10th Muharram<\/strong>, though this is not explicitly in the Quran.<\/li>\n<li>Likely derived from\u00a0<strong>Jewish tradition<\/strong>\u00a0(Yom Kippur\u2019s theme of repentance).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Question 2: Creation of Heaven and Earth on Ashura<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn69\" name=\"_ednref69\">[69]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Islamic Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hadith in Sahih Muslim (1163):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;Allah created the heavens and earth on Ashura\u2026 and saved Musa (AS) and drowned Pharaoh on Ashura.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Some scholars classify this as\u00a0<strong>weak (da\u2019if)<\/strong>\u00a0due to its chain, but it is widely cited in Tafsir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Vol. 3, p. 458):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Mentions that the\u00a0<strong>Pen (Qalam), the Throne (Arsh), and the heavens\/earth<\/strong>\u00a0were created on Ashura.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Jewish &amp; Christian Parallels:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>In Genesis (1:1-5):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Creation begins on\u00a0<strong>Tishrei 1 (Rosh Hashanah)<\/strong>, but some Jewish Midrashic texts link divine judgments to the\u00a0<strong>10th of Tishrei (Yom Kippur)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Talmud (Rosh Hashanah 10b-11a):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Debates whether the world was created in\u00a0<strong>Tishrei or Nissan<\/strong>, but associates\u00a0<strong>Yom Kippur (10th Tishrei)<\/strong>\u00a0with divine decrees.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Comparative Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Event<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Islamic View<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Jewish View<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Christian View<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Creation of Heavens\/Earth<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Some Hadith link to Ashura<\/td>\n<td>Linked to Tishrei 1 (Rosh Hashanah)<\/td>\n<td>Follows Genesis (no fixed date)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Day of Atonement<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Ashura (fasting)<\/td>\n<td>Yom Kippur (10 Tishrei)<\/td>\n<td>Not observed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Final Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Dawud\u2019s (AS) repentance in the Quran<\/strong>\u00a0was about\u00a0<strong>a lapse in judicial fairness<\/strong>, not impropriety. The link to Ashura comes from\u00a0<strong>scholarly tradition (Tafsir)<\/strong>, not the Quran directly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Creation on Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0is mentioned in\u00a0<strong>weak Hadith but widely cited in Tafsir<\/strong>, while Judaism ties creation to\u00a0<strong>Tishrei 1 (Rosh Hashanah)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Peace and Ashura<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The concept of\u00a0<strong>&#8220;peace&#8221; (Shalom\/Salaam)<\/strong>\u00a0in Abrahamic scriptures i deeply tied to divine figures like\u00a0<strong>Yahweh (Judaism), God (Christianity), and Allah (Islam)<\/strong>, but\u00a0<strong>Ahura Mazda<\/strong>\u2014the supreme deity of\u00a0<strong>Zoroastrianism<\/strong>\u2014is\u00a0<strong>not<\/strong>\u00a0directly referenced in Jewish, Christian, or Islamic texts. However, there are thematic parallels worth exploring, especially in relation to\u00a0<strong>Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0and Imam Husayn\u2019s martyrdom.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism (Non-Abrahamic but Influential)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn70\" name=\"_ednref70\">[70]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ahura Mazda<\/strong>\u00a0(Wise Lord) is the\u00a0<strong>Zoroastrian god of light, truth, and cosmic order (Asha)<\/strong>\u2014a concept akin to divine peace.<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Peace&#8221; in Zoroastrianism<\/strong>\u00a0is linked to\u00a0<strong>Asha (truth\/order)<\/strong>\u00a0opposing\u00a0<strong>Druj (falsehood\/chaos)<\/strong>9.<\/li>\n<li>While Zoroastrianism influenced Persian culture (and indirectly early Islamic Persia),\u00a0<strong>Ahura Mazda is not mentioned in the Bible or Quran<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Peace in Abrahamic Scriptures<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Judaism (Hebrew Bible\/Tanakh)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Yahweh as &#8220;God of Peace&#8221;<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;The Lord lift up His countenance upon you and give you\u00a0<strong>peace<\/strong>&#8220;<\/em>\u00a0(Numbers 6:26)11.<a href=\"#_edn71\" name=\"_ednref71\">[71]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Prophets like Isaiah foretold the\u00a0<strong>&#8220;Prince of Peace&#8221; (Messiah)<\/strong>\u00a0(Isaiah 9:6)11.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Christianity (New Testament)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jesus as &#8220;Prince of Peace&#8221;<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Fulfils Isaiah\u2019s prophecy (Luke 2:14:\u00a0<em>&#8220;Peace on earth&#8221;<\/em>)11.<\/li>\n<li><em>&#8220;My peace I give you&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(John 14:27).<a href=\"#_edn72\" name=\"_ednref72\">[72]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Islam (Quran &amp; Hadith)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Allah as &#8220;As-Salam&#8221; (The Source of Peace)<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;He is Allah, besides whom there is no god, the Sovereign, the Holy, the\u00a0<strong>Peace<\/strong>&#8220;<\/em>\u00a0(Quran 59:23).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ashura\u2019s Sunni tradition<\/strong>\u00a0commemorates\u00a0<strong>Moses\u2019 liberation<\/strong>\u00a0(a symbol of divine deliverance)3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia tradition<\/strong>\u00a0mourns Husayn\u2019s martyrdom as a\u00a0<strong>sacrifice for justice<\/strong>, echoing prophetic struggles against oppression610.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Thematic Parallel: Ashura &amp; Cosmic Justice<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Husayn\u2019s stand at Karbala<\/strong>\u00a0mirrors Zoroastrian\u00a0<strong>Asha vs. Druj<\/strong>\u2014a fight for truth against tyranny910.<\/li>\n<li>While\u00a0<strong>Ahura Mazda isn\u2019t invoked<\/strong>, Husayn\u2019s martyrdom embodies\u00a0<strong>Islamic &#8220;peace through justice&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0(Quran 16:90).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ahura Mazda\u2019s &#8220;peace&#8221; is absent in Abrahamic texts<\/strong>, but\u00a0<strong>Zoroastrian dualism (good vs. evil) influenced later Abrahamic eschatology<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0in Islam\u2014whether Sunni (fasting) or Shia (mourning)\u2014reflects\u00a0<strong>peace as divine justice<\/strong>, resonating with broader Abrahamic themes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The concept of\u00a0<strong>&#8220;peace&#8221; (Shalom\/Salaam)<\/strong>\u00a0in Abrahamic scriptures is deeply tied to divine figures like\u00a0<strong>Yahweh (Judaism), God (Christianity), and Allah (Islam)<\/strong>, but\u00a0<strong>Ahura Mazda<\/strong>, the supreme deity of\u00a0<strong>Zoroastrianism<\/strong>, is\u00a0<strong>not<\/strong>\u00a0directly referenced in Jewish, Christian, or Islamic texts. However, there are thematic parallels worth exploring, especially in relation to\u00a0<strong>Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0and Imam Husayn\u2019s martyrdom.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism (Non-Abrahamic but Influential)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ahura Mazda<\/strong>\u00a0(Wise Lord) is the\u00a0<strong>Zoroastrian god of light, truth, and cosmic order (Asha)<\/strong>, a concept akin to divine peace.<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Peace&#8221; in Zoroastrianism<\/strong>\u00a0is linked to\u00a0<strong>Asha (truth\/order)<\/strong>\u00a0opposing\u00a0<strong>Druj (falsehood\/chaos)<\/strong>9.<\/li>\n<li>While Zoroastrianism influenced Persian culture (and indirectly early Islamic Persia),\u00a0<strong>Ahura Mazda is not mentioned in the Bible or Quran<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Peace in Abrahamic Scriptures<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Judaism (Hebrew Bible\/Tanakh)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Yahweh as &#8220;God of Peace&#8221;<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;The Lord lift up His countenance upon you and give you\u00a0<strong>peace<\/strong>&#8220;<\/em>\u00a0(Numbers 6:26)11.<\/li>\n<li>Prophets like Isaiah foretold the\u00a0<strong>&#8220;Prince of Peace&#8221; (Messiah)<\/strong>\u00a0(Isaiah 9:6)11.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Christianity (New Testament)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jesus as &#8220;Prince of Peace&#8221;<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Fulfils Isaiah\u2019s prophecy (Luke 2:14:\u00a0<em>&#8220;Peace on earth&#8221;<\/em>)11.<\/li>\n<li><em>&#8220;My peace I give you&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(John 14:27).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Islam (Quran &amp; Hadith)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Allah as &#8220;As-Salam&#8221; (The Source of Peace)<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;He is Allah, besides whom there is no god, the Sovereign, the Holy, the\u00a0<strong>Peace<\/strong>&#8220;<\/em>\u00a0(Quran 59:23).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ashura\u2019s Sunni tradition<\/strong>\u00a0commemorates\u00a0<strong>Moses\u2019 liberation<\/strong>\u00a0(a symbol of divine deliverance)3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia tradition<\/strong>\u00a0mourns Husayn\u2019s martyrdom as a\u00a0<strong>sacrifice for justice<\/strong>, echoing prophetic struggles against oppression610.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Thematic Parallel: Ashura &amp; Cosmic Justice<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn73\" name=\"_ednref73\">[73]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Husayn\u2019s stand at Karbala<\/strong>\u00a0mirrors Zoroastrian\u00a0<strong>Asha vs. Druj<\/strong>, a fight for truth against tyrann.<\/li>\n<li>While\u00a0<strong>Ahura Mazda isn\u2019t invoked<\/strong>, Husayn\u2019s martyrdom embodies\u00a0<strong>Islamic &#8220;peace through justice&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0(Quran 16:90).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ahura Mazda\u2019s &#8220;peace&#8221; is absent in Abrahamic texts<\/strong>, but\u00a0<strong>Zoroastrian dualism (good vs. evil) influenced later Abrahamic eschatology<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ashura<\/strong>\u00a0in Islam whether Sunni (fasting) or Shia (mourning), reflects\u00a0<strong>peace as divine justice<\/strong>, resonating with broader Abrahamic themes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary of Imam Husayn\u2019s Odyssey Leading to His Martyrdom<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Background and Political Context<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Imam Husayn (RA), the grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) and Fatima (RA). After the death of his brother Hasan (RA), he became the leader of the Banu Hashim clan<\/li>\n<li>The Umayyad caliph Mu&#8217;awiya violated his treaty with Hasan by appointing his son Yazid as successor, despite Yazid\u2019s tyrannical and irreligious reputation\u00a0511.<\/li>\n<li>Husayn refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid, upholding Islamic principles of justice and opposing hereditary kingship<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> The Journey to Kufa<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn74\" name=\"_ednref74\">[74]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Imam Husayn received letters from Kufan supporters urging him to lead a revolt against Yazid\u00a0711.<\/li>\n<li>He sent his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil to assess the situation, but Yazid\u2019s governor, Ubaydullah ibn Ziyad, crushed the uprising and executed Muslim\u00a079.<\/li>\n<li>Despite warnings, Husayn set out from Mecca with about 72 followers, including women and children, to avoid bloodshed in the holy city\u00a0511.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Interception and Siege at Karbala<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn75\" name=\"_ednref75\">[75]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>En route to Kufa, Husayn\u2019s caravan was intercepted by Yazid\u2019s forces under Hurr al-Tamimi and forced to camp in the desert of Karbala\u00a0713.<\/li>\n<li>The Umayyad army (4,000\u201330,000 soldiers) surrounded Husayn\u2019s small group, cutting off their access to water for days\u00a0711.<\/li>\n<li>Negotiations failed when Husayn refused to submit to Yazid\u2019s illegitimate rule\u00a0913.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> The Battle &amp; Martyrdom (10 Muharram 61 AH \/ 680 CE)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>On Ashura, Husayn\u2019s companions were slaughtered one by one, including his half-brother Abbas and his infant son Ali Asghar\u00a0511.<\/li>\n<li>Husayn fought valiantly but was ultimately beheaded, and his family was taken captive to Damascus\u00a079.<\/li>\n<li>His sacrifice became a symbol of resistance against oppression, galvanizing Shia Islam as a distinct movement\u00a018.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Sunni Muslims Do Not Revere Him in the Same Way as Shias<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn76\" name=\"_ednref76\">[76]<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Historical and Political Differences<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Sunnis accept the legitimacy of the first three caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman) before Ali, while Shias view them as usurpers\u00a0814.<\/li>\n<li>The Sunni perspective sees Husayn\u2019s stand as tragic but not a defining theological event, unlike Shias who treat it as a foundational martyrdom\u00a01214.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Commemoration Practices<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Shias mourn Husayn\u2019s death with rituals like chest-beating and processions (Ashura), which many Sunnis consider excessive or bid\u2019ah (innovation)\u00a01214.<\/li>\n<li>Sunnis may respect Husayn as a martyr but do not attribute the same level of intercessory status as Shias do\u00a014.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Focus on Unity vs. Sectarian Identity<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Sunni tradition emphasizes the broader Muslim ummah, whereas Shia identity is deeply tied to the Ahl al-Bayt\u2019s suffering\u00a0812.<\/li>\n<li>Some Sunni scholars criticize Yazid but avoid elevating Husayn\u2019s rebellion as a doctrinal model\u00a0914.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong><br \/>\nWhile both Sunnis and Shias regard Imam Husayn as a martyr, Shias venerate him as a central figure of faith, whereas Sunnis honour him within the broader history of Islam without ritualized mourning. The divide stems from differing views on succession, authority, and commemoration<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Differing Views Between Sunnis and Shias: Succession, Authority, and Commemoration<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The divide between\u00a0<strong>Sunni and Shia Muslims<\/strong>\u00a0originates from\u00a0<strong>early Islamic history<\/strong>, particularly the question of\u00a0<strong>succession after Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)<\/strong>. Over time, this political dispute evolved into\u00a0<strong>theological, jurisprudential, and cultural differences<\/strong>, with each group developing distinct views on\u00a0<strong>leadership, religious authority, and the commemoration of key events<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>While\u00a0<strong>both groups uphold core Islamic beliefs<\/strong>\u00a0(Tawheed, Prophethood, Quran), their interpretations diverge significantly, sometimes leading to\u00a0<strong>mutual exclusion and hostility<\/strong>. Generally, a Sunni Muslims, have encountered\u00a0<strong>strong anti-Shia rhetoric<\/strong>, including claims that\u00a0<strong>Shias are not &#8220;real Muslims.&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0Below is a detailed breakdown of these differences.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Succession After the Prophet (PBUH)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Sunni Perspective<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abu Bakr (RA) as the First Caliph<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn77\" name=\"_ednref77\">[77]<\/a>: Sunnis believe leadership should be based on\u00a0<strong>merit and consensus (Shura)<\/strong>. After the Prophet\u2019s death, senior companions elected\u00a0<strong>Abu Bakr (RA)<\/strong>, followed by\u00a0<strong>Umar (RA), Uthman (RA), and Ali (RA)<\/strong>\u2014the\u00a0<strong>&#8220;Rightly Guided Caliphs&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0217.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No Divine Appointment<\/strong>: Sunnis reject the idea that\u00a0<strong>Ali (RA) was explicitly named successor<\/strong>\u00a0by the Prophet. They argue that\u00a0<strong>Hadith of Ghadir Khumm<\/strong>\u00a0(where the Prophet said,\u00a0<em>&#8220;Whoever\u2019s master I am, Ali is his master&#8221;<\/em>) refers to\u00a0<strong>spiritual closeness, not political succession<\/strong>\u00a0417.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mu\u2019awiya &amp; Yazid<\/strong>: While\u00a0<strong>Mu\u2019awiya\u2019s caliphate is accepted<\/strong>, Sunni scholars\u00a0<strong>criticize Yazid<\/strong>\u00a0for Husayn\u2019s (RA) martyrdom but\u00a0<strong>avoid open cursing<\/strong>, citing\u00a0<strong>hadiths against rebellion<\/strong>\u00a015.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Shia Perspective<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ali (RA) as the First Imam<\/strong>: Shias believe\u00a0<strong>Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) explicitly appointed Ali (RA)<\/strong>\u00a0at\u00a0<strong>Ghadir Khumm<\/strong>\u00a0and that leadership must remain within\u00a0<strong>Ahl al-Bayt (Prophet\u2019s family)<\/strong>\u00a01317.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Divinely Guided Imams<\/strong>: Shias hold that\u00a0<strong>12 Imams<\/strong>\u00a0(starting with Ali and ending with\u00a0<strong>Mahdi<\/strong>) are\u00a0<strong>infallible<\/strong>, possessing\u00a0<strong>divine knowledge<\/strong>\u00a0413.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rejection of Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman<\/strong>: Many Shias view the first three caliphs as\u00a0<strong>usurpers<\/strong>, particularly due to\u00a0<strong>Fatima\u2019s (RA) disputed inheritance<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>Ali\u2019s delayed caliphate<\/strong>\u00a01217.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Conflict<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sunnis see\u00a0<strong>Shia rejection of the first caliphs as undermining Islamic history<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Shias see\u00a0<strong>Sunni acceptance of Yazid\u2019s rule as justifying oppression<\/strong>\u00a015.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Religious Authority &amp; Jurisprudence<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Sunni Islam<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Caliphs as Political Leaders<\/strong>: After the Rashidun Caliphs, leadership became\u00a0<strong>monarchical (Umayyads, Abbasids, Ottomans)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Four Schools of Thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi\u2019i, Hanbali)<\/strong>: Sunni jurisprudence relies on\u00a0<strong>Quran, Hadith, Ijma (consensus), and Qiyas (analogy)<\/strong>\u00a0217.<\/li>\n<li><strong>No Infallible Clergy<\/strong>: Sunni scholars (<strong>Ulama<\/strong>) are\u00a0<strong>interpreters, not divinely appointed<\/strong>\u00a014.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Shia Islam<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Imams as Infallible Guides<\/strong>: The\u00a0<strong>Twelver Shia<\/strong>\u00a0believe Imams are\u00a0<strong>divinely appointed<\/strong>, continuing Prophetic authority\u00a0413.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Marja\u2019iyya (Grand Ayatollahs)<\/strong>: In the\u00a0<strong>absence of the Mahdi<\/strong>, senior clerics (<strong>Wilayat al-Faqih<\/strong>) guide the community (e.g.,\u00a0<strong>Khomeini in Iran<\/strong>)\u00a013.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hadith Sources<\/strong>: Shias prioritize narrations from\u00a0<strong>Ahl al-Bayt<\/strong>, rejecting some Sunni hadiths from\u00a0<strong>Abu Huraira, Aisha<\/strong>\u00a0612.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Conflict<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sunnis accuse Shias of\u00a0<strong>&#8220;innovation (Bid\u2019ah)&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0for elevating Imams to near-prophetic status.<\/li>\n<li>Shias accuse Sunnis of\u00a0<strong>ignoring the Prophet\u2019s family\u2019s rights<\/strong>\u00a01217.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Commemoration of Ashura and Martyrdom<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Sunni Observance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fasting on Ashura<\/strong>: Sunnis commemorate\u00a0<strong>Moses\u2019 victory over Pharaoh<\/strong>, following the Prophet\u2019s (PBUH) tradition\u00a025.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Husayn (RA) Respected, But Not Central<\/strong>: While\u00a0<strong>mourning Husayn is encouraged<\/strong>, public rituals (<strong>chest-beating, self-flagellation<\/strong>) are\u00a0<strong>rejected as Bid\u2019ah<\/strong>\u00a015.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Shia Observance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mourning as a Religious Duty<\/strong>: Ashura marks\u00a0<strong>Husayn\u2019s martyrdom at Karbala (680 CE)<\/strong>\u2014seen as a\u00a0<strong>symbol of resistance against tyranny<\/strong>\u00a0512.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Passion Plays (Ta\u2019ziyeh) &amp; Matam<\/strong>: Shias engage in\u00a0<strong>processions, reenactments, and lamentations<\/strong>, which Sunnis often\u00a0<strong>condemn as excessive<\/strong>\u00a01417.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Conflict<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sunnis view Shia mourning as\u00a0<strong>un-Islamic dramatization<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Shias view Sunni indifference as\u00a0<strong>betrayal of the Prophet\u2019s family<\/strong>\u00a01215.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Some Sunnis Reject Shias as Muslims<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Takfiri Rhetoric<\/strong>: Some\u00a0<strong>Salafi\/Wahhabi groups<\/strong>\u00a0declare Shias\u00a0<strong>non-Muslims<\/strong>\u00a0due to:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Veneration of Imams<\/strong>\u00a0(seen as shirk).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cursing Sahaba<\/strong>\u00a0(Abu Bakr, Umar).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Different Prayer Practices<\/strong>\u00a0(hands at sides, turbah prostration)\u00a014.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Rivalry<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>Saudi-Iran tensions<\/strong>\u00a0fuel sectarianism, with\u00a0<strong>state-backed clerics<\/strong>\u00a0demonizing the other\u00a0613.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Historical Grievances<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>Battle of Karbala, Safavid-Ottoman wars<\/strong>\u00a0entrenched mutual hostility\u00a0517.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Yet, Many Sunni Scholars Recognize Shias as Muslims<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Al-Azhar Fatwa (1959)<\/strong>: Declared\u00a0<strong>Twelver Shia as valid Muslims<\/strong>\u00a017.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ibn Taymiyyah<\/strong>: Criticized Shia theology but\u00a0<strong>did not declare them kuffar<\/strong>\u00a015.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion: Can Dialogue Bridge the Divide?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While\u00a0<strong>sectarian tensions persist<\/strong>, many modern scholars advocate\u00a0<strong>unity on shared beliefs<\/strong>\u00a0(Tawheed, Quran, Prophet). However,\u00a0<strong>historical wounds, political manipulation, and theological differences<\/strong>\u00a0keep the divide alive.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Sunni Muslim<\/strong>, might reflect:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do\u00a0<strong>differences in leadership interpretation<\/strong>\u00a0justify\u00a0<strong>denying another\u2019s Islam<\/strong>?<\/li>\n<li>Can\u00a0<strong>respect for Ahl al-Bayt coexist<\/strong>\u00a0with Sunni orthodoxy?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The answer lies in\u00a0<strong>Quran 49:10<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8220;The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your brothers.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Civil War in Islam (First Fitna) and the Role of Bibi Ayesha (RA)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn78\" name=\"_ednref78\">[78]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>First Fitna (656\u2013661 CE)<\/strong>\u00a0was the first major civil war in Islamic history, triggered by political and tribal divisions after the assassination of the third Caliph,\u00a0<strong>Uthman ibn Affan (RA)<\/strong>.\u00a0<strong>Bibi Ayesha (RA)<\/strong>, the youngest wife of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), played a central role in the conflict, particularly in the\u00a0<strong>Battle of the Camel (656 CE)<\/strong>, where she led an opposition force against the fourth Caliph,\u00a0<strong>Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Background: The Assassination of Uthman (RA) and Rise of Ali (RA)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Uthman\u2019s Rule (644\u2013656 CE):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Uthman, a member of the\u00a0<strong>Banu Umayya clan<\/strong>, was accused of\u00a0<strong>nepotism<\/strong>\u00a0by appointing relatives to key positions and mishandling state funds\u00a0711.<\/li>\n<li>Discontent grew among provincial rebels, especially from\u00a0<strong>Egypt and Iraq<\/strong>, who besieged his house in Medina and eventually assassinated him\u00a012.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ali\u2019s Election as Caliph (656 CE):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>After Uthman\u2019s death, the people of Medina pledged allegiance to\u00a0<strong>Ali (RA)<\/strong>\u00a0as the fourth Caliph.<\/li>\n<li>However,\u00a0<strong>Ayesha (RA), Talha ibn Ubaydullah, and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam<\/strong>\u00a0opposed Ali\u2019s leadership, demanding justice for Uthman\u2019s killers\u00a048.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Ayesha\u2019s Opposition and the Battle of the Camel (656 CE)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn79\" name=\"_ednref79\">[79]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong> Motivations for Rebellion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Personal Grievances:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Ayesha had\u00a0<strong>clashed with Uthman<\/strong>\u00a0over reduced pensions and accused him of corruption, even calling him\u00a0<em>&#8220;Na&#8217;athal&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(a derogatory term)\u00a011.<\/li>\n<li>However, after Uthman\u2019s death, she\u00a0<strong>shifted her stance<\/strong>, now demanding his killers be punished\u2014a move seen by some as politically motivated\u00a0611.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Ambitions:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Some historians argue that\u00a0<strong>Talha and Zubayr<\/strong>\u00a0sought power, while Ayesha may have wanted her nephew\u00a0<strong>Abdullah ibn Zubayr<\/strong>\u00a0to become Caliph\u00a04.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> The March to Basra<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn80\" name=\"_ednref80\">[80]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Ayesha, Talha, and Zubayr\u00a0<strong>gathered 3,000 troops<\/strong>\u00a0in Mecca and marched to\u00a0<strong>Basra (Iraq)<\/strong>, claiming they sought justice for Uthman<\/li>\n<li>They\u00a0<strong>seized Basra<\/strong>, killing 600 supporters of Ali and taking control of the treasury\u00a04.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Ali\u2019s Response and the Battle<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Ali initially tried\u00a0<strong>diplomacy<\/strong>, sending letters urging Ayesha to return to Medina (as per Quran 33:33, which instructs wives of the Prophet to stay at home)\u00a011.<\/li>\n<li>When negotiations failed, Ali\u2019s forces (about 10,000 men) clashed with Ayesha\u2019s army near Basra<\/li>\n<li>The battle was named\u00a0<strong>&#8220;Battle of the Camel&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0because Ayesha directed troops from a\u00a0<strong>howdah (camel litter)<\/strong>, which became the focal point of fighting.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Outcome:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Talha and Zubayr were killed<\/strong>, and Ayesha\u2019s forces were defeated.<a href=\"#_edn81\" name=\"_ednref81\">[81]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ali\u00a0<strong>pardoned Ayesha<\/strong>\u00a0and sent her back to Medina under escort<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Aftermath and Historical Perspectives<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Sunni vs. Shia Views<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sunni Perspective:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Ayesha is revered as\u00a0<strong>&#8220;Mother of the Believers&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0and a major hadith narrator, but her role in the civil war is seen as a\u00a0<strong>political mistake<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn82\" name=\"_ednref82\">[82]<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Many Sunnis argue she was\u00a0<strong>misguided by Talha and Zubayr<\/strong>\u00a0rather than acting out of malice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia Perspective:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Shias criticize Ayesha for\u00a0<strong>defying Ali\u2019s leadership<\/strong>, accusing her of\u00a0<strong>instigating fitna (discord)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>They contrast her actions with\u00a0<strong>Fatima (RA) and Umm Salama (RA)<\/strong>, who supported Ali<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Broader Impact of the First Fitna<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>The conflict\u00a0<strong>weakened Muslim unity<\/strong>, leading to further wars (e.g.,\u00a0<strong>Battle of Siffin vs. Muawiya<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>It set the stage for the\u00a0<strong>Umayyad Caliphate (661\u2013750 CE)<\/strong>, which emerged after Ali\u2019s assassination<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>Battle of the Camel<\/strong>\u00a0marked a tragic turning point in Islamic history, where\u00a0<strong>political ambitions and tribal loyalties<\/strong>\u00a0overshadowed unity. While Ayesha\u2019s involvement remains controversial, her legacy in Sunni Islam remains\u00a0<strong>respected but debated<\/strong>, whereas Shia Islam views her actions as a\u00a0<strong>divisive error<\/strong>. The war underscored the dangers of\u00a0<strong>internal strife (fitna)<\/strong>\u00a0in Muslim governance.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sources recommended for further reading:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Battle-of-the-Camel\" >Battle of the Camel (Britannica)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Fitna\" >First Fitna (Wikipedia)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shia_view_of_Aisha\" >Shia View of Ayesha<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In the present era, this FITNA is further exacerbated by some Sunnis, by denigrating Shias, for what they classify as BIDAT<a href=\"#_edn83\" name=\"_ednref83\">[83]<\/a>, especially the pilgrims visiting Karbala and paying reverence at the Shrine of Imam Hussayn.\u00a0 It is necessary to elaborate further on this sad chapter of Islamic history<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Sunni-Shia Divide Over Karbala Pilgrimage and Accusations of Bid&#8217;ah<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0martyrdom of Imam Husayn (RA) at Karbala\u00a0(680 CE) remains one of the most defining events in Islamic history, shaping the theological and political rift between\u00a0Sunni and Shia Muslims. While Shias commemorate Husayn\u2019s sacrifice with deep mourning rituals, including pilgrimages (Ziyarat) to his shrine in Karbala, some Sunni hardliners denounce these practices as\u00a0Bid\u2019ah (innovation in religion and equating partners with Allah in Islam), a serious charge in Islamic jurisprudence. This tension has fuelled sectarian strife, particularly in modern times.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Why Do Some Sunnis Oppose Shia Pilgrimages to Karbala?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Theological Differences<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bid\u2019ah Accusation<\/strong>: Many Sunni scholars, particularly from\u00a0<strong>Salafi\/Wahhabi traditions<\/strong>, argue that\u00a0<strong>visiting graves, mourning processions, and constructing shrines<\/strong>\u00a0are innovations not practiced by the Prophet (PBUH) or the Sahaba\u00a089.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hadith Interpretation<\/strong>: Sunnis cite hadiths warning against\u00a0<strong>excessive grave veneration<\/strong>, such as:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;Do not make my grave a place of festivity.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(Abu Dawud)<\/li>\n<li><em>&#8220;May Allah curse the Jews and Christians; they took the graves of their prophets as places of worship.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(Bukhari)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia Counterargument<\/strong>: Shias respond that\u00a0<strong>Ziyarat (visitation)<\/strong>\u00a0is rooted in early Islamic tradition, citing:\n<ul>\n<li>The Prophet (PBUH) visited his mother\u2019s grave\u00a014.<\/li>\n<li>Imam Ali (RA) and other companions paid respects at graves\u00a07.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Political and Sectarian Hostility<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Historical Suppression<\/strong>: Under\u00a0<strong>Saddam Hussein\u2019s Sunni-dominated Ba\u2019ath regime (1979\u20132003)<\/strong>, Shia pilgrimages to Karbala were\u00a0<strong>banned<\/strong>, and participants faced imprisonment or execution\u00a013.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modern Sectarianism<\/strong>: Post-2003, the revival of Shia rituals (e.g.,\u00a0<strong>Arba\u2019een pilgrimage<\/strong>, attracting\u00a0<strong>20+ million<\/strong>) has triggered Sunni backlash, especially in\u00a0<strong>Saudi Arabia and Gulf states<\/strong>, where Shia practices are often labeled as\u00a0<strong>&#8220;deviant&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0913.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Takfiri Rhetoric<\/strong>: Extremist Sunni groups (e.g.,\u00a0<strong>Al-Qaeda, ISIS<\/strong>) have\u00a0<strong>attacked Shia pilgrims<\/strong>, calling them\u00a0<strong>&#8220;grave-worshippers&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>&#8220;apostates&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a058.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Key Controversies Around Karbala Pilgrimage<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Shia Mourning Rituals (Matam, Latmiyat, Processions)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Self-Flagellation (Tatbir)<\/strong>: Some Shia sects practice\u00a0<strong>bloodletting<\/strong>\u00a0(cutting foreheads with blades), which Sunni scholars condemn as\u00a0<strong>self-harm (Haram)<\/strong>\u00a08.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Passion Plays (Ta\u2019ziyeh)<\/strong>: Dramatizations of Karbala are seen by Sunnis as\u00a0<strong>exaggerated and un-Islamic<\/strong>\u00a013.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cursing Yazid and the Sahaba<\/strong>: Some Shia rituals involve\u00a0<strong>denouncing Abu Bakr, Umar, and Yazid<\/strong>, which Sunnis view as\u00a0<strong>disrespect to the Prophet\u2019s companions<\/strong>\u00a08.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> The Shrine Itself<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Architectural Grandeur<\/strong>: The\u00a0<strong>gold-domed shrines of Husayn and Abbas<\/strong>\u00a0in Karbala are seen by Salafis as\u00a0<strong>&#8220;shirk&#8221; (polytheism)<\/strong>\u00a0for resembling &#8220;tomb worship&#8221;\u00a0<a href=\"#_edn84\" name=\"_ednref84\">[84]<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Financial and Political Power<\/strong>: The pilgrimage economy (worth\u00a0<strong>billions annually<\/strong>) is viewed by some Sunnis as an\u00a0<strong>Iranian-backed &#8220;Shia expansion&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0tool.<a href=\"#_edn85\" name=\"_ednref85\">[85]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Attempts at Reconciliation and Ongoing Tensions<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Sunni Scholars Who Recognize Shia Practices<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Al-Azhar Fatwa (1959)<\/strong>: Declared\u00a0<strong>Twelver Shias as Muslims<\/strong>\u00a0and permissible to pray behind them<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ibn Taymiyyah<\/strong>: Though critical, he\u00a0<strong>did not declare Shias as kuffar<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"#_edn86\" name=\"_ednref86\">[86]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Modern Sectarian Violence<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>ISIS Attacks<\/strong>: Suicide bombings targeting Shia pilgrims (e.g.,\u00a0<strong>2016 Karrada bombing, 150+ killed<\/strong>)\u00a05.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Saudi Restrictions<\/strong>: Shias in\u00a0<strong>Qatif and Eastern Province<\/strong>\u00a0face arrests for mourning Muharram\u00a09.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion: A Struggle Between Tradition and Tolerance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While\u00a0<strong>mainstream Sunni Islam respects Husayn (RA) as a martyr<\/strong>, hardliners weaponize\u00a0<strong>Bid\u2019ah accusations<\/strong>\u00a0to justify sectarian exclusion. Meanwhile, Shias see Karbala as\u00a0<strong>sacred resistance against tyranny<\/strong>. The path forward requires:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Intra-Muslim dialogue<\/strong>\u00a0(e.g., Sunni-Shia unity conferences).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Condemning extremist takfirism<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recognizing diverse Islamic expressions<\/strong>\u00a0without delegitimization.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>&#8220;The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your brothers.&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0(Quran 49:10)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Detailed Analysis of Key Fatwas and Historical Incidents on Sunni-Shia Divisions Over Ashura and Karbala<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn87\" name=\"_ednref87\"><strong>[87]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Sunni-Shia divide over the commemoration of\u00a0Ashura\u00a0and the martyrdom of\u00a0Imam Husayn (RA)\u00a0is rooted in theological differences, political history, and conflicting interpretations of Islamic practice. Below is an in-depth examination of\u00a0fatwas, historical incidents, and sectarian tensions\u00a0surrounding these issues.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Fatwas on Mourning Husayn and Ashura Observance<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Sunni Fatwas Against Shia Mourning Practices<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Many\u00a0Salafi\/Wahhabi scholars\u00a0condemn Shia mourning rituals (e.g., chest-beating, self-flagellation) as\u00a0Bid\u2019ah (innovation)\u00a0and even\u00a0Shirk (polytheism). Key rulings include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Ibn Taymiyyah\u2019s Condemnation (14th Century)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Declared that\u00a0excessive mourning for Husayn\u00a0is an innovation, arguing that the Prophet (PBUH) never sanctioned such rituals\u00a0.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Warned against\u00a0visiting graves for intercession, equating it to pre-Islamic idolatry\u00a0.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modern Salafi Fatwas (Saudi Arabia, Al-Azhar)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn88\" name=\"_ednref88\"><strong>[88]<\/strong><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Saudi Grand Muftis (e.g., Ibn Baz, Al-Uthaymeen)<\/strong><strong>\u00a0issued fatwas stating:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Self-flagellation (Tatbir) is Haram&#8221;<\/strong><strong>\u00a0as it violates Quranic prohibitions on self-harm\u00a0.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Building shrines over graves is forbidden&#8221;<\/strong><strong>, citing hadiths against tomb veneration\u00a0.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Al-Azhar (1959)<\/strong><strong>\u00a0recognized Shias as Muslims but criticized their\u00a0&#8220;exaggerated mourning&#8221;\u00a0as divisive\u00a0.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lebanon\u2019s Dar al-Fatwa Controversy (2023)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lebanon\u2019s\u00a0Sunni authority\u00a0planned to commemorate Husayn\u2019s martyrdom for the first time but\u00a0postponed\u00a0it due to fears of politicization\u00a0.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Critics accused them of\u00a0&#8220;legitimizing Shia rituals&#8221;, while supporters called it a\u00a0step toward unity\u00a0.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Shia Fatwas Defending Mourning Rituals<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Shia scholars argue that\u00a0mourning Husayn is a religious duty, citing:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Imam Ja\u2019far al-Sadiq\u2019s teachings<\/strong><strong>: &#8220;Every day is Ashura, every land is Karbala&#8221;\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ayatollah Khomeini\u2019s rulings<\/strong><strong>: Permitted\u00a0Tatbir\u00a0as an expression of grief (though some modern Shia clerics discourage it)\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Historical Incidents Fuelling Sectarian Tensions<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Saddam Hussein\u2019s Suppression of Shia Mourning (1980s\u20132003)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn89\" name=\"_ednref89\"><strong>[89]<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ban on Ashura processions<\/strong><strong>: Iraqi Shias were\u00a0arrested or executed\u00a0for commemorating Karbala\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Destruction of shrines<\/strong><strong>: Saddam\u2019s regime\u00a0bulldozed Husayn\u2019s shrine\u00a0in 1991 (later rebuilt post-2003)\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> ISIS Attacks on Shia Pilgrims (2014\u20132017)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn90\" name=\"_ednref90\"><strong>[90]<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Karrada bombing (2016)<\/strong><strong>: 300+ Shia pilgrims killed in Baghdad\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>ISIS propaganda<\/strong><strong>: Labeled Shias as\u00a0&#8220;grave-worshippers&#8221;\u00a0and\u00a0&#8220;apostates&#8221;\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Saudi Restrictions on Shia Mourning<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Eastern Province crackdowns<\/strong><strong>: Shias in\u00a0Qatif\u00a0face arrests for public mourning\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>State-backed clerics<\/strong><strong>\u00a0(e.g., Al-Fawzan) declare:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Shia rituals are not part of Islam&#8221;<\/strong><strong>\u00a09.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Theological Clashes Over Ashura<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Sunni View: Fasting, Not Mourning<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hadith in Sahih Muslim<\/strong><strong>: The Prophet (PBUH) fasted on Ashura to commemorate\u00a0Moses\u2019 victory over Pharaoh\u00a05.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ibn Kathir\u2019s Tafsir<\/strong><strong>: Lists 10+ prophetic events on Ashura (e.g., Noah\u2019s Ark, Adam\u2019s repentance) but\u00a0omits Husayn\u2019s martyrdom\u00a05.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Shia View: Ashura as a Day of Grief<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Karbala narratives<\/strong><strong>: Focus on\u00a0Husayn\u2019s sacrifice against tyranny\u00a037.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ziyarat Ashura<\/strong><strong>: A pilgrimage prayer condemning\u00a0Yazid and his army\u00a0as oppressors\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Attempts at Reconciliation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Al-Azhar\u2019s 1959 Fatwa<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Recognized\u00a0Twelver Shias as Muslims\u00a0but urged them to\u00a0avoid cursing the Sahaba\u00a01.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Iran\u2019s Interfaith Dialogues<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Khamenei\u2019s calls for unity<\/strong><strong>: &#8220;Sunni and Shia blood is equal&#8221;\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Grassroots Movements<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Arba\u2019een Pilgrimage<\/strong><strong>: 20+ million (including Sunnis) walk to Karbala annually\u00a07.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Conclusion: Can the Divide Be Bridged?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>While\u00a0hardline fatwas\u00a0deepen sectarianism,\u00a0moderate voices\u00a0(e.g., Lebanon\u2019s Dar al-Fatwa) seek common ground. The key lies in:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Respecting differences<\/strong><strong>\u00a0in ritual (fasting vs. mourning).<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Condemning Takfirism<\/strong><strong>\u00a0(declaring others as non-Muslims).<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Focusing on shared beliefs<\/strong><strong>\u00a0(love for the Prophet\u2019s family).<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Quran 49:10\u00a0reminds us:\u00a0<em>&#8220;The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your brothers.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_298449\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image003-1.png\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-298449\" class=\"wp-image-298449\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image003-1-532x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"770\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image003-1-532x1024.png 532w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image003-1-156x300.png 156w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image003-1.png 755w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-298449\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Abrahamic Scriptural Events as related to have occurred on Ashura,<br \/>Photo Top: Prophet Noah&#8217;s Ark resting on Mount Judi after the great flood has receded. The Ark is large and wooden, resting on a green mountain peak under a clear blue sky. The landscape is peaceful, with rivers flowing gently, birds flying overhead, and animals disembarking in pairs. The atmosphere is calm and hopeful, symbolizing divine mercy and a new beginning. Inspired by Islamic tradition and Surah Hud (11:44).<br \/>Photo Bottom: The safe, unharmed, regurgitation of Prophet Yunus, onto the shore. The fish is depicted as a large and majestic, whale, emerging from the ocean waves under a cloudy sky. Prophet Yunus is shown in a state of humility and prayer, lying on the shore, weak but alive. The background includes a peaceful coastline with a gourd plant growing nearby, symbolizing divine mercy. The atmosphere is one of relief, repentance, and divine forgiveness. Inspired by Islamic tradition and Surah As-Saffat (37:139\u2013145).<br \/>Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>A Practical Guide for Promoting Sunni-Shia Unity (While Navigating Risks)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As a peacebuilder in a volatile sectarian climate, the author\u2019s mission is both noble and perilous. The author as a member of a\u00a0step-by-step, actionable approach\u00a0to foster unity while minimizing risks:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Start with Personal Education &amp; Self-Reflection<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Before engaging others, solidify personal knowledge and intentions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Study shared theology: Emphasize common ground (Tawheed, Quran, love for Ahl al-Bayt).<\/li>\n<li>Acknowledge historical grievances: Recognize legitimate Sunni\/Shia concerns without fuelling polemics.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid partisan language: Replace\u00a0<em>&#8220;You Shias\/Sunnis are wrong&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0with\u00a0<em>&#8220;How can we honor the Prophet\u2019s legacy together?&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n<p>Instead of debating who &#8220;rightly&#8221; succeeded the Prophet (PBUH), focus on how\u00a0Ali (RA) and Abu Bakr (RA) respected each other\u00a0(e.g., Ali prayed behind Abu Bakr as Caliph).<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Build Trust Through &#8220;Neutral&#8221; Spaces<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Safe, non-religious platforms reduce suspicion:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Joint community service: Organize Sunni-Shia blood drives, soup kitchens, or disaster relief.<\/li>\n<li>Cultural exchanges: Host events celebrating shared Islamic art, calligraphy, or Sufi poetry (which transcends sects).<\/li>\n<li>Interfaith dialogues: Include Christians\/Jews to shift focus from intra-Muslim disputes to collective justice issues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Case Study:<\/p>\n<p>In post-ISIS Iraq,\u00a0Imams of Mosul\u00a0rebuilt both Sunni and Shia mosques together, using the slogan:<br \/>\n<em>&#8220;The Prophet (PBUH) built one mosque\u2014why do we need two?&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Amplify Unifying Narratives<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Highlight historical and modern examples of coexistence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Prophet\u2019s (PBUH) Farewell Sermon:\u00a0<em>&#8220;All Muslims are brothers.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(Hadith: Muslim)<\/li>\n<li>Saladin\u2019s unity: Sunni and Shia fought side-by-side against Crusaders.<\/li>\n<li>Modern heroes: Share stories like\u00a0Ayatollah Sistani protecting Sunni mosques\u00a0in Iraq or\u00a0Sunni clerics defending Shia pilgrims.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Action:<\/p>\n<p>Create social media content (anonymous if needed) with hashtags like #UnitedUmmah or #OneUmmah.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Address Grievances Without Inflaming Passions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Acknowledge pain while redirecting toward solutions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For Sunnis:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;We honor Abu Bakr (RA) and Umar (RA), but can we also mourn Husayn (RA) as the Prophet\u2019s grandson?&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>For Shias:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;We weep for Karbala, but can we also acknowledge Sunni scholars who condemned Yazid?&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Script for Sensitive Discussions:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8220;I\u2019m not asking you to abandon your beliefs. I\u2019m asking: Can we love the Prophet (PBUH) so much that we refuse to let his family\u2019s blood divide us further?&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Security Measures for High-Risk Areas<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>If threats are credible:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anonymity: Use pseudonyms online or publish unity materials anonymously.<\/li>\n<li>Alliances: Partner with respected local leaders (e.g., tribal elders, Sufi scholars) who can shield you.<\/li>\n<li>Exit strategy: Have contingency plans (e.g., relocate if threats escalate).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n<p>In Pakistan, Sunni and Shia activists formed\u00a0&#8220;The Peace Committee&#8221;\u00a0but kept members\u2019 identities secret to avoid assassinations.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong> Leverage Islamic Scripture for Reconciliation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Use Quran\/hadith that transcend sectarianism:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Quran 3:103:\u00a0<em>&#8220;Hold firmly to Allah\u2019s rope and do not divide.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Hadith (Tirmidhi):\u00a0<em>&#8220;Whoever calls to division is not of us.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Imam Ali\u2019s (RA) letter to Malik al-Ashtar:\u00a0<em>&#8220;The people are of two kinds: your brothers in faith or your equals in humanity.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Workshop Idea:<\/p>\n<p>Host a\u00a0Quranic reflection circle\u00a0where Sunnis and Shias study verses on unity without mentioning sects.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong> Counter Extremist Rhetoric with Logic<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>When confronted with takfiris (those who declare others apostates):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ask questions:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;Did the Prophet (PBUH) ever curse a Muslim as a kafir for differences in practice?&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cite consensus:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;Al-Azhar, Ibn Taymiyyah, and even Saudi muftis historically recognized Shias as Muslims.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Redirect:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;If we spend our energy fighting each other, who benefits? The enemies of Islam.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong> Focus on the Next Generation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Children are less indoctrinated. Initiatives could include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Integrated schools: Where Sunni\/Shia kids learn shared Islamic history.<\/li>\n<li>Sports leagues: Unified teams with names like\u00a0<em>&#8220;Ansar of Medina&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(honoring early Muslim unity).<\/li>\n<li>Storybooks: Publishing children\u2019s books about Sunni and Shia heroes working together.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Success Story:<\/p>\n<p>In Lebanon, the\u00a0&#8220;Youth for Peace&#8221;\u00a0program reduced sectarian hate among teens by 40% through joint activities.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Final Advice: The &#8220;Prophetic Patience&#8221; Approach<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Start small: Even changing one person\u2019s heart is a victory.<\/li>\n<li>Expect backlash: The Prophet (PBUH) was mocked for 13 years before triumph.<\/li>\n<li>Prioritize safety: Your life matters\u2014don\u2019t risk martyrdom unnecessarily.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em>&#8220;If Allah guides one person through you, it is better than red camels (the most prized possession).&#8221;<\/em><br \/>\n\u2014\u00a0Hadith (Bukhari)<\/p>\n<p>May Allah protect you and make you a bridge for unity.\u00a0Stay steadfast, wise, and compassionate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Did Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) predict the Shia -Sunni sectarianism before His demise<a href=\"#_edn91\" name=\"_ednref91\">[91]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The question of whether Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) predicted the Sunni-Shia divide before his demise is a complex theological and historical issue. While there are no explicit Quranic verses or universally accepted hadiths where the Prophet directly names &#8220;Sunni&#8221; and &#8220;Shia&#8221; as future sects, both traditions cite narrations that they interpret as alluding to divisions within the Muslim community (<em>Ummah<\/em>). Below is a breakdown of key perspectives:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Sunni Interpretations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hadith on Division<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>The Prophet reportedly said,\u00a0<em>&#8220;The Jews split into 71 sects, the Christians into 72, and my Ummah will divide into 73\u2014all in Hellfire except one.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(Sunan Ibn Majah 3992). Sunnis argue this warns against sectarianism but does not specify Shia-Sunni splits\u00a0<strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Emphasis on Unity<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>Sunni scholars stress the Prophet\u2019s calls for communal cohesion (e.g.,\u00a0<em>&#8220;Hold fast to my Sunnah and the Sunnah of the Rightly Guided Caliphs&#8221;<\/em>), viewing later divisions as political rather than divinely foretold.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Shia Interpretations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ghadir Khumm<\/strong><strong>: Shias cite the Prophet\u2019s declaration at Ghadir Khumm (<em>&#8220;Whoever I am his master, Ali is his master&#8221;<\/em>) <a href=\"#_edn92\" name=\"_ednref92\">[92]<\/a>as a clear appointment of Ali (RA) as successor, implying future disputes would arise from ignoring this.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Predictions of Karbala<\/strong>: Some Shia hadiths state the Prophet foresaw Husayn\u2019s martyrdom, weeping over soil from Karbala. This is seen as anticipating the Sunni-Shia rift post-Husayn\u2019s death\u00a0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Neutral Academic Views<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Political, Not Prophetic<\/strong><strong>: Historians note early disputes (e.g., Saqifa) were about power, not theology. Sectarian identities solidified centuries later.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Later Attributions<\/strong><strong>: Many &#8220;predictive&#8221; hadiths were likely retrojected after conflicts like Karbala to legitimize sectarian stances\u00a0.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While the Prophet warned of general divisions, explicit &#8220;Sunni-Shia&#8221; terminology is absent in early texts. Both sects project later conflicts onto his words, reflecting historical trauma more than literal prophecy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For further reading the author recommends:\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/sunni-shia-divide-islam-muslim\" >Sunni-Shia Divide Explained<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0or\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Succession_to_Muhammad\" >Early Succession Disputes<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Message for the Readers<\/strong>: The divide emerged from post-prophetic politics, not a direct prophecy, though both sides use hadiths to justify their narratives. Saudi is Wahabism, Iran is Shia and South Africa is Sunni with pockets of Muslims who observe Shia rituals.<\/p>\n<p>The Muslim communities in South Africa and globally, can be categorized as follows<strong>, with precise terminology reflecting their theological and jurisprudential identities:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Saudi Arabia: Wahhabi\/Salafi (A Subset of Sunni Islam)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Official Designation<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>Hanbali Sunni (Wahhabi\/Salafi reform movement)<a href=\"#_edn93\" name=\"_ednref93\">[93]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Key Traits<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Follow the teachings of\u00a0Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (18th century).<\/li>\n<li>Reject shrine visitation, Sufism, and Shia practices as\u00a0<em>bid&#8217;ah<\/em>\u00a0(innovation) or\u00a0<em>shirk<\/em>\u00a0(polytheism).<\/li>\n<li>State-enforced in Saudi Arabia via religious police (historically) and clerical institutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Iran: Twelver Shia (Ja&#8217;fari Madhhab)<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn94\" name=\"_ednref94\"><strong>[94]<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Official Designation: Ithna Ashari (Twelver) Shia<\/li>\n<li>Key Traits:\n<ul>\n<li>Follow the\u00a012 Imams, with allegiance to Ayatollahs as jurists (Wilayat al-Faqih system).<\/li>\n<li>Observe Ashura mourning, temporary marriage (<em>mut&#8217;ah<\/em>), and pilgrimage to Karbala\/Najaf.<\/li>\n<li>Reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> South Africa: Mixed Sunni with Shia-Influenced Minorities<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn95\" name=\"_ednref95\"><strong>[95]<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Sunni Majority: Primarily\u00a0Hanafi or Shafi&#8217;i\u00a0(traditional Sunni schools).<\/li>\n<li>Shia Minority: Mostly\u00a0Twelver Shia\u00a0(Iranian\/Lebanese diaspora) and\u00a0Ismailis\u00a0(Aga Khan followers).<\/li>\n<li>Unique Case: &#8220;Shia-Leaning&#8221; Sunnis\n<ul>\n<li>Some Sunni communities in South Africa (e.g., Cape Malay) incorporate Shia-influenced practices like:\n<ul>\n<li>Mourning Husayn\u00a0during Muharram (though not self-flagellation).<\/li>\n<li>Visiting shrines of local saints (<em>awliya<\/em>), which Wahhabis reject but Sufi-inclined Sunnis accept.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Terminology for These Groups:\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Sufi-Influenced Sunnis&#8221;: If they venerate saints but don\u2019t reject Sunni caliphs.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Shia-Sympathizing Sunnis&#8221;: If they adopt Ashura rituals but still identify as Sunni.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Non-Sectarian Muslims&#8221;: If they consciously blend practices without strict allegiance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Comparative Summary<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Country<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Dominant Sect<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Minority Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Notable Practices<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Saudi Arabia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Wahhabi Sunni<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Small Shia minority (Eastern Province)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Rejects shrines, enforces Wahhabi doctrine<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Iran<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Twelver Shia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Sunni minorities (Kurds, Baloch)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Ashura processions, vilayat-e faqih<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>South Africa<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Sunni (Hanafi\/Shafi&#8217;i)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Shia, Sufi, and hybrid groups<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Shrine visits, eclectic Muharram observance<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Key Clarifications<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wahhabism \u2260 All Sunnis: Most Sunnis (e.g., in Egypt, Indonesia) are not Wahhabi but follow\u00a0Maliki, Shafi&#8217;i, or Hanafi\u00a0schools.<\/li>\n<li>Shia-Sunni Hybrids Are Rare: Most Muslims identify firmly as one or the other, but syncretism exists in regions like South Asia or Africa.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid &#8220;Shia-Sunni&#8221; for Blended Groups: Terms like\u00a0&#8220;Sufi-Reformist&#8221;\u00a0or\u00a0&#8220;Cultural Muslim&#8221;\u00a0may fit better for those defying rigid categorization.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Final Note:<\/strong> Labels matter less than self-identification. When in doubt, readers are recommended to enquire from unknown Muslim individuals as to how\u00a0<em>they<\/em>\u00a0identify themselves, before assigning a particular sectarian classification.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Role of Third Force Activities in Widening the Shia-Sunni Muslim Rift<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn96\" name=\"_ednref96\">[96]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>It is important to appreciate that external actors, governments and radical clerics, with vested interests who would benefit from widening the rift between Shias and Sunni sects are complicit, in ensuring the the different Islamic sects are never, ever united, but their influence thrives where\u00a0states fail\u00a0and\u00a0youth are disenfranchised. Key mechanisms deployed are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Geopolitical Manipulation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Saudi Arabia and Iran<\/strong>: Use sectarianism to mask power struggles. Saudi Wahhabism funds anti-Shia rhetoric; Iran\u2019s &#8220;Axis of Resistance&#8221; weaponizes Shia victimhood\u00a026.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Foreign Interventions<\/strong>: The 2003 Iraq War dismantled the state, creating a vacuum filled by sectarian militias\u00a0811.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Indoctrination by Dogmatic Clerics and Ulama as custodians of Islam in different regions.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sunni Extremists<\/strong>: Salafi preachers label Shia as &#8220;apostates,&#8221; citing Ibn Taymiyyah\u2019s polemics\u00a017.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia Hardliners<\/strong>: Some maraji\u2019 promote cult-like loyalty to the\u00a0<em>Wilayat al-Faqih<\/em>\u00a0(Guardianship of the Jurist), framing dissent as betrayal\u00a0610.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Youth Radicalization by Maulanas, Muftis and community leaders.<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sunni<\/strong>: ISIS recruited disillusioned youth by framing Shia as &#8220;Persian invaders&#8221;\u00a0This was even ubdertaken in South Africa by ISIS operatives who demonised the Shias encouraging the radicalosed youth to go off to fight for ISIS with stark realisation following disastrous consequences.9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia<\/strong>: Iranian-backed groups like Hezbollah glorify martyrdom, tying it to anti-Western resistance\u00a06.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Economic Despair as a Catalyst<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Marginalized youth (Sunni\u00a0<em>or<\/em>\u00a0Shia) join militias for survival, not ideology. In Iraq, unemployment rates of 25%+ make sectarian groups the only &#8220;employers&#8221;\u00a08.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>A Path Forward: Disrupting the Cycle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While the situation seems bleak, history shows sectarianism\u00a0<strong>ebbs when material needs are met and political agency is restored<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Target the Root Causes<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jobs over Jihad<\/strong>: Invest in vocational training in Sunni-majority Fallujah\u00a0<em>and<\/em>\u00a0Shia-majority Basra.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reform Education<\/strong>: Replace hate curricula with shared Islamic ethics (e.g., Qatar\u2019s post-2017 reforms)\u00a08.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Amplify Moderate Voices<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sunni<\/strong>: Promote Sufi orders (like Senegal\u2019s Tijaniyyah) that reject sectarian hate\u00a01.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia<\/strong>: Support clerics like Sistani who condemn\u00a0<em>takfir<\/em>\u00a0and prioritize civic unity\u00a010.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Expose the Profiteers<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Name and shame<\/strong>\u00a0politicians who incite violence before elections (e.g., Maliki in Iraq, 2010\u20132014)\u00a08.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cut extremist funding<\/strong>: Pressure Gulf states to monitor mosque donations\u00a02.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Humanize the &#8220;Other&#8221;<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inter-sect dialogues<\/strong>: Highlight historical coexistence (e.g., Al-Azhar\u2019s 2016 Sunni-Shia unity conference)\u00a05.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Art as Resistance<\/strong>: Use platforms like\u00a0<em>ShiaSunni.org<\/em>\u00a0to share stories of cross-sect solidarity\u00a011.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>A Final Note on Hope and what can be done about this Intra-Islamic Divide causing Peace Disruption?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Transcend Media Journal is a peace, solution orientated ,publication and is an ideal platform to transform conflict scenarios to bloom into Peace Happiness.<\/strong> The despair is palpable in the Islamic community and is valid even in South Africa, who remains indifferent, to the disunity, noting that this rift has claimed too many lives. But remember:\u00a0<strong>The same Karbala narrative used to divide also inspires universal resistance to oppression<\/strong>. Today, Iraqi Sunnis and Shia protest together against corruption; in Lebanon, secular youth reject Hezbollah\u00a0<em>and<\/em>\u00a0Salafism.<\/p>\n<p>As the Quran reminds:\u00a0<em>&#8220;Hold firmly to the rope of Allah and do not divide&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(3:103). The rope is still there, we must grasp it before those who would rather see it frayed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>An in-depth analysis is warranted as to how Sunni, Shia, and blended Muslim communities interact in South Africa, with real-world examples of both tensions and unity:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sunni-Shia Dynamics in South Africa: Coexistence and Friction<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Sunni Majority (85-90% of SA Muslims)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dominant Groups<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cape Malay:<\/strong> Hanafi Sunnis with Sufi influences (Qadiriyya\/Chishti orders).<\/li>\n<li>Indian-origin Muslims: Mostly Hanafi (Durban\/Johannesburg), some <strong>Deobandi<\/strong>-influenced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Attitudes Toward Shia<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tolerant Majority<\/strong>: Most cooperate with Shia on civic issues (e.g., halal certification, mosque projects).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Salafi Minority<\/strong>: Groups like\u00a0<em>Jamiatul Ulama South Africa<\/em>\u00a0(Deobandi-leaning) reject Shia rituals as\u00a0<em>bid\u2019ah<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Shia Minority (5-8%, Growing)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Communities<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Twelver Shia<\/strong>: Primarily Lebanese\/Iranian diaspora (Johannesburg\/Cape Town), with mosques like\u00a0<em>Imam Hussain Islamic Centre<\/em>\u00a0(Durban).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ismailis<\/strong>: Follow Aga Khan, centered in Cape Town (e.g.,\u00a0<em>Ismaili Jamatkhana<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Practices<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Public Ashura processions in Durban (since 1980s), though smaller than in Iran\/Iraq.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tactical Adaptation<\/strong>: Avoid provocative slogans (e.g., cursing caliphs) to maintain Sunni relations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Blended Groups (Sufi-Leaning Sunnis with Shia Influences)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Example: Cape Malay &#8220;Hussaini&#8221; Groups<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Observe Muharram with\u00a0<em>latmiyat<\/em>\u00a0(poetic elegies) but reject self-flagellation.<\/li>\n<li>Visit kramats (Sufi shrines) while honoring Husayn\u2014a fusion Wahhabis condemn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Terminology<\/strong>: They call themselves\u00a0<em>&#8220;Ahl al-Bayt Sunnis&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0to avoid sectarian labels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Case Studies of Interaction<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Cooperation: The &#8220;United Ulama Council of SA&#8221;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Joint Fatwas<\/strong>: Sunni (MJC) and Shia scholars collaborated on issues like:\n<ul>\n<li>Palestine solidarity\u00a0(shared rallies).<\/li>\n<li>Opposing LGBTQ+ curriculum\u00a0in schools.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Limits<\/strong>: No joint prayers; doctrinal differences remain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Tension: Ashura Processions in Durban<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>2005 Incident: Salafis distributed pamphlets calling Shia rituals\u00a0<em>&#8220;Hindu-influenced&#8221;<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Shia Response: Invited Sunni imams to observe Muharram, emphasizing\u00a0<em>&#8220;This is about love for the Prophet\u2019s family, not sectarianism.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Unique Syncretism: The &#8220;Ahl al-Bayt Society&#8221; (Cape Town)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Practice<\/strong>: Blends Sunni Salah with Shia-style\u00a0<em>du\u2019a Kumayl<\/em>\u00a0on Thursday nights.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sunni Backlash<\/strong>: Accused of\u00a0<em>&#8220;stealth conversion&#8221;<\/em>, but members insist they\u2019re\u00a0<em>&#8220;just Muslims.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Challenges and Opportunities<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Issue<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Sunni Stance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Shia Stance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Blended Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ashura Observance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Reject mourning rituals<\/td>\n<td>Full processions<\/td>\n<td>Poetry recitals only<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Intermarriage<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Rare (requires conversion)<\/td>\n<td>Allowed if Sunni accepts Shia<\/td>\n<td>Increasingly common in Cape Town<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Political Influence<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>MJC dominates Muslim voice<\/td>\n<td>Lobby via Iranian cultural centers<\/td>\n<td>Seek neutral representation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Lessons from South Africa\u2019s Model<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn97\" name=\"_ednref97\">[97]<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Civic Unity Over Theology<\/strong>: Cooperation on social justice (e.g., anti-apartheid legacy) builds trust.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Avoid Provocation<\/strong>: Shia downplay polemical slogans; Sunnis tolerate shrines in multicultural spaces.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Youth Bridging Gaps<\/strong>: Inter-sect Muslim student groups (e.g., UCT\u2019s\u00a0<em>MSA<\/em>) focus on service, not dogma.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Quote from a Cape Town Imam<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8220;Here, we argue about cricket more than caliphs. The mosque and the mosque next door may pray differently, but we protest together when Muslims are oppressed overseas.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>What This Means for Peacebuilders<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Leverage Shared South African Identity<\/strong>: Frame unity as part of the nation\u2019s\u00a0<em>&#8220;rainbow&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0ethos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Focus on Local Issues<\/strong>: Housing, Islamophobia, and gang violence unite more than abstract theology.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Document Successes<\/strong>: South Africa\u2019s\u00a0<em>&#8220;live and let live&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0approach could inspire other divided communities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sunni reluctance toward interfaith dialogue\u2014a stance rooted in theological conservatism, fears of syncretism, and political anxieties. As a seasoned peacebuilder (KZN IRC\/Religions for Peace), you\u2019re uniquely positioned to navigate this. Below are\u00a0actionable strategies\u00a0to engage Sunni communities while respecting their red lines:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Reframe &#8220;Interfaith&#8221; as &#8220;Intra-Muslim Unity First&#8221;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Why It Works: Many Sunnis reject interfaith dialogue but may embrace\u00a0Sunni-Shia reconciliation\u00a0as an Islamic duty.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\nHow To Implement:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Avoid the term &#8220;interfaith&#8221;\u00a0initially. Instead, use:\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;Quranic command to unite the Ummah&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(3:103).<\/li>\n<li><em>&#8220;Reviving the Prophet\u2019s (PBUH) treaty with Christians by first healing Muslim divisions.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Case Study: In Cape Town, the\u00a0<em>&#8220;Muslim Unity Forum&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(Sunni\/Shia) later expanded to Christians\/Jews\u2014after establishing internal trust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Leverage Sunni Scholars Who Support Controlled Dialogue<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Key Allies:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sufi-Inclined Sunnis: They\u2019re often open to interfaith work (e.g.,\u00a0<em>Darul Ihsan<\/em>\u00a0in Durban).<\/li>\n<li>Pragmatic Salafis: Focus on shared goals (e.g., opposing LGBTQ+ education in schools).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Script for Engagement<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8220;Shaykh, we\u2019re not asking you to dilute \u2018aqeedah. But if we don\u2019t speak with one voice against Islamophobia, the government will impose policies on all of us\u2014Sunni and Shia alike.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Highlight Historical Sunni Precedents for Dialogue<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Examples to Cite:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saladin\u2019s Alliance with Christians\u00a0against Crusaders.<\/li>\n<li>Ottoman millet system\u00a0protecting Jews\/Christians.<\/li>\n<li>Prophet\u2019s (PBUH) Treaty of Medina\u00a0with Jews.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tactic: Distribute pamphlets titled\u00a0<em>&#8220;When Sunnis Led Interfaith Coexistence&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0to counter the\u00a0<em>&#8220;adulteration&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0narrative.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Address Core Sunni Fears Directly<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Their Concerns<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Your Response<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><em>&#8220;Dialogue = Compromising \u2018Aqeedah&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><em>&#8220;We\u2019ll never negotiate on Tawheed or the Finality of Prophethood. This is about civic cooperation, not theology.&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><em>&#8220;Shias\/Christians Will Proselytize&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><em>&#8220;Make dawah to them\u2014but first, let\u2019s stop fighting each other in public. The kuffar laugh at our divisions.&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><em>&#8220;Government Will Favor Non-Muslims&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><em>&#8220;United, Muslims are 3% of SA. Divided, we\u2019re irrelevant. Even the Quran says to cooperate on justice (5:8).&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Work Through Secular Platforms<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Neutral Venues Reduce Suspicion:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Joint Humanitarian Work: Partner with Sunni NGOs like\u00a0<em>Gift of the Givers<\/em>\u00a0on disaster relief.<\/li>\n<li>Academic Settings: Host university debates on\u00a0<em>&#8220;Muslim Contributions to SA\u2019s Constitution&#8221;<\/em>\u2014this frames dialogue as patriotic, not theological.<\/li>\n<li>Media: Write op-eds in\u00a0<em>The Daily Vox<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>Radio Islam<\/em>\u00a0emphasizing\u00a0<em>&#8220;Muslim unity strengthens our voice against land seizures\/Islamophobia.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong> The &#8220;Ahl al-Kitab&#8221; Loophole<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Theological Justification: Many Sunnis accept limited cooperation with\u00a0<em>&#8220;People of the Book&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(Jews\/Christians) per Quran 29:46.<br \/>\nHow To Use It:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Start with\u00a0Jewish-Muslim partnerships\u00a0(e.g., opposing Zionism together)\u2014less controversial than Hindu\/Christian ties.<\/li>\n<li>Cite\u00a0Saudi Arabia\u2019s recent interfaith conferences\u00a0(though symbolic, they provide cover).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>Safety Nets for Sunni Participants<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce Social Backlash:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Anonymity: Let Sunni allies approve statements without public attribution.<\/li>\n<li>Fatwa Backing: Use rulings from Al-Azhar or late Mufti Ismail Menk (<em>&#8220;Cooperation on justice is permissible&#8221;<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Final Encouragement<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Prophet (PBUH) endured 13 years of mockery for his message. Today, your work faces similar resistance\u2014but\u00a0South Africa\u2019s history proves walls do fall.<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8220;Allah does not change the condition of a people until they change what is in themselves.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(Quran 13:11)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>What can the members and readers of Transcend Media Service do to eradicate the Sunni-Shia belligerence and disharmony?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Proposed Unity and Peace Propagating Strategies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0<strong>step-by-step strategic plan<\/strong>\u00a0is proposed to expand the interfaith\/sectarian harmony initiatives, leveraging existing platform in you region, \u00a0while addressing local realities in South Africa and beyond:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Phase 1: Strengthen Local Foundations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Map Existing Assets<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inventory trusted allies<\/strong>: Identify moderate Sunni\/Shia clerics, NGOs, and community leaders already open to dialogue (e.g., Sufi tariqas in Cape Town, Twelver Shia councils in Durban).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Document success stories<\/strong>: Compile cases where Sunni-Shia cooperation worked (e.g., joint anti-gang violence programs in Mitchells Plain).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Build a &#8220;Unity Task Force&#8221;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Recruit diversely<\/strong>: Include Sunni (Hanafi\/Shafi\u2019i), Shia (Twelver\/Ismaili), and secular Muslim voices (academics, journalists).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Safe participation<\/strong>: Allow anonymous membership for those fearing backlash.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Develop a Shared Narrative<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Frame around local issues<\/strong>: Shift focus from theology to:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Crime<\/strong>: &#8220;Gangs don\u2019t ask if you\u2019re Sunni or Shia before attacking.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Islamophobia<\/strong>: &#8220;Media stereotypes all Muslims\u2014let\u2019s control our own story.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Phase 2: Targeted Interventions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Youth Engagement<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Sports for Peace&#8221; leagues<\/strong>: Mixed Sunni-Shia soccer\/cricket teams with names like\u00a0<em>Ansar United<\/em>\u00a0(referencing Medinan unity).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social media campaigns<\/strong>: TikTok\/short videos featuring Sunni and Shia youth reciting\u00a0<em>&#8220;We agree on 95% of Islam\u2014let\u2019s focus on that.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Women-Led Bridgebuilding<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inter-sect Quran circles<\/strong>: Study verses on justice (e.g., Surah Al-Hujurat) without sectarian commentary.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Joint charity drives<\/strong>: Sunni\/Shia women distributing food parcels in townships\u2014neutral acts that build trust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong> Clerical Diplomacy<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Closed-door scholar dialogues<\/strong>: Host private retreats for Sunni (e.g., MJC-affiliated) and Shia (e.g., Ahlul Bait Foundation) scholars to draft a\u00a0<strong>&#8220;Minimum Agreement on Muslim Unity&#8221;<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Public symbolic acts<\/strong>: Coordinate joint iftars during Ramadan where Sunni and Shia mosques break fast together (timing differences acknowledged but not debated).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Phase 3: Institutionalize Change<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong> Educational Reforms<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Workshops for madrasa teachers<\/strong>: Provide resources teaching Islamic history without sectarian bias (e.g., present Ali and Abu Bakr as companions, not rivals).<\/li>\n<li><strong>School exchanges<\/strong>: Partner with Model UN-style programs where students debate\u00a0<em>&#8220;How would the Prophet (PBUH) resolve Sunni-Shia tensions today?&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong> Media and Arts<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Documentaries<\/strong>: Profile families with Sunni\/Shia members (e.g.,\u00a0<em>&#8220;My Sunni Father, My Shia Mother&#8221;<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Music\/Spoken Word<\/strong>: Commission artists to produce works on shared Islamic heroes (e.g., Saladin, Rumi).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><strong> Policy Advocacy<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lobby government<\/strong>: Propose a\u00a0<strong>National Day of Muslim Unity<\/strong>\u00a0(officially recognized) to counter sectarian groups.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Monitor hate speech<\/strong>: Partner with tech firms to flag online sectarian incitement while protecting free speech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Phase 4: Scale Beyond South Africa<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li><strong> Replicate Models Regionally<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Partner with Mozambique\/Tanzania<\/strong>: Adapt programs for their Sunni-Shia minorities.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Global networks<\/strong>: Link with initiatives like:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Indonesia\u2019s Nahdlatul Ulama<\/strong>\u00a0(Sunni-led interfaith work).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Iraq\u2019s &#8220;Tent of Abraham&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0(Sunni-Shia youth dialogues).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li><strong> Digital Expansion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Online courses<\/strong>: Certifications in\u00a0<em>&#8220;Islamic Conflict Mediation&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0for clergy\/activists.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Crowdsourced peace pledges<\/strong>: Viral campaigns like\u00a0<em>&#8220;I\u2019m Sunni\/Shia, and I reject division.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Overcoming Obstacles<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Backlash Mitigation<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sunni critics<\/strong>: Respond with Quran 49:10 (<em>&#8220;Believers are brothers&#8221;<\/em>) and hadith like\u00a0<em>&#8220;Do not revile my Companions&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0(Bukhari) to preempt accusations of &#8220;Shia bias.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shia sceptics<\/strong>: Emphasize Husayn\u2019s universal message:\u00a0<em>&#8220;He died for justice, not just for Shias.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Funding<\/strong>: Seek grants from neutral bodies (e.g., UN Peacebuilding Fund, local businesses).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Goal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Metric<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Timeline<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Local unity networks<\/td>\n<td>5 new task forces launched<\/td>\n<td>6 months<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Youth engagement<\/td>\n<td>500+ participants in sports leagues<\/td>\n<td>1 year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Clerical agreements<\/td>\n<td>10 scholars sign unity pact<\/td>\n<td>18 months<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Policy changes<\/td>\n<td>1 government day of recognition<\/td>\n<td>2 years<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Final Thought<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Prophet (PBUH) unified warring tribes under Islam\u2019s banner. Today\u2019s divisions are\u00a0<strong>man-made, not divine<\/strong> and thus, they can be unmade. The work of the author in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, in South Africa proves this is not idealism; it is\u00a0a <strong>practical, humanistic community centred, prophetic activity.<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn98\" name=\"_ednref98\">[98]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Bottom Line<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Bottom Line is that the emergence of sectarianism in a previously united Islamic brotherhood is the basic cause of the belligerence continuously demonstrated against Muslims, globally. Until and unless, the warring sects engage in inter-sectarian dialogue, there is no hope for any future reconciliation, with the western powers literally relishing on the religio-political situation, between the Shias and Sunnis.<\/p>\n<p>The Quran encapsulates this freedom of a style of worship, paraphrased as &#8220;To you your religion, and to me mine&#8221;, and it comes from Surah Al-Kafirun (Chapter 109), verse 6:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quranic Verse: Surah Al-Kafirun (109:6)<a href=\"#_edn99\" name=\"_ednref99\">[99]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Arabic:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u062f\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u064e \u062f\u0650\u064a\u0646\u0650<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Transliteration:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Lakum deenukum wa liya deen<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>English Translation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;For you is your religion, and for me is my religion.&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>This verse is part of a short but powerful chapter that emphasizes religious tolerance, freedom of belief, and the clear distinction between faiths without hostility. It is often cited in interfaith contexts or when discussing respectful coexistence<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The verse &#8220;\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u062f\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u064e \u062f\u0650\u064a\u0646\u0650&#8221; (&#8220;To you your religion, and to me mine&#8221;) from Surah Al-K\u0101fir\u016bn (109:6) was revealed in Mecca, during the early period of Islam, and its context is both powerful and historically significant.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context and Circumstances of Revelation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Location<\/strong>: Mecca<\/p>\n<p><strong>Period<\/strong>: Early Meccan period, when the Prophet Muhammad \ufdfa was facing intense opposition from the Quraysh.<a href=\"#_edn100\" name=\"_ednref100\">[100]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Background of the Revelation of the Quranic verse:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Quraysh leaders, the dominant tribe in Mecca, approached the Prophet Muhammad \ufdfa with a compromise proposal. They suggested:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u201cLet us worship what you worship for a year, and you worship what we worship for a year. If what you worship is better, we will benefit from it; and if what we worship is better, you will benefit from it.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This was an attempt to dilute the monotheistic message of Islam and preserve the polytheistic status quo.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Divine Response: Surah Al-K\u0101fir\u016bn<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In response, Allah revealed Surah Al-K\u0101fir\u016bn, a short but emphatic declaration of religious distinction and integrity:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cSay: O disbelievers!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>I do not worship what you worship,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nor do you worship what I worship.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nor will I ever worship what you worship,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nor will you ever worship what I worship.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>To you your religion, and to me mine.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>(Qur\u2019an 109:1\u20136)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ashura: Key Themes and Lessons for all Humanity and Religious Freedom in Islam: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islam acknowledges the right of others to follow their beliefs.<\/li>\n<li>No Compromise in Faith: The Prophet \ufdfa was instructed to remain firm in monotheism.<\/li>\n<li>Peaceful Coexistence: The verse promotes mutual respect without aggression.<\/li>\n<li>Finality: It draws a clear line between belief systems, without hostility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_298450\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image004-1.png\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-298450\" class=\"wp-image-298450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image004-1-539x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"760\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image004-1-539x1024.png 539w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image004-1-158x300.png 158w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image004-1.png 765w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-298450\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Abrahamic Scriptural Events as related to have occurred on Ashura,<br \/>Photo Top: A dramatic and spiritual scene of Prophet Musa (Moses) parting the Red Sea, leading the Children of Israel to freedom from the bondage of Pharaoh Ramses II. The sea is split into towering walls of water on both sides, with a dry path in the middle. Prophet Musa stands at the front, holding his staff, guiding the people across. The sky is filled with divine light, symbolizing Allah\u2019s intervention. The atmosphere is one of awe, liberation, and divine power. Inspired by Islamic tradition the Arabic verse: &#8216;\u0641\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649\u0670 \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064e\u0649\u0670 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0636\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0628\u0652 \u0628\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u064e \u06d6 \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0643\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0651 \u0641\u0650\u0631\u0652\u0642\u064d\u06e2 \u0643\u064e\u0671\u0644\u0637\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0652\u062f\u0650 \u0671\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0638\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0650&#8217; (Surah Ash-Shu&#8217;ara 26:63)<br \/>Photo Bottom: Peaceful and spiritual scene of Prophet Ayyub (Job) being healed from his long affliction. He is shown seated or standing in prayerful gratitude, with radiant light symbolizing divine mercy shining upon him. His skin is restored, and he appears healthy and serene. The background includes a lush green landscape with flowing water, symbolizing the spring Allah caused to gush forth for his healing. His wife is nearby, supportive and joyful. The atmosphere is one of divine compassion, patience, and reward.<br \/>Inspired by Islamic tradition and Surah Sad (38:41\u201344).<br \/>\u00a0Photo Credit: Wikimedia commons<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]<\/a> Author\u2019s personal quote July 2025<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c242625b75df12d4c760d63cd41c84036e06ddc84de8ccdab88e94c2946e7962JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Day+of+Ashura&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQXNodXJh&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c242625b75df12d4c760d63cd41c84036e06ddc84de8ccdab88e94c2946e7962JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Day+of+Ashura&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQXNodXJh&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=349477d3e39854e68af619477d603f0d54b060e2e8e07cd3857fdccfff71da13JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=gregorian+calendar+vs+julian+calendar&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGltZWFuZGRhdGUuY29tL2NhbGVuZGFyL2p1bGlhbi1ncmVnb3JpYW4tc3dpdGNoLmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=349477d3e39854e68af619477d603f0d54b060e2e8e07cd3857fdccfff71da13JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=gregorian+calendar+vs+julian+calendar&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGltZWFuZGRhdGUuY29tL2NhbGVuZGFyL2p1bGlhbi1ncmVnb3JpYW4tc3dpdGNoLmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c454dea7d9f2b6eed8dc52a2753c738d3c97e3e01ab70cdaa8037e0b0d62000aJmltdHM9MTc1MjE5MjAwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=umayyad+caliph+yazid&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvWWF6aWRfSQ&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c454dea7d9f2b6eed8dc52a2753c738d3c97e3e01ab70cdaa8037e0b0d62000aJmltdHM9MTc1MjE5MjAwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=umayyad+caliph+yazid&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvWWF6aWRfSQ&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=15dc65056e9e86e1318c108922f659c6dbafc68407dbccb4b7d84caa9106b2d5JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=battle+of+karbala+sunni+view&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWwtaXNsYW0ub3JnL3NoaWl0ZS1lbmN5Y2xvcGVkaWEvdHJhZ2VkeS1rYXJiYWxhLXJlcG9ydGVkLXN1bm5pcy1wYXJ0LTE&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=15dc65056e9e86e1318c108922f659c6dbafc68407dbccb4b7d84caa9106b2d5JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=battle+of+karbala+sunni+view&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWwtaXNsYW0ub3JnL3NoaWl0ZS1lbmN5Y2xvcGVkaWEvdHJhZ2VkeS1rYXJiYWxhLXJlcG9ydGVkLXN1bm5pcy1wYXJ0LTE&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=eafbd49a1ffabea56b1c5ea35a6be28621a8d692a73f3f3d2d18807d908996fcJmltdHM9MTc1MjE5MjAwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=define+the+word+caliph&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGljdGlvbmFyeS5jb20vYnJvd3NlL2NhbGlwaA&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=eafbd49a1ffabea56b1c5ea35a6be28621a8d692a73f3f3d2d18807d908996fcJmltdHM9MTc1MjE5MjAwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=define+the+word+caliph&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGljdGlvbmFyeS5jb20vYnJvd3NlL2NhbGlwaA&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=61969e15b5da4afdb708c6f5ae5032f80e1799148702374ffff2ed802b6cc5d4JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=define+the+word+caliph&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQ2FsaXBoYXRl&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=61969e15b5da4afdb708c6f5ae5032f80e1799148702374ffff2ed802b6cc5d4JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=define+the+word+caliph&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQ2FsaXBoYXRl&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=62169d0a27f89c2bde85d4cd0de49faf024e522b4cf12e4954c24c1f855402bdJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09rashidun+caliphate+rashidun+caliphate+wikipedia&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUmFzaGlkdW5fQ2FsaXBoYXRl&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=62169d0a27f89c2bde85d4cd0de49faf024e522b4cf12e4954c24c1f855402bdJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09rashidun+caliphate+rashidun+caliphate+wikipedia&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUmFzaGlkdW5fQ2FsaXBoYXRl&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=1e9119e22a7af9a164b6f170e7816695c56cbd01c5da272daabf5c552d34cc12JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09umayyad+caliphate+umayyad+caliphate+wikipedia&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvVW1heXlhZF9DYWxpcGhhdGU&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=1e9119e22a7af9a164b6f170e7816695c56cbd01c5da272daabf5c552d34cc12JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09umayyad+caliphate+umayyad+caliphate+wikipedia&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvVW1heXlhZF9DYWxpcGhhdGU&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ddb832bec9a4d467780597cf5ee3f4f6e6dd8bf0007a00b77c914181d015b76fJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09abbasid+caliphate+abbasid+caliphate+definition&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWJiYXNpZF9DYWxpcGhhdGU&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ddb832bec9a4d467780597cf5ee3f4f6e6dd8bf0007a00b77c914181d015b76fJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09abbasid+caliphate+abbasid+caliphate+definition&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWJiYXNpZF9DYWxpcGhhdGU&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=5d24c2f6f055125b6badfb180e071dac812b9d9d11cd8509c18f410f1f2a695bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09ottoman+caliphate+wikipedia&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvT3R0b21hbl9DYWxpcGhhdGU&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=5d24c2f6f055125b6badfb180e071dac812b9d9d11cd8509c18f410f1f2a695bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09ottoman+caliphate+wikipedia&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvT3R0b21hbl9DYWxpcGhhdGU&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=59713a0761ccd6add4183ece15b75cb30dce765450bfd51e486a6670ab74f199JmltdHM9MTc1MjE5MjAwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=PBUH&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGVhcm5yZWxpZ2lvbnMuY29tL2lzbGFtaWMtYWJicmV2aWF0aW9uLXBidWgtMjAwNDI4OA&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=59713a0761ccd6add4183ece15b75cb30dce765450bfd51e486a6670ab74f199JmltdHM9MTc1MjE5MjAwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=PBUH&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGVhcm5yZWxpZ2lvbnMuY29tL2lzbGFtaWMtYWJicmV2aWF0aW9uLXBidWgtMjAwNDI4OA&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_al-Harra\" >https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_al-Harra<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=0abac75972bc6d6483eb248571a3ec5cd6bb17f51566710e20c2c82b13cacfbaJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Yazid+1+ruled+from+680+to+683+CE.+The+Battle+of+Karbala+occurred+shortly+after+he+came+to+power%2c+and+it+involved+the+martyrdom+of+Husayn+ibn+Ali%2c+the+grandson+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)+%2c+along+with+his+family+and+companions.+Yazid+I%27s+demand+for+allegiance+from+Husayn+and+the+subsequent+refusal+led+to+the+tragic+events+at+Karbala.+It+is+to+be+noted+that+Yazid+II+(Yazid+ibn+Abd+al-Malik)%2c+on+the+other+hand%2c+ruled+much+later%2c+from+720+to+724+CE%2c+and+had+no+involvement+in+the+tragic+events+of+Karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmlvZ3JhcGh5L1lhemlkLUk&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=0abac75972bc6d6483eb248571a3ec5cd6bb17f51566710e20c2c82b13cacfbaJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Yazid+1+ruled+from+680+to+683+CE.+The+Battle+of+Karbala+occurred+shortly+after+he+came+to+power%2c+and+it+involved+the+martyrdom+of+Husayn+ibn+Ali%2c+the+grandson+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)+%2c+along+with+his+family+and+companions.+Yazid+I%27s+demand+for+allegiance+from+Husayn+and+the+subsequent+refusal+led+to+the+tragic+events+at+Karbala.+It+is+to+be+noted+that+Yazid+II+(Yazid+ibn+Abd+al-Malik)%2c+on+the+other+hand%2c+ruled+much+later%2c+from+720+to+724+CE%2c+and+had+no+involvement+in+the+tragic+events+of+Karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmlvZ3JhcGh5L1lhemlkLUk&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2025\/07\/blood-in-the-sand-how-ashura-transformed-islamic-historys-greatest-tragedy-into-a-peace-destroying-sectarianism-part-1\/\" >TRANSCEND MEDIA SERVICE \u00bb Blood in the Sand: How Ashura Transformed Islamic History\u2019s Greatest Tragedy into a Peace Destroying Sectarianism (Part 1)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/url.za.m.mimecastprotect.com\/s\/aEAgCg5XMvfAlLk22i3s8i42Rs2?domain=drfirozmahboobkamal.com\" >www.drfirozmahboobkamal.com\/blog\/the-ummah-is-in-catastrophic-turmoil\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=61bb30c573a9d5dad7ef1ac2aa22d86e3df0b7c79ee65c87f122cc2026a4c40fJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Karbala+is+situated+about+100+km+(62+miles)+southwest+of+Baghdad%2c+Iraq.+It+lies+to+the+northeast+of+Medina&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2FyYmFsYQ&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=61bb30c573a9d5dad7ef1ac2aa22d86e3df0b7c79ee65c87f122cc2026a4c40fJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Karbala+is+situated+about+100+km+(62+miles)+southwest+of+Baghdad%2c+Iraq.+It+lies+to+the+northeast+of+Medina&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2FyYmFsYQ&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=0f3e51ff58b3418ba33f78f52e863f5a9b83db40dba52befe34e567c6af7c5a9JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Political+and+religio-spiritual+significance+of+Imam+Husayn%27s+Martyrdom&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGlhc3R1ZGllcy5jb20vZW4vMTMyMjgvcGhpbG9zb3BoeS1tYXJ0eXJkb20taW1hbS1odXNheW4tcy8&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=0f3e51ff58b3418ba33f78f52e863f5a9b83db40dba52befe34e567c6af7c5a9JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Political+and+religio-spiritual+significance+of+Imam+Husayn%27s+Martyrdom&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGlhc3R1ZGllcy5jb20vZW4vMTMyMjgvcGhpbG9zb3BoeS1tYXJ0eXJkb20taW1hbS1odXNheW4tcy8&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=d19147209d3cfb4ff77a47563b99b4726da19f0d8eebc0a28aa08e2ba1fb3a32JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Political+and+religio-spiritual+significance+of+Imam+Husayn%27s+Martyrdom&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9tdXNsaW1taXJyb3IuY29tL2xlc3NvbnMtZnJvbS10aGUtbWFydHlyZG9tLW9mLWh1c3NhaW4tYS1zLw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=d19147209d3cfb4ff77a47563b99b4726da19f0d8eebc0a28aa08e2ba1fb3a32JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Political+and+religio-spiritual+significance+of+Imam+Husayn%27s+Martyrdom&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9tdXNsaW1taXJyb3IuY29tL2xlc3NvbnMtZnJvbS10aGUtbWFydHlyZG9tLW9mLWh1c3NhaW4tYS1zLw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=e85f0e8137889a83bd7f357f9f46ea55e59a23bbc0e24c0647c4b3198833ada2JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ashura+is+Observed+Predominantly+by+Shia+Muslims&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubWlkZGxlZWFzdGV5ZS5uZXQvZGlzY292ZXIvd2hhdC1pcy1hc2h1cmEtaG93LWRvLXNoaWEtc3VubmktbXVzbGltcy1vYnNlcnZlIzp-OnRleHQ9T24gQXNodXJhLCBTaGlhIHByZWFjaGVycw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=e85f0e8137889a83bd7f357f9f46ea55e59a23bbc0e24c0647c4b3198833ada2JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ashura+is+Observed+Predominantly+by+Shia+Muslims&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubWlkZGxlZWFzdGV5ZS5uZXQvZGlzY292ZXIvd2hhdC1pcy1hc2h1cmEtaG93LWRvLXNoaWEtc3VubmktbXVzbGltcy1vYnNlcnZlIzp-OnRleHQ9T24gQXNodXJhLCBTaGlhIHByZWFjaGVycw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=b741760f107d1df672002c433a3bb295d4d9e9962fae44dc10a14771268b7df7JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Key+Differences+between+Shia+and+Sunni+Muslims+Observance+of+Ashura+Highlighted%3a&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc3VubmFmaWxlcy5jb20vYXNodXJhLXN1bm5pLXZzLXNoaWEv&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=b741760f107d1df672002c433a3bb295d4d9e9962fae44dc10a14771268b7df7JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Key+Differences+between+Shia+and+Sunni+Muslims+Observance+of+Ashura+Highlighted%3a&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc3VubmFmaWxlcy5jb20vYXNodXJhLXN1bm5pLXZzLXNoaWEv&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ddd898dea443f404383075c74ab9cd4182ec6c8cfa6030b4bb23c9d019d4e2bdJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=10th+of+tishrei+wikipedia&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2hhYmFkLm9yZy9saWJyYXJ5L2FydGljbGVfY2RvL2FpZC8yMjYzNDYyL2pld2lzaC9UaXNocmVpLmh0bQ&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ddd898dea443f404383075c74ab9cd4182ec6c8cfa6030b4bb23c9d019d4e2bdJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=10th+of+tishrei+wikipedia&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2hhYmFkLm9yZy9saWJyYXJ5L2FydGljbGVfY2RvL2FpZC8yMjYzNDYyL2pld2lzaC9UaXNocmVpLmh0bQ&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=f4f810f473573eed70855538fc1879bd932df81f01a227bbb6fdd34f2a92f785JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Moses+receiving+the+second+set+of+tablets+(Exodus+34%3a28)+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kaXZpbmVuYXJyYXRpdmVzLm9yZy90aGUtc2Vjb25kLXNldC1vZi10ZW4tY29tbWFuZG1lbnRzLWluLWV4b2R1cy0zNC1hbmFseXNpcy1hbmQtaW1wbGljYXRpb25zLw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=f4f810f473573eed70855538fc1879bd932df81f01a227bbb6fdd34f2a92f785JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Moses+receiving+the+second+set+of+tablets+(Exodus+34%3a28)+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kaXZpbmVuYXJyYXRpdmVzLm9yZy90aGUtc2Vjb25kLXNldC1vZi10ZW4tY29tbWFuZG1lbnRzLWluLWV4b2R1cy0zNC1hbmFseXNpcy1hbmQtaW1wbGljYXRpb25zLw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=780b346fd053f3e7e20fa436807544f78ee64f2effc67e25169a0ccbc08b381aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09Noah%e2%80%99s+Ark+resting+on+Mount+Ararat+(Genesis+8%3a4).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWJsZWh1Yi5jb20vZ2VuZXNpcy84LTQuaHRt&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=780b346fd053f3e7e20fa436807544f78ee64f2effc67e25169a0ccbc08b381aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09Noah%e2%80%99s+Ark+resting+on+Mount+Ararat+(Genesis+8%3a4).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWJsZWh1Yi5jb20vZ2VuZXNpcy84LTQuaHRt&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=5220f1e6428a97694f13a1469254e320b5ec872651f33bf8c0e694033858f33aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Noah%e2%80%99s+Ark+saved+from+the+flood+(Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJhaHF1cmFuLmNvbS90YWZzaXItZW5nbGlzaC1heWEtMTEtc29yYS02OS5odG1s&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=5220f1e6428a97694f13a1469254e320b5ec872651f33bf8c0e694033858f33aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Noah%e2%80%99s+Ark+saved+from+the+flood+(Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJhaHF1cmFuLmNvbS90YWZzaXItZW5nbGlzaC1heWEtMTEtc29yYS02OS5odG1s&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=dd8d00c759355ca0dbd1251000262b3ec87448553a647ef335ee6ef744b7e204JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Moses+and+the+Israelites+saved+from+Pharaoh+(Sahih+Bukhari).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdW5uYWguY29tL2J1a2hhcmk6MzM5Nw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=dd8d00c759355ca0dbd1251000262b3ec87448553a647ef335ee6ef744b7e204JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Moses+and+the+Israelites+saved+from+Pharaoh+(Sahih+Bukhari).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdW5uYWguY29tL2J1a2hhcmk6MzM5Nw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=da2c602afa31512f9509c07bad718e4734c3e170e4fa69f71a1919a789618cfaJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=o%09Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)+intended+to+fast+on+this+day+and+encouraged+Muslims+to+fast+(either+the+9th+%26+10th+or+10th+%26+11th+of+Muharram).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hYm91dGlzbGFtLm5ldC9yZWFkaW5nLWlzbGFtL2xpdmluZy1pc2xhbS93aHktZGlkLXRoZS1wcm9waGV0LWZhc3Qtb24tdGhlLWRheS1vZi1hc2h1cmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9RmFzdGluZyUyMG9uJTIwTXVoYXJyYW0lMjAxMCUyQyUyMGtub3duJTIwYXMlMjB0aGUlMjBEYXksZGF5LiUyMFRoZXklMjBzYWlkJTNBJTIwJUUyJTgwJTlDVGhpcyUyMGlzJTIwYSUyMGJsZXNzZWQlMjBkYXkuJUUyJTgwJTlE&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=da2c602afa31512f9509c07bad718e4734c3e170e4fa69f71a1919a789618cfaJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=o%09Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)+intended+to+fast+on+this+day+and+encouraged+Muslims+to+fast+(either+the+9th+%26+10th+or+10th+%26+11th+of+Muharram).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hYm91dGlzbGFtLm5ldC9yZWFkaW5nLWlzbGFtL2xpdmluZy1pc2xhbS93aHktZGlkLXRoZS1wcm9waGV0LWZhc3Qtb24tdGhlLWRheS1vZi1hc2h1cmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9RmFzdGluZyUyMG9uJTIwTXVoYXJyYW0lMjAxMCUyQyUyMGtub3duJTIwYXMlMjB0aGUlMjBEYXksZGF5LiUyMFRoZXklMjBzYWlkJTNBJTIwJUUyJTgwJTlDVGhpcyUyMGlzJTIwYSUyMGJsZXNzZWQlMjBkYXkuJUUyJTgwJTlE&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=9a2ae7721270348bf3e36db17a3100a066e38562402abd7f89c48f6503ccd747JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=yom+kippur+meaning&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2hhYmFkLm9yZy9saWJyYXJ5L2FydGljbGVfY2RvL2FpZC8xNzc4ODYvamV3aXNoL1doYXQtSXMtWW9tLUtpcHB1ci5odG0&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=9a2ae7721270348bf3e36db17a3100a066e38562402abd7f89c48f6503ccd747JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=yom+kippur+meaning&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2hhYmFkLm9yZy9saWJyYXJ5L2FydGljbGVfY2RvL2FpZC8xNzc4ODYvamV3aXNoL1doYXQtSXMtWW9tLUtpcHB1ci5odG0&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a25d11c32ce22fba3a68f80158afababeed46a3954e541a473b04663830fb28cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=as+in+islam&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYW5zd2Vycy5jb20vcmVsaWdpb24tYW5kLXNwaXJpdHVhbGl0eS9XaGF0LWlzLXRoZS1zaWduaWZpY2FuY2Utb2YtYXMtaW4taXNsYW0jOn46dGV4dD1UaGUlMjB0ZXJtJTIwJTIyYS5zLiUyMiUyMGlzJTIwYW4lMjBhYmJyZXZpYXRpb24lMjB1c2VkJTIwYnksc2hvdyUyMHJldmVyZW5jZSUyMGZvciUyMHRoZXNlJTIwaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMlMjBpbiUyMElzbGFtaWMlMjB0cmFkaXRpb24u&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a25d11c32ce22fba3a68f80158afababeed46a3954e541a473b04663830fb28cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=as+in+islam&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYW5zd2Vycy5jb20vcmVsaWdpb24tYW5kLXNwaXJpdHVhbGl0eS9XaGF0LWlzLXRoZS1zaWduaWZpY2FuY2Utb2YtYXMtaW4taXNsYW0jOn46dGV4dD1UaGUlMjB0ZXJtJTIwJTIyYS5zLiUyMiUyMGlzJTIwYW4lMjBhYmJyZXZpYXRpb24lMjB1c2VkJTIwYnksc2hvdyUyMHJldmVyZW5jZSUyMGZvciUyMHRoZXNlJTIwaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMlMjBpbiUyMElzbGFtaWMlMjB0cmFkaXRpb24u&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=061c80576c794f0332c0647b13419e6109cf81653786d1c403c7d1ec81c0d788JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=acceptance+of+adam%e2%80%99s+(as)+repentance+kjv+bible&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iZWNvbWluZ2NocmlzdGlhbnMuY29tLzIwMTgvMDgvMTIvZGlkLWFkYW0tYW5kLWV2ZS1yZXBlbnQtb2YtdGhlaXItc2luLw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=061c80576c794f0332c0647b13419e6109cf81653786d1c403c7d1ec81c0d788JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=acceptance+of+adam%e2%80%99s+(as)+repentance+kjv+bible&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iZWNvbWluZ2NocmlzdGlhbnMuY29tLzIwMTgvMDgvMTIvZGlkLWFkYW0tYW5kLWV2ZS1yZXBlbnQtb2YtdGhlaXItc2luLw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=d14ef42cfd4e55cd3063743b1b427dc1dfb370e72388ed563b644e9eff9c9a45JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Noah%e2%80%99s+(AS)+Ark+Resting+on+Mount+Judi+dench&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaXNsYW1pY2xhbmRtYXJrcy5jb20vdHVya2V5L3Jlc3RpbmctcGxhY2Utb2YtdGhlLWFyay1vZi1udWgtYXMntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=d14ef42cfd4e55cd3063743b1b427dc1dfb370e72388ed563b644e9eff9c9a45JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Noah%e2%80%99s+(AS)+Ark+Resting+on+Mount+Judi+dench&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaXNsYW1pY2xhbmRtYXJrcy5jb20vdHVya2V5L3Jlc3RpbmctcGxhY2Utb2YtdGhlLWFyay1vZi1udWgtYXMntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ba73fd78e1dbd43cea0b93cec3abae5b09c1bdb51cc280b111b564a511c0443bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Passage+of+Moses+(AS)+and+the+Israelites+Through+the+Red+Sea+liveaboard&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlibGVnYXRld2F5LmNvbS9wYXNzYWdlLz9zZWFyY2g9RXhvZHVzJTIwMTQmdmVyc2lvbj1OS0pW&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ba73fd78e1dbd43cea0b93cec3abae5b09c1bdb51cc280b111b564a511c0443bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Passage+of+Moses+(AS)+and+the+Israelites+Through+the+Red+Sea+liveaboard&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlibGVnYXRld2F5LmNvbS9wYXNzYWdlLz9zZWFyY2g9RXhvZHVzJTIwMTQmdmVyc2lvbj1OS0pW&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=9103669a4f4102ee880a29f0389e11c62b3c8ca121edc72b4273b14941cb120eJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Jonah+(AS)+Emerged+from+the+Fish%e2%80%99s+Belly+button&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlibGVnYXRld2F5LmNvbS9wYXNzYWdlLz9zZWFyY2g9Sm9uYWglMjAxJTNBMTctMiUzQTEwJTJDTWF0dGhldyUyMDEyJTNBMzktNDAmdmVyc2lvbj1FU1Y&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=9103669a4f4102ee880a29f0389e11c62b3c8ca121edc72b4273b14941cb120eJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Jonah+(AS)+Emerged+from+the+Fish%e2%80%99s+Belly+button&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlibGVnYXRld2F5LmNvbS9wYXNzYWdlLz9zZWFyY2g9Sm9uYWglMjAxJTNBMTctMiUzQTEwJTJDTWF0dGhldyUyMDEyJTNBMzktNDAmdmVyc2lvbj1FU1Y&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=78aaeb05f31874ed2aff0edfaeb6fdf485e4ee4ff66995bf2645d7cc42576dbeJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=job+(as)+was+healed+from+his+afflictions+of+sores+on+face&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWJsZWh1Yi5jb20vcS9pc19qb2Inc19pbGxuZXNzX3NjaWVudGlmaWNhbGx5X3BsYXVzaWJsZS5odG0&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=78aaeb05f31874ed2aff0edfaeb6fdf485e4ee4ff66995bf2645d7cc42576dbeJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=job+(as)+was+healed+from+his+afflictions+of+sores+on+face&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWJsZWh1Yi5jb20vcS9pc19qb2Inc19pbGxuZXNzX3NjaWVudGlmaWNhbGx5X3BsYXVzaWJsZS5odG0&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ac3fd32b943de1b8007733f939aef7a172798e81a713798b2817031c48e5d499JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Mentioned+in+Tafsir+al-Qurtubi+(Vol.+8%2c+p.+197)+and+Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir+(under+Surah+Al-Baqarah+2%3a37).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cua2FsYW11bGxhaC5jb20vdGFmc2lyLXF1cnR1YmkuaHRtbA&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ac3fd32b943de1b8007733f939aef7a172798e81a713798b2817031c48e5d499JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Mentioned+in+Tafsir+al-Qurtubi+(Vol.+8%2c+p.+197)+and+Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir+(under+Surah+Al-Baqarah+2%3a37).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cua2FsYW11bGxhaC5jb20vdGFmc2lyLXF1cnR1YmkuaHRtbA&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=4142e9cb10c81361ba3ecfc1051935aaecec677006692c1a4ba6618f5c2645b0JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=noah%e2%80%99s+(as)+ark+resting+on+mount+judi+dench&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTW91bnRfSnVkaQ&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=4142e9cb10c81361ba3ecfc1051935aaecec677006692c1a4ba6618f5c2645b0JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=noah%e2%80%99s+(as)+ark+resting+on+mount+judi+dench&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTW91bnRfSnVkaQ&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=45b22fb6b1ca3f77516a2a62f496c6185d21fd7fe1cfe4eb68630f414c18cfe9JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22And+it+was+said%2c+%e2%80%98O+earth%2c+swallow+your+water%2c+and+O+sky%2c+withhold+%5byour+rain%5d.%e2%80%99+And+the+water+subsided%2c+and+the+matter+was+accomplished%2c+and+the+ship+came+to+rest+on+the+%5bmountain+of%5d+Judi...%22+(Quran+11%3a44)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9wcmV2aW91cy5xdXJhbi5jb20vMTozP3N0b3JlPWZhbHNlJnRyYW5zbGF0aW9ucz0xNDA&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=45b22fb6b1ca3f77516a2a62f496c6185d21fd7fe1cfe4eb68630f414c18cfe9JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22And+it+was+said%2c+%e2%80%98O+earth%2c+swallow+your+water%2c+and+O+sky%2c+withhold+%5byour+rain%5d.%e2%80%99+And+the+water+subsided%2c+and+the+matter+was+accomplished%2c+and+the+ship+came+to+rest+on+the+%5bmountain+of%5d+Judi&#8230;%22+(Quran+11%3a44)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9wcmV2aW91cy5xdXJhbi5jb20vMTozP3N0b3JlPWZhbHNlJnRyYW5zbGF0aW9ucz0xNDA&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ef5eabbef0828abb59071a4af285437edc50c80b1aee04e644c51a774424c5cbJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Had+he+not+been+of+those+who+exalt+Allah%2c+he+would+have+remained+inside+its+belly+until+the+Day+of+Resurrection.%22+(Quran+37%3a143-144)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly90aGVtdXNsaW12aWJlLmNvbS9mYWl0aC1pc2xhbS81LWxlc3NvbnMtZnJvbS10aGUtcXVyYW4tb24tdGhlLXN0b3J5LW9mLXByb3BoZXQteXVudXMjOn46dGV4dD0lRTIlODAlOUNBbmQlMjBoYWQlMjBoZSUyMG5vdCUyMGJlZW4lMjBvZiUyMHRob3NlJTIwd2hvLHdoZXJlJTIwaGUlMjB3YXMlMjB1bnRpbCUyMHRoZSUyMERheSUyMG9mJTIwSnVkZ2VtZW50Lg&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ef5eabbef0828abb59071a4af285437edc50c80b1aee04e644c51a774424c5cbJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Had+he+not+been+of+those+who+exalt+Allah%2c+he+would+have+remained+inside+its+belly+until+the+Day+of+Resurrection.%22+(Quran+37%3a143-144)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly90aGVtdXNsaW12aWJlLmNvbS9mYWl0aC1pc2xhbS81LWxlc3NvbnMtZnJvbS10aGUtcXVyYW4tb24tdGhlLXN0b3J5LW9mLXByb3BoZXQteXVudXMjOn46dGV4dD0lRTIlODAlOUNBbmQlMjBoYWQlMjBoZSUyMG5vdCUyMGJlZW4lMjBvZiUyMHRob3NlJTIwd2hvLHdoZXJlJTIwaGUlMjB3YXMlMjB1bnRpbCUyMHRoZSUyMERheSUyMG9mJTIwSnVkZ2VtZW50Lg&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c738f837c30331462096cb57ab47cbc7b8f13ad14b920f84cd924edd1daf52e3JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ibn+Kathir+mentions+in+his+Stories+of+the+Prophets+that+Yunus+was+freed+on+Ashura.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hcmNoaXZlLm9yZy9kZXRhaWxzL3N0b3JpZXMtb2YtdGhlLXByb3BoZXRzLWJ5LWlibi1rYXRoaXItZW5nbGlzaC1wZGY&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c738f837c30331462096cb57ab47cbc7b8f13ad14b920f84cd924edd1daf52e3JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ibn+Kathir+mentions+in+his+Stories+of+the+Prophets+that+Yunus+was+freed+on+Ashura.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hcmNoaXZlLm9yZy9kZXRhaWxzL3N0b3JpZXMtb2YtdGhlLXByb3BoZXRzLWJ5LWlibi1rYXRoaXItZW5nbGlzaC1wZGY&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=d15c32935e31c55d2526779a3fc61333c55feb5bfdd07cef222708febdb4c185JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22And+%5bmention%5d+Job%2c+when+he+called+to+his+Lord%2c+%e2%80%98Indeed%2c+adversity+has+touched+me%2c+and+You+are+the+Most+Merciful+of+the+merciful.%e2%80%99+So+We+responded+to+him+and+removed+what+afflicted+him...%22+(Quran+21%3a83-84)20&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9teWlzbGFtLm9yZy9wcm9waGV0LWF5eXViLw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=d15c32935e31c55d2526779a3fc61333c55feb5bfdd07cef222708febdb4c185JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22And+%5bmention%5d+Job%2c+when+he+called+to+his+Lord%2c+%e2%80%98Indeed%2c+adversity+has+touched+me%2c+and+You+are+the+Most+Merciful+of+the+merciful.%e2%80%99+So+We+responded+to+him+and+removed+what+afflicted+him&#8230;%22+(Quran+21%3a83-84)20&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9teWlzbGFtLm9yZy9wcm9waGV0LWF5eXViLw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref41\" name=\"_edn41\">[41]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=3d433ddc38409680d2ca702d24124e63d7de7b0f2bd5c5bf68a46678f22962c1JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22Go+with+this+shirt+of+mine+and+cast+it+over+the+face+of+my+father%3b+he+will+become+seeing.+And+bring+me+your+family%2c+all+together.%22+(Quran+12%3a93)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9wcmV2aW91cy5xdXJhbi5jb20vMTI6Mj9zdG9yZT1mYWxzZSZ0cmFuc2xhdGlvbnM9MTcxLDQ0LDg4LDE5LDg0LDE2NywyMDcsOTUsMjA2LDg1&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=3d433ddc38409680d2ca702d24124e63d7de7b0f2bd5c5bf68a46678f22962c1JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22Go+with+this+shirt+of+mine+and+cast+it+over+the+face+of+my+father%3b+he+will+become+seeing.+And+bring+me+your+family%2c+all+together.%22+(Quran+12%3a93)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9wcmV2aW91cy5xdXJhbi5jb20vMTI6Mj9zdG9yZT1mYWxzZSZ0cmFuc2xhdGlvbnM9MTcxLDQ0LDg4LDE5LDg0LDE2NywyMDcsOTUsMjA2LDg1&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref42\" name=\"_edn42\">[42]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=7499203d34c45033e5861d5767c287999df1f57477d1bf2aa9a61df9ff8a8014JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Al-Tha%e2%80%99labi)+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWJ1X0lzaGFxX2FsLVRoYSUyN2xhYmk&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=7499203d34c45033e5861d5767c287999df1f57477d1bf2aa9a61df9ff8a8014JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Al-Tha%e2%80%99labi)+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWJ1X0lzaGFxX2FsLVRoYSUyN2xhYmk&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref43\" name=\"_edn43\">[43]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=1d3cda3a29592f047202e5000cf066f9446aae91657fd39d049a4e3a6a355d23JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=o%09Some+scholars+(like+Al-Tha%e2%80%99labi)+mention+this+reunion+of+joseph+occurred+on+Ashura&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWNhZGVtaWEuZWR1LzExNjU1MjAwL1RoZV9Gb3JtYXRpb25fb2ZfdGhlX0NsYXNzaWNhbF9UYWZzaXJfVHJhZGl0aW9uX1RoZV9RdXJhbl9Db21tZW50YXJ5X29mX2FsX1RoYWxhYmlfZF80MjdfMTAzNV8&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=1d3cda3a29592f047202e5000cf066f9446aae91657fd39d049a4e3a6a355d23JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=o%09Some+scholars+(like+Al-Tha%e2%80%99labi)+mention+this+reunion+of+joseph+occurred+on+Ashura&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWNhZGVtaWEuZWR1LzExNjU1MjAwL1RoZV9Gb3JtYXRpb25fb2ZfdGhlX0NsYXNzaWNhbF9UYWZzaXJfVHJhZGl0aW9uX1RoZV9RdXJhbl9Db21tZW50YXJ5X29mX2FsX1RoYWxhYmlfZF80MjdfMTAzNV8&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref44\" name=\"_edn44\">[44]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=077aaa2071a3dd02c63531f023e81974d6f95328519be73a0b136034d71d0b64JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=An+exegete+is+a+person+who+interprets+and+explains+religious+texts%2c+especially+sacred+scriptures+like+the+Qur%e2%80%99an+or+the+Bible.+The+term+comes+from+the+Greek+word+ex%c4%93g%c4%93t%c4%93s+(%e1%bc%90%ce%be%ce%b7%ce%b3%ce%b7%cf%84%ce%ae%cf%82)%2c+meaning+interpreter+or+expounder.+In+the+Islamic+context%2c+an+exegete+is+known+as+a+Mufassir+(%d9%85%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%b1).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kZXNpbHVzaW9uLmNvbS9lbi9kZWZpbmUtZXhlZ2V0ZS8jOn46dGV4dD1BdCUyMGl0cyUyMGNvcmUlMkMlMjBhbiUyMGV4ZWdldGUlMjBpcyUyMGElMjBzY2hvbGFyLHRoZSUyMEdyZWVrJTIwd29yZCUyMCVDMiVBQmV4JUM0JTkzZyVDNCU5M3NpcyUyQyVDMiVCQiUyMG1lYW5pbmclMjAlQzIlQUJ0byUyMGxlYWQlMjBvdXQuJUMyJUJC&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=077aaa2071a3dd02c63531f023e81974d6f95328519be73a0b136034d71d0b64JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=An+exegete+is+a+person+who+interprets+and+explains+religious+texts%2c+especially+sacred+scriptures+like+the+Qur%e2%80%99an+or+the+Bible.+The+term+comes+from+the+Greek+word+ex%c4%93g%c4%93t%c4%93s+(%e1%bc%90%ce%be%ce%b7%ce%b3%ce%b7%cf%84%ce%ae%cf%82)%2c+meaning+interpreter+or+expounder.+In+the+Islamic+context%2c+an+exegete+is+known+as+a+Mufassir+(%d9%85%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%b1).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kZXNpbHVzaW9uLmNvbS9lbi9kZWZpbmUtZXhlZ2V0ZS8jOn46dGV4dD1BdCUyMGl0cyUyMGNvcmUlMkMlMjBhbiUyMGV4ZWdldGUlMjBpcyUyMGElMjBzY2hvbGFyLHRoZSUyMEdyZWVrJTIwd29yZCUyMCVDMiVBQmV4JUM0JTkzZyVDNCU5M3NpcyUyQyVDMiVCQiUyMG1lYW5pbmclMjAlQzIlQUJ0byUyMGxlYWQlMjBvdXQuJUMyJUJC&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref45\" name=\"_edn45\">[45]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=61f0b44d3d48b797fed01c94f4d710ea1b148c10d4f4fb3e3edeb35138a71e7eJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=jesus+ascending+to+heaven&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlibGVnYXRld2F5LmNvbS9wYXNzYWdlLz9zZWFyY2g9YWN0cyUyMDE6OS0xMSZ2ZXJzaW9uPU5LSlY&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=61f0b44d3d48b797fed01c94f4d710ea1b148c10d4f4fb3e3edeb35138a71e7eJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=jesus+ascending+to+heaven&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlibGVnYXRld2F5LmNvbS9wYXNzYWdlLz9zZWFyY2g9YWN0cyUyMDE6OS0xMSZ2ZXJzaW9uPU5LSlY&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref46\" name=\"_edn46\">[46]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=72e253a18100e0e64c1ef3852d01e80b636d19b36d9c84735b12df0de3f3ea18JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22But+Allah+raised+him+to+Himself...%22+(Quran+4%3a158)af&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJhaHF1cmFuLm5ldC9lbmdsaXNoLWF5YS0xNTgtc29yYS00Lmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=72e253a18100e0e64c1ef3852d01e80b636d19b36d9c84735b12df0de3f3ea18JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22But+Allah+raised+him+to+Himself&#8230;%22+(Quran+4%3a158)af&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJhaHF1cmFuLm5ldC9lbmdsaXNoLWF5YS0xNTgtc29yYS00Lmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref47\" name=\"_edn47\">[47]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=dcf7efeeed9507b1244872e92d889b5546b03d8586dec0942135754a14e62103JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Al-Suyuti)+suggest+his+ascension+was+on+Ashura%2c+though+other+dates+are+also+mentioned.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWwtU3V5dXRp&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=dcf7efeeed9507b1244872e92d889b5546b03d8586dec0942135754a14e62103JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Al-Suyuti)+suggest+his+ascension+was+on+Ashura%2c+though+other+dates+are+also+mentioned.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWwtU3V5dXRp&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref48\" name=\"_edn48\">[48]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a0f07ae2b221c943347651b1e6a091b2f155e457b6ff9bd87eb5e7aff2da1959JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=david%e2%80%99s+(as)+repentance+accepted&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWJsZWh1Yi5jb20vdG9waWNhbC9kL2RhdmlkJ3NfcmVhbGl6YXRpb25fYW5kX3JlcGVudGFuY2UuaHRt&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a0f07ae2b221c943347651b1e6a091b2f155e457b6ff9bd87eb5e7aff2da1959JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=david%e2%80%99s+(as)+repentance+accepted&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWJsZWh1Yi5jb20vdG9waWNhbC9kL2RhdmlkJ3NfcmVhbGl6YXRpb25fYW5kX3JlcGVudGFuY2UuaHRt&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref49\" name=\"_edn49\">[49]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=66b329e5bdc7569d5ab08b721a1abfce36c872399b9e1e210e11f6df6f79bc36JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Solomon+(AS)+Granted+His+Kingdom&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2hhYmFkLm9yZy9saWJyYXJ5L2FydGljbGVfY2RvL2FpZC80NjM5ODMvamV3aXNoL1RoZS1TdG9yeS1vZi1Tb2xvbW9uLWluLXRoZS1CaWJsZS5odG0&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=66b329e5bdc7569d5ab08b721a1abfce36c872399b9e1e210e11f6df6f79bc36JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Solomon+(AS)+Granted+His+Kingdom&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2hhYmFkLm9yZy9saWJyYXJ5L2FydGljbGVfY2RvL2FpZC80NjM5ODMvamV3aXNoL1RoZS1TdG9yeS1vZi1Tb2xvbW9uLWluLXRoZS1CaWJsZS5odG0&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref50\" name=\"_edn50\">[50]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=9097830b2b4a01c297f4942f936b0e9e6d34ac58aab1658349fcd7ed164c7c84JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22He+said%2c+%e2%80%98My+Lord%2c+forgive+me+and+grant+me+a+kingdom+such+as+will+not+belong+to+anyone+after+me...%e2%80%99%22+(Quran+38%3a35)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJhaHF1cmFuLmNvbS9lbmdsaXNoLWF5YS0zNS1zb3JhLTM4Lmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=9097830b2b4a01c297f4942f936b0e9e6d34ac58aab1658349fcd7ed164c7c84JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22He+said%2c+%e2%80%98My+Lord%2c+forgive+me+and+grant+me+a+kingdom+such+as+will+not+belong+to+anyone+after+me&#8230;%e2%80%99%22+(Quran+38%3a35)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJhaHF1cmFuLmNvbS9lbmdsaXNoLWF5YS0zNS1zb3JhLTM4Lmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref51\" name=\"_edn51\">[51]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=116d8a25496ccf385ced0cdc2ce5f52b01799e6d85cfd62f77cbaa3901c92a5bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Abraham+(AS)+Saved+from+Nimrod%e2%80%99s+Fire&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhldG9yYWguY29tL2FydGljbGUvd2h5LXRoZS1taWRyYXNoLWhhcy1hYnJhaGFtLXRocm93bi1pbnRvLW5pbXJvZHMtZnVybmFjZQ&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=116d8a25496ccf385ced0cdc2ce5f52b01799e6d85cfd62f77cbaa3901c92a5bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Abraham+(AS)+Saved+from+Nimrod%e2%80%99s+Fire&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhldG9yYWguY29tL2FydGljbGUvd2h5LXRoZS1taWRyYXNoLWhhcy1hYnJhaGFtLXRocm93bi1pbnRvLW5pbXJvZHMtZnVybmFjZQ&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref52\" name=\"_edn52\">[52]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=e9978d9a5594cfa344fae0bc4bb4948b3725798a6afc89df7b196a7e7718e728JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Al-Tabari+and+Al-Qurtubi+mention+this+miracle+occurred+on+Ashura&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly90dWxheWhhaC53b3JkcHJlc3MuY29tL3RhZnNpci1hbC10YWJhcmktdHJhbnNsYXRpb24taW5kZXgv&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=e9978d9a5594cfa344fae0bc4bb4948b3725798a6afc89df7b196a7e7718e728JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Al-Tabari+and+Al-Qurtubi+mention+this+miracle+occurred+on+Ashura&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly90dWxheWhhaC53b3JkcHJlc3MuY29tL3RhZnNpci1hbC10YWJhcmktdHJhbnNsYXRpb24taW5kZXgv&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref53\" name=\"_edn53\">[53]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=cdeff4f92d789b9bcdc24f1eddb2c168485d4fc323708497b5af0eac0e2c870cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)+Fasted+on+Ashura&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hYm91dGlzbGFtLm5ldC9yZWFkaW5nLWlzbGFtL2xpdmluZy1pc2xhbS93aHktZGlkLXRoZS1wcm9waGV0LWZhc3Qtb24tdGhlLWRheS1vZi1hc2h1cmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9RmFzdGluZyUyMG9uJTIwTXVoYXJyYW0lMjAxMCUyQyUyMGtub3duJTIwYXMlMjB0aGUlMjBEYXksZGF5LiUyMFRoZXklMjBzYWlkJTNBJTIwJUUyJTgwJTlDVGhpcyUyMGlzJTIwYSUyMGJsZXNzZWQlMjBkYXkuJUUyJTgwJTlE&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=cdeff4f92d789b9bcdc24f1eddb2c168485d4fc323708497b5af0eac0e2c870cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)+Fasted+on+Ashura&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hYm91dGlzbGFtLm5ldC9yZWFkaW5nLWlzbGFtL2xpdmluZy1pc2xhbS93aHktZGlkLXRoZS1wcm9waGV0LWZhc3Qtb24tdGhlLWRheS1vZi1hc2h1cmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9RmFzdGluZyUyMG9uJTIwTXVoYXJyYW0lMjAxMCUyQyUyMGtub3duJTIwYXMlMjB0aGUlMjBEYXksZGF5LiUyMFRoZXklMjBzYWlkJTNBJTIwJUUyJTgwJTlDVGhpcyUyMGlzJTIwYSUyMGJsZXNzZWQlMjBkYXkuJUUyJTgwJTlE&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref54\" name=\"_edn54\">[54]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=50f3ab2e5c18b52c7e3c1c80d9a8d0dc49a2f15b52544294b4ab0b58c738aa1aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22The+Prophet+(PBUH)+observed+the+fast+on+Ashura+and+ordered+(Muslims)+to+fast+(on+that+day).%22+(Sahih+Bukhari+2004)stewart&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWxsaW5nLmJhcmVmb290c3VyZnRyYXZlbC5jb20vZGF0YS9zY2hvbGFyc2hpcC9mZXRjaC5waHAvVGhlJTIwR3JpZCUyMEJvb2slMjBTZXJpZXMucGRm&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=50f3ab2e5c18b52c7e3c1c80d9a8d0dc49a2f15b52544294b4ab0b58c738aa1aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22The+Prophet+(PBUH)+observed+the+fast+on+Ashura+and+ordered+(Muslims)+to+fast+(on+that+day).%22+(Sahih+Bukhari+2004)stewart&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWxsaW5nLmJhcmVmb290c3VyZnRyYXZlbC5jb20vZGF0YS9zY2hvbGFyc2hpcC9mZXRjaC5waHAvVGhlJTIwR3JpZCUyMEJvb2slMjBTZXJpZXMucGRm&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref55\" name=\"_edn55\">[55]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=26c083dae0836bc348db8a0da685ef83f05feb5eb2f75a849507d7a82ad90cf5JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Tarikh+al-Tabari+(Vol.+19%2c+p.+166)+and+Al-Bidayah+wa+al-Nihayah+(Ibn+Kathir)+document+his+martyrdom+on+10th+Muharram.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hcmNoaXZlLm9yZy9kZXRhaWxzL2hpc3Rvcnktb2YtdGFiYXJpLXZvbHVtZS0xOQ&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=26c083dae0836bc348db8a0da685ef83f05feb5eb2f75a849507d7a82ad90cf5JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Tarikh+al-Tabari+(Vol.+19%2c+p.+166)+and+Al-Bidayah+wa+al-Nihayah+(Ibn+Kathir)+document+his+martyrdom+on+10th+Muharram.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hcmNoaXZlLm9yZy9kZXRhaWxzL2hpc3Rvcnktb2YtdGFiYXJpLXZvbHVtZS0xOQ&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref56\" name=\"_edn56\">[56]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=71bac65de0d1eaa48adc0de53c4c9b7c1e0378824b0f581a00a49439bb1edb26JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Isra%e2%80%99iliyyat+(Jewish%2fChristian+sources+adopted+in+some+Tafsirs)+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSXNyYSVDQSVCQ2lsaXl5YXQ&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=71bac65de0d1eaa48adc0de53c4c9b7c1e0378824b0f581a00a49439bb1edb26JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Isra%e2%80%99iliyyat+(Jewish%2fChristian+sources+adopted+in+some+Tafsirs)+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSXNyYSVDQSVCQ2lsaXl5YXQ&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref57\" name=\"_edn57\">[57]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=5d2d5caa06323e1262dd5ddd72426331c0acc9c72bc43bba85c6901c0b718a73JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Brutal+End+of+Imam+Husayn%2c+the+grandson+of+Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)++at+Karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9pc2xhbWljaW5mb2NlbnRlci5jb20vdGhlLWJhdHRsZS1vZi1rYXJiYWxhLw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=5d2d5caa06323e1262dd5ddd72426331c0acc9c72bc43bba85c6901c0b718a73JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Brutal+End+of+Imam+Husayn%2c+the+grandson+of+Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)++at+Karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9pc2xhbWljaW5mb2NlbnRlci5jb20vdGhlLWJhdHRsZS1vZi1rYXJiYWxhLw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref58\" name=\"_edn58\">[58]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=900d3f352f4a6337bd40529712c278c1ec212e7352a68ef002961288a66d676cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Brutal+End+of+Imam+Husayn%2c+the+grandson+of+Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)++at+Karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucXVyYW4tby1zdW5uYXQuY29tL3RoZS1iYXR0bGUtb2Yta2FyYmFsYS1ob3ctdGhlLXByb3BoZXQtcGJ1aC13YXJuZWQtYWJvdXQtaHVzc2FpbnMtbWFydHlyZG9tLw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=900d3f352f4a6337bd40529712c278c1ec212e7352a68ef002961288a66d676cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Brutal+End+of+Imam+Husayn%2c+the+grandson+of+Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)++at+Karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucXVyYW4tby1zdW5uYXQuY29tL3RoZS1iYXR0bGUtb2Yta2FyYmFsYS1ob3ctdGhlLXByb3BoZXQtcGJ1aC13YXJuZWQtYWJvdXQtaHVzc2FpbnMtbWFydHlyZG9tLw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref59\" name=\"_edn59\">[59]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a76d290d7d456d1eaf6b6ad315167313819e00166285247140cc277847d0bdb4JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1UaGUrQnJ1dGFsK0VuZCtvZitJbWFtK0h1c2F5biUyYyt0aGUrZ3JhbmRzb24rb2YrUHJvcGhldCtNdWhhbW1hZCsoUEJVSCkrK2F0K0thcmJhbGEmcXB2dD1UaGUrQnJ1dGFsK0VuZCtvZitJbWFtK0h1c2F5biUyYyt0aGUrZ3JhbmRzb24rb2YrUHJvcGhldCtNdWhhbW1hZCsoUEJVSCkrK2F0K0thcmJhbGEmRk9STT1WRFJF&amp;ntb=1\" 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>https:\/\/marefatmagazine.wordpress.com\/2015\/05\/18\/prophecy-of-the-martyrdom-of-imam-hussain-as-in-the-prominent-sunni-book\/#:~:text=AHLEBAYT%2C%20IMAMATE-,Prophecy%20of%20the%20martyrdom%20of%20Imam%20Hussain%20(as)%20in%20a%20prominent%20Sunni%C2%A0book,-Date%3A%20May<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref61\" name=\"_edn61\">[61]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=009e48e05b6bd56eab4ba05b30e5286cee7d6e554bf0d0bca3060292d97f5b61JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Zuljanah+karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvWnVsamFuYWg&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=009e48e05b6bd56eab4ba05b30e5286cee7d6e554bf0d0bca3060292d97f5b61JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Zuljanah+karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvWnVsamFuYWg&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=7c78a5c6df577f7c74d041bd67a042fb5c4e90a35a340e78ca35fceb19b47f5dJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1UaWxsYS1lLVphaW5hYml5YSkuJnFwdnQ9VGlsbGEtZS1aYWluYWJpeWEpLismRk9STT1WRFJF&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=7c78a5c6df577f7c74d041bd67a042fb5c4e90a35a340e78ca35fceb19b47f5dJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1UaWxsYS1lLVphaW5hYml5YSkuJnFwdnQ9VGlsbGEtZS1aYWluYWJpeWEpLismRk9STT1WRFJF&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref64\" name=\"_edn64\">[64]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ace121f6005ef7ace710d4b53b0313e871e9a790e0b2f0f0a45175b954d23752JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Hayhaat+mina+Zilla%e2%80%99+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpc2hpYS5uZXQvdmlldy9IYXloYXRfbWlubmFfYWwtZGhpbGxh&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=ace121f6005ef7ace710d4b53b0313e871e9a790e0b2f0f0a45175b954d23752JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Hayhaat+mina+Zilla%e2%80%99+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpc2hpYS5uZXQvdmlldy9IYXloYXRfbWlubmFfYWwtZGhpbGxh&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref65\" name=\"_edn65\">[65]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/explore\/tags\/ashura2025\/\" >https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/explore\/tags\/ashura2025\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref66\" name=\"_edn66\">[66]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=7ebcdf7104868bec74360e045e4be66d7e1a826febc2e06d0349e3037fb192bcJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=In+the+Hebrew+Bible+(2+Samuel+11-12)%2c+Prophet+David+(AS)+is+tested+when+he+commits+an+error+involving+Bathsheba+(Uriah%e2%80%99s+wife)+and+subsequently+repents.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlibGVnYXRld2F5LmNvbS9wYXNzYWdlLz9zZWFyY2g9MiUyMFNhbXVlbCUyMDExLTEyJnZlcnNpb249TklW&amp;ntb=1\" 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>https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=7e679d5f4a718b8a2b0724160b4e9cb99087d9c6e9e35d558969fc26b8fdeb9aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=surah+36+verse+38+translation+in+english&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9teWlzbGFtLm9yZy9zdXJhaC15YXNlZW4vYXlhdC0zOC8&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref68\" name=\"_edn68\">[68]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=2569dfb26e6c150bae75216d0c38894bc4c531b86b74b7329bc8d6d149844aedJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=No+mention+of+Bathsheba+or+sin+of+desire+%e2%80%93+The+Quran+focuses+on+a+judgment+error%2c+not+moral+failing.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly96YWluYWJzbG91bmdlLmJsb2dzcG90LmNvbS8yMDEwLzA0L2RvZXMtcXVyYW4tcmVmZXItdG8tc3Rvcnktb2YtZGF2aWQtYW5kLmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=2569dfb26e6c150bae75216d0c38894bc4c531b86b74b7329bc8d6d149844aedJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=No+mention+of+Bathsheba+or+sin+of+desire+%e2%80%93+The+Quran+focuses+on+a+judgment+error%2c+not+moral+failing.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly96YWluYWJzbG91bmdlLmJsb2dzcG90LmNvbS8yMDEwLzA0L2RvZXMtcXVyYW4tcmVmZXItdG8tc3Rvcnktb2YtZGF2aWQtYW5kLmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref69\" name=\"_edn69\">[69]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=fd5f4a0d27dc4ce63bcac5b42bdbbb24dfd972ed48a06bd6913eda5256c258efJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=creation+of+heaven+and+earth&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ290cXVlc3Rpb25zLm9yZy9Hb2QtY3JlYXRlZC10aGUtaGVhdmVucy1hbmQtdGhlLWVhcnRoLmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=fd5f4a0d27dc4ce63bcac5b42bdbbb24dfd972ed48a06bd6913eda5256c258efJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=creation+of+heaven+and+earth&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ290cXVlc3Rpb25zLm9yZy9Hb2QtY3JlYXRlZC10aGUtaGVhdmVucy1hbmQtdGhlLWVhcnRoLmh0bWw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref70\" name=\"_edn70\">[70]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=2928379d63b47a3281964061457ca091d3a1600719e8449476f5de957a441ceaJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ahura+Mazda+in+Zoroastrianism+(Non-Abrahamic+but+Influential)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWh1cmFfTWF6ZGE&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=2928379d63b47a3281964061457ca091d3a1600719e8449476f5de957a441ceaJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ahura+Mazda+in+Zoroastrianism+(Non-Abrahamic+but+Influential)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWh1cmFfTWF6ZGE&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref71\" name=\"_edn71\">[71]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=4fc1e12a494efdd82b65abc23c96adf22b783577f7673aed2222266e5fb7f1bfJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22The+Lord+lift+up+His+countenance+upon+you+and+give+you+peace%22+(Numbers+6%3a26)11.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlibGVnYXRld2F5LmNvbS9wYXNzYWdlLz9zZWFyY2g9TlVNQkVSUyUyMDY6MjQtMjYmdmVyc2lvbj1OSVY&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=4fc1e12a494efdd82b65abc23c96adf22b783577f7673aed2222266e5fb7f1bfJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22The+Lord+lift+up+His+countenance+upon+you+and+give+you+peace%22+(Numbers+6%3a26)11.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlibGVnYXRld2F5LmNvbS9wYXNzYWdlLz9zZWFyY2g9TlVNQkVSUyUyMDY6MjQtMjYmdmVyc2lvbj1OSVY&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref72\" name=\"_edn72\">[72]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=fbf0014161611b9a7578a5424dbc0e02c2fa7ed10d624944bd54cdad08c6fdc3JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22My+peace+I+give+you%22+(John+14%3a27).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWJsZWh1Yi5jb20vc3R1ZHkvam9obi8xNC0yNy5odG0jOn46dGV4dD1QZWFjZSUyMEklMjBsZWF2ZSUyMHdpdGglMjB5b3UlM0IlMjBNeSUyMHBlYWNlJTIwSSxpcyUyMHByZXBhcmluZyUyMEhpcyUyMGZvbGxvd2VycyUyMGZvciUyMEhpcyUyMGltbWluZW50JTIwZGVwYXJ0dXJlLg&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=fbf0014161611b9a7578a5424dbc0e02c2fa7ed10d624944bd54cdad08c6fdc3JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%22My+peace+I+give+you%22+(John+14%3a27).&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iaWJsZWh1Yi5jb20vc3R1ZHkvam9obi8xNC0yNy5odG0jOn46dGV4dD1QZWFjZSUyMEklMjBsZWF2ZSUyMHdpdGglMjB5b3UlM0IlMjBNeSUyMHBlYWNlJTIwSSxpcyUyMHByZXBhcmluZyUyMEhpcyUyMGZvbGxvd2VycyUyMGZvciUyMEhpcyUyMGltbWluZW50JTIwZGVwYXJ0dXJlLg&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref73\" name=\"_edn73\">[73]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=acd345daa355b060600ac8079b9088f0b80a2a2a31892dedd9af5409e1038022JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1Bc2h1cmErJTI2K0Nvc21pYytKdXN0aWNlJnFwdnQ9QXNodXJhKyUyNitDb3NtaWMrSnVzdGljZSZGT1JNPVZEUkU&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=acd345daa355b060600ac8079b9088f0b80a2a2a31892dedd9af5409e1038022JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1Bc2h1cmErJTI2K0Nvc21pYytKdXN0aWNlJnFwdnQ9QXNodXJhKyUyNitDb3NtaWMrSnVzdGljZSZGT1JNPVZEUkU&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref74\" name=\"_edn74\">[74]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=21d8b1508991a454a05dbe190fd9b1e9d7c0fd1171dd27a2b2a02a95d948e1c4JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Journey+to+Kufa&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kbC50d2VsZnRoLWltYW0uaXIvYm9vazAxLzExX3RoZV9qb3VybmV5X3RvX2t1ZmEucGRm&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=21d8b1508991a454a05dbe190fd9b1e9d7c0fd1171dd27a2b2a02a95d948e1c4JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Journey+to+Kufa&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kbC50d2VsZnRoLWltYW0uaXIvYm9vazAxLzExX3RoZV9qb3VybmV5X3RvX2t1ZmEucGRm&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref75\" name=\"_edn75\">[75]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=080f311f72feffb89d8fc157021aeb1f7cffb4d0d7143df305d6d5b7b14d824aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=interception+and+siege+at+karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hbGJpZGF5YWhoaXN0b3J5LmNvbS90aGUtYmF0dGxlLW9mLWthcmJhbGEtYS10aW1lbGluZS1vZi10cnV0aC1hbmQtc2FjcmlmaWNlLw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=080f311f72feffb89d8fc157021aeb1f7cffb4d0d7143df305d6d5b7b14d824aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=interception+and+siege+at+karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hbGJpZGF5YWhoaXN0b3J5LmNvbS90aGUtYmF0dGxlLW9mLWthcmJhbGEtYS10aW1lbGluZS1vZi10cnV0aC1hbmQtc2FjcmlmaWNlLw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref76\" name=\"_edn76\">[76]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=e9de8658223a99512313c3d611ac3ff7edba925d38c977fe70a2bdf925c5ff51JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Why+Sunni+Muslims+Do+Not+Revere+man++in+the+Same+Way+as+Shias&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaXNsYW1pY2l0eS5vcmcvMTA1MDYyL3R3by1zaWRlcy1vbmUtdW1tYWgtZGVidW5raW5nLXRoZS1teXRocy1iZXR3ZWVuLXN1bm5pcy1hbmQtc2hpYXMv&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=e9de8658223a99512313c3d611ac3ff7edba925d38c977fe70a2bdf925c5ff51JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Why+Sunni+Muslims+Do+Not+Revere+man++in+the+Same+Way+as+Shias&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaXNsYW1pY2l0eS5vcmcvMTA1MDYyL3R3by1zaWRlcy1vbmUtdW1tYWgtZGVidW5raW5nLXRoZS1teXRocy1iZXR3ZWVuLXN1bm5pcy1hbmQtc2hpYXMv&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref77\" name=\"_edn77\">[77]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=5c3c03e05c7747f6f7b946a253b80bf315df41509590bea3706d44fe14f9b513JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09Abu+Bakr+(RA)+as+the+First+Caliph&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWJ1X0Jha3I&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=5c3c03e05c7747f6f7b946a253b80bf315df41509590bea3706d44fe14f9b513JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09Abu+Bakr+(RA)+as+the+First+Caliph&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWJ1X0Jha3I&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref78\" name=\"_edn78\">[78]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=11ccf97946b168833eebb876fcd1ad9ef2226900c0987c35a42abe708cf6e95bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Civil+War+in+Islam+(First+Fitna)+and+the+Role+of+Bibi+Ayesha+(RA)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRmlyc3RfRml0bmE&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=11ccf97946b168833eebb876fcd1ad9ef2226900c0987c35a42abe708cf6e95bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Civil+War+in+Islam+(First+Fitna)+and+the+Role+of+Bibi+Ayesha+(RA)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRmlyc3RfRml0bmE&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref79\" name=\"_edn79\">[79]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=73656950af00acdb480e9a095c3d894c6f39ef950a6f2991b7c228107ed1d4bbJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ayesha%e2%80%99s+Opposition+and+the+Battle+of+the+Camel+(656+CE)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly90aGVpc2xhbWljaW5mb3JtYXRpb24uY29tL3N0b3JpZXMvYmF0dGxlLW9mLWNhbWVsLyM6fjp0ZXh0PUZvdWdodCUyMGluJTIwNjU2JTIwQ0UlMjBuZWFyJTIwQmFzcmElMkMlMjBJcmFxJTJDJTIwaXQsUHJvcGhldCVFMiU4MCU5OXMlMjB3aXZlcyUyQyUyMGFsb25nJTIwd2l0aCUyMGNvbXBhbmlvbnMlMjBUYWxoYSUyMGFuZCUyMFp1YmF5ci4&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=73656950af00acdb480e9a095c3d894c6f39ef950a6f2991b7c228107ed1d4bbJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ayesha%e2%80%99s+Opposition+and+the+Battle+of+the+Camel+(656+CE)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly90aGVpc2xhbWljaW5mb3JtYXRpb24uY29tL3N0b3JpZXMvYmF0dGxlLW9mLWNhbWVsLyM6fjp0ZXh0PUZvdWdodCUyMGluJTIwNjU2JTIwQ0UlMjBuZWFyJTIwQmFzcmElMkMlMjBJcmFxJTJDJTIwaXQsUHJvcGhldCVFMiU4MCU5OXMlMjB3aXZlcyUyQyUyMGFsb25nJTIwd2l0aCUyMGNvbXBhbmlvbnMlMjBUYWxoYSUyMGFuZCUyMFp1YmF5ci4&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref80\" name=\"_edn80\">[80]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=0faf0caab1743854b2ca2c2784ac78a3c0829f9d32901ab7e4eb3fc2f7860dd6JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+March+to+Basra+in+ancient+islamic+history&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWxpbS5vcmcvaGlzdG9yeS9raGFsaWZhLWFsaS9heWVzaGEtcy1tYXJjaC10by1iYXNyYS8&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=0faf0caab1743854b2ca2c2784ac78a3c0829f9d32901ab7e4eb3fc2f7860dd6JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+March+to+Basra+in+ancient+islamic+history&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWxpbS5vcmcvaGlzdG9yeS9raGFsaWZhLWFsaS9heWVzaGEtcy1tYXJjaC10by1iYXNyYS8&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref81\" name=\"_edn81\">[81]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=eab8c67b715e0a7caf9a08d80a012e07b6ce01feffa149462e89c06d35d59b8bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Talha+and+Zubayr+were+killed%2c+and+Ayesha%e2%80%99s+forces+were+defeated.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWwtaXNsYW0ub3JnL3Jlc3RhdGVtZW50LWhpc3RvcnktaXNsYW0tYW5kLW11c2xpbXMtc2F5eWlkLWFsaS1hc2doYXItcmF6d3kvYmF0dGxlLWJhc3JhLWJhdHRsZS1jYW1lbA&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=eab8c67b715e0a7caf9a08d80a012e07b6ce01feffa149462e89c06d35d59b8bJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Talha+and+Zubayr+were+killed%2c+and+Ayesha%e2%80%99s+forces+were+defeated.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWwtaXNsYW0ub3JnL3Jlc3RhdGVtZW50LWhpc3RvcnktaXNsYW0tYW5kLW11c2xpbXMtc2F5eWlkLWFsaS1hc2doYXItcmF6d3kvYmF0dGxlLWJhc3JhLWJhdHRsZS1jYW1lbA&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref82\" name=\"_edn82\">[82]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=4c7fe88c37fcc5427b6d8d08bc8b06559c512eddf68dfc6a24624f5bb9389071JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ayesha+is+revered+as+%22Mother+of+the+Believers%22+and+a+major+hadith+narrator%2c+but+her+role+in+the+civil+war+is+seen+as+a+political+mistake&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qYW1pYXQub3JnLnphL2F5ZXNoYS1yYWRoaXlhbGxhaHUtYW5oYS1tb3RoZXItb2YtdGhlLWJlbGlldmVycy8&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=4c7fe88c37fcc5427b6d8d08bc8b06559c512eddf68dfc6a24624f5bb9389071JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Ayesha+is+revered+as+%22Mother+of+the+Believers%22+and+a+major+hadith+narrator%2c+but+her+role+in+the+civil+war+is+seen+as+a+political+mistake&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qYW1pYXQub3JnLnphL2F5ZXNoYS1yYWRoaXlhbGxhaHUtYW5oYS1tb3RoZXItb2YtdGhlLWJlbGlldmVycy8&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref83\" name=\"_edn83\">[83]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=34b1ce6ca02808f8a86e7d90c848424dfe6a8d7754ef5e1f90e31c9e100fe9dcJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=biddat+in+islam&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGVhcm5hYm91dGlzbGFtLmluLzIwMTUvMDgvd2hhdC1pcy1iaWRhdC1pbi1pc2xhbS1hbmQtd2hhdC1hcmUuaHRtbA&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=34b1ce6ca02808f8a86e7d90c848424dfe6a8d7754ef5e1f90e31c9e100fe9dcJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=biddat+in+islam&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGVhcm5hYm91dGlzbGFtLmluLzIwMTUvMDgvd2hhdC1pcy1iaWRhdC1pbi1pc2xhbS1hbmQtd2hhdC1hcmUuaHRtbA&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref84\" name=\"_edn84\">[84]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=42a98ac8b434e07c6ceb1e7209cc90b458ed8f74443844fc826f11e7545889d9JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+gold-domed+shrines+of+Husayn+and+Abbas+in+Karbala+are+seen+by+Salafis+as+%22shirk%22+(polytheism)+for+resembling+%22tomb+worship&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zYWxhZmljZW50cmUuY29tLzIwMjEvMTIvMDcvZXBpY2VudHJlLW9mLXRoZS1kZXN0cnVjdGl2ZS1zaW4tb2Ytc2hyaW5lLWdyYXZlLWFuZC10b21iLXdvcnNoaXAtaW4td2VzdC1hZnJpY2Ev&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=42a98ac8b434e07c6ceb1e7209cc90b458ed8f74443844fc826f11e7545889d9JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+gold-domed+shrines+of+Husayn+and+Abbas+in+Karbala+are+seen+by+Salafis+as+%22shirk%22+(polytheism)+for+resembling+%22tomb+worship&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zYWxhZmljZW50cmUuY29tLzIwMjEvMTIvMDcvZXBpY2VudHJlLW9mLXRoZS1kZXN0cnVjdGl2ZS1zaW4tb2Ytc2hyaW5lLWdyYXZlLWFuZC10b21iLXdvcnNoaXAtaW4td2VzdC1hZnJpY2Ev&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref85\" name=\"_edn85\">[85]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=cfa9156fb0112d7ff6395ec209a6678d50f41a9fb9d8344ca677ea626bccb611JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT0lZTIlODAlYTIlMDlUaGUra2FyYmFsYStwaWxncmltYWdlK2Vjb25vbXkrKHdvcnRoK2JpbGxpb25zK2FubnVhbGx5KStpcyt2aWV3ZWQrYnkrc29tZStTdW5uaXMrYXMrYW4rSXJhbmlhbi1iYWNrZWQrJTIyU2hpYStleHBhbnNpb24lMjIrdG9vbC4mcXB2dD0lZTIlODAlYTIlMDlUaGUra2FyYmFsYStwaWxncmltYWdlK2Vjb25vbXkrKHdvcnRoK2JpbGxpb25zK2FubnVhbGx5KStpcyt2aWV3ZWQrYnkrc29tZStTdW5uaXMrYXMrYW4rSXJhbmlhbi1iYWNrZWQrJTIyU2hpYStleHBhbnNpb24lMjIrdG9vbC4mRk9STT1WRFJF&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=cfa9156fb0112d7ff6395ec209a6678d50f41a9fb9d8344ca677ea626bccb611JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT0lZTIlODAlYTIlMDlUaGUra2FyYmFsYStwaWxncmltYWdlK2Vjb25vbXkrKHdvcnRoK2JpbGxpb25zK2FubnVhbGx5KStpcyt2aWV3ZWQrYnkrc29tZStTdW5uaXMrYXMrYW4rSXJhbmlhbi1iYWNrZWQrJTIyU2hpYStleHBhbnNpb24lMjIrdG9vbC4mcXB2dD0lZTIlODAlYTIlMDlUaGUra2FyYmFsYStwaWxncmltYWdlK2Vjb25vbXkrKHdvcnRoK2JpbGxpb25zK2FubnVhbGx5KStpcyt2aWV3ZWQrYnkrc29tZStTdW5uaXMrYXMrYW4rSXJhbmlhbi1iYWNrZWQrJTIyU2hpYStleHBhbnNpb24lMjIrdG9vbC4mRk9STT1WRFJF&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref86\" name=\"_edn86\">[86]<\/a>[86] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c434620fcb089a8af82fbdca47c8964c18401a030a605175dd0e5d6d5e131771JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09Ibn+Taymiyyah%3a+Though+critical%2c+he+did+not+declare+Shias+as+kuffar+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSWJuX1RheW1peXlh&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c434620fcb089a8af82fbdca47c8964c18401a030a605175dd0e5d6d5e131771JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09Ibn+Taymiyyah%3a+Though+critical%2c+he+did+not+declare+Shias+as+kuffar+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSWJuX1RheW1peXlh&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref87\" name=\"_edn87\">[87]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=4741881921bd81da7f4330b6443e57456a0a50067ea554c9cda90d2bdbc004e3JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Detailed+Analysis+of+Key+Fatwas+and+Historical+Incidents+on+Sunni-Shia+Divisions+Over+Ashura+and+Karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU3VubmlfZmF0d2FzX29uX1NoaWFz&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=4741881921bd81da7f4330b6443e57456a0a50067ea554c9cda90d2bdbc004e3JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Detailed+Analysis+of+Key+Fatwas+and+Historical+Incidents+on+Sunni-Shia+Divisions+Over+Ashura+and+Karbala&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU3VubmlfZmF0d2FzX29uX1NoaWFz&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref88\" name=\"_edn88\">[88]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=63a332c23bb7b825bd5e40d9bf4b3ec250ae4df1152f020f4a3180727f63530cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=1.%09Modern+Salafi+Fatwas+(Saudi+Arabia%2c+Al-Azhar)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hY2FkZW1pYy5vdXAuY29tL2VkaW5idXJnaC1zY2hvbGFyc2hpcC1vbmxpbmUvYm9vay8xOTE3Ni9jaGFwdGVyLzE3NzY0NjA2OA&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=63a332c23bb7b825bd5e40d9bf4b3ec250ae4df1152f020f4a3180727f63530cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=1.%09Modern+Salafi+Fatwas+(Saudi+Arabia%2c+Al-Azhar)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hY2FkZW1pYy5vdXAuY29tL2VkaW5idXJnaC1zY2hvbGFyc2hpcC1vbmxpbmUvYm9vay8xOTE3Ni9jaGFwdGVyLzE3NzY0NjA2OA&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref89\" name=\"_edn89\">[89]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=db5e72303d8d9ad844bab06cfbaf05d8317a58bfdf54d7e5e1cd50d29e59d997JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Saddam+Hussein%e2%80%99s+Suppression+of+Shia+Mourning+(1980s%e2%80%932003)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvMTk3OSVFMiU4MCU5MzE5ODBfU2hpYV91cHJpc2luZ19pbl9JcmFx&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=db5e72303d8d9ad844bab06cfbaf05d8317a58bfdf54d7e5e1cd50d29e59d997JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Saddam+Hussein%e2%80%99s+Suppression+of+Shia+Mourning+(1980s%e2%80%932003)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvMTk3OSVFMiU4MCU5MzE5ODBfU2hpYV91cHJpc2luZ19pbl9JcmFx&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref90\" name=\"_edn90\">[90]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=e9a0ecddd27e6458f24ce7ddaaf185dc8947b086e0dbdb810f84c933286f587aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=ISIS+Attacks+on+Shia+Pilgrims+(2014%e2%80%932017)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUGVyc2VjdXRpb25fb2ZfU2hpYXNfYnlfdGhlX0lzbGFtaWNfU3RhdGU&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=e9a0ecddd27e6458f24ce7ddaaf185dc8947b086e0dbdb810f84c933286f587aJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=ISIS+Attacks+on+Shia+Pilgrims+(2014%e2%80%932017)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUGVyc2VjdXRpb25fb2ZfU2hpYXNfYnlfdGhlX0lzbGFtaWNfU3RhdGU&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref91\" name=\"_edn91\">[91]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=407ec92156048206225d04216ef95cd54c53a3a8104f1f8adbc71aef22852e98JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Did+Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)+predict+the+Shia+-Sunni+sectarianism+before+His+demise&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly95YXFlZW5pbnN0aXR1dGUub3JnL3JlYWQvcGFwZXIvdGhlLXByb3BoZWNpZXMtb2YtcHJvcGhldC1tdWhhbW1hZA&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=407ec92156048206225d04216ef95cd54c53a3a8104f1f8adbc71aef22852e98JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Did+Prophet+Muhammad+(PBUH)+predict+the+Shia+-Sunni+sectarianism+before+His+demise&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly95YXFlZW5pbnN0aXR1dGUub3JnL3JlYWQvcGFwZXIvdGhlLXByb3BoZWNpZXMtb2YtcHJvcGhldC1tdWhhbW1hZA&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref92\" name=\"_edn92\">[92]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c5c9f2ef6ac0037022a6e76bede3acce63eaacac97cc3170ca3c062d5442495fJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09Ghadir+Khumm%3a+Shias+cite+the+Prophet%e2%80%99s+declaration+at+Ghadir+Khumm+(%22Whoever+I+am+his+master%2c+Ali+is+his+master%22)+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGlhc3R1ZGllcy5jb20vZW4vMTY2ODQvaGlzdG9yaWNhbC1zcGVlY2gtaG9seS1wcm9waGV0LXMtdy1naGFkaXIta2h1bS8&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=c5c9f2ef6ac0037022a6e76bede3acce63eaacac97cc3170ca3c062d5442495fJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09Ghadir+Khumm%3a+Shias+cite+the+Prophet%e2%80%99s+declaration+at+Ghadir+Khumm+(%22Whoever+I+am+his+master%2c+Ali+is+his+master%22)+&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGlhc3R1ZGllcy5jb20vZW4vMTY2ODQvaGlzdG9yaWNhbC1zcGVlY2gtaG9seS1wcm9waGV0LXMtdy1naGFkaXIta2h1bS8&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref93\" name=\"_edn93\">[93]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=420933339ef0c4d6e1f585a38500e9ed2c26f98a0160a4f9c88e1b3389c8e897JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09%3a+Hanbali+Sunni+(Wahhabi%2fSalafi+reform+movement)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvV2FoaGFiaXNt&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=420933339ef0c4d6e1f585a38500e9ed2c26f98a0160a4f9c88e1b3389c8e897JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=%e2%80%a2%09%3a+Hanbali+Sunni+(Wahhabi%2fSalafi+reform+movement)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvV2FoaGFiaXNt&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref94\" name=\"_edn94\">[94]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=0b5026d8e8aab09ebf5300c35526fd1e155ea448fbfa0b4554330bcf945fef47JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=.+Iran%3a+Twelver+Shia+(Ja%27fari+Madhhab)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2FtYnJpZGdlLm9yZy9jb3JlL2pvdXJuYWxzL2lyYW5pYW4tc3R1ZGllcy9hcnRpY2xlL2Ficy9uYWRpci1zaGFoLWFuZC10aGUtamFmYXJpLW1hZGhoYWItcmVjb25zaWRlcmVkL0JEN0JERDYwNUNFQUExMjRGNkVGMDdEODZCOUREMURC&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=0b5026d8e8aab09ebf5300c35526fd1e155ea448fbfa0b4554330bcf945fef47JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=.+Iran%3a+Twelver+Shia+(Ja%27fari+Madhhab)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2FtYnJpZGdlLm9yZy9jb3JlL2pvdXJuYWxzL2lyYW5pYW4tc3R1ZGllcy9hcnRpY2xlL2Ficy9uYWRpci1zaGFoLWFuZC10aGUtamFmYXJpLW1hZGhoYWItcmVjb25zaWRlcmVkL0JEN0JERDYwNUNFQUExMjRGNkVGMDdEODZCOUREMURC&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref95\" name=\"_edn95\">[95]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=cd4502560903a6ee86fe98c7dd6834bb13b4320c89c432fd482933e840c6c54cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=South+Africa%3a+Mixed+Sunni+with+Shia-Influenced+Minorities&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWFpLm9yZy56YS9zaGklY2ElYmZpc20taW4tc291dGgtYWZyaWNhLWEtc3VubmktcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUv&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=cd4502560903a6ee86fe98c7dd6834bb13b4320c89c432fd482933e840c6c54cJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=South+Africa%3a+Mixed+Sunni+with+Shia-Influenced+Minorities&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWFpLm9yZy56YS9zaGklY2ElYmZpc20taW4tc291dGgtYWZyaWNhLWEtc3VubmktcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUv&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref96\" name=\"_edn96\">[96]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=7620602db14d5a7dadd405f011226f06e67041995eefe5ff3f69553f417055a3JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Role+of+Third+Force+Activities+in+Widening+the+Shia-Sunni+Muslim+Rift&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9saW5rLnNwcmluZ2VyLmNvbS9jaGFwdGVyLzEwLjEwMDcvOTc4LTMtMDMwLTU2NzYxLTNfNw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=7620602db14d5a7dadd405f011226f06e67041995eefe5ff3f69553f417055a3JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Role+of+Third+Force+Activities+in+Widening+the+Shia-Sunni+Muslim+Rift&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9saW5rLnNwcmluZ2VyLmNvbS9jaGFwdGVyLzEwLjEwMDcvOTc4LTMtMDMwLTU2NzYxLTNfNw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref97\" name=\"_edn97\">[97]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=bd8c49741f02136afb295202ce6f3c5e5d19dc2a84281c64acc291df18f1a297JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=lessons+from+south+africa%e2%80%99s+sunni+shia+model+of+development&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWFpLm9yZy56YS9zaGklY2ElYmZpc20taW4tc291dGgtYWZyaWNhLWEtc3VubmktcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUv&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=bd8c49741f02136afb295202ce6f3c5e5d19dc2a84281c64acc291df18f1a297JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=lessons+from+south+africa%e2%80%99s+sunni+shia+model+of+development&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWFpLm9yZy56YS9zaGklY2ElYmZpc20taW4tc291dGgtYWZyaWNhLWEtc3VubmktcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUv&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref98\" name=\"_edn98\">[98]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=f7161acb38537aab813c3f0ebbaba2744092f917267c00efd78edd22be35ea43JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Prophet+(PBUH)+unified+warring+tribes+under+Islam%e2%80%99s+banner.+Today%e2%80%99s+divisions+are+man-made%2c+not+divine+and+thus%2c+they+can+be+unmade.+The+work+of+the+author+in+the+province+of+KwaZulu-Natal%2c+in+South+Africa+proves+this+is+not+idealism%3b+it+is+a+practical%2c+humanistic+community+centred%2c+prophetic+activity.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iYWhhaXRlYWNoaW5ncy5vcmcvaG93LWRpZC1tdWhhbW1hZC11bml0ZS10aGUtd2FycmluZy10cmliZXMtb2YtYXJhYmlhLw&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=f7161acb38537aab813c3f0ebbaba2744092f917267c00efd78edd22be35ea43JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=The+Prophet+(PBUH)+unified+warring+tribes+under+Islam%e2%80%99s+banner.+Today%e2%80%99s+divisions+are+man-made%2c+not+divine+and+thus%2c+they+can+be+unmade.+The+work+of+the+author+in+the+province+of+KwaZulu-Natal%2c+in+South+Africa+proves+this+is+not+idealism%3b+it+is+a+practical%2c+humanistic+community+centred%2c+prophetic+activity.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iYWhhaXRlYWNoaW5ncy5vcmcvaG93LWRpZC1tdWhhbW1hZC11bml0ZS10aGUtd2FycmluZy10cmliZXMtb2YtYXJhYmlhLw&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref99\" name=\"_edn99\">[99]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=456150840b151511b7131d59f0f849e36c154398266be0ec469970d59b7fa44dJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Quranic+Verse%3a+Surah+Al-Kafirun+(109%3a6)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJhaHF1cmFuLmNvbS9lbmdsaXNoLWF5YS02LXNvcmEtMTA5Lmh0bWwjOn46dGV4dD0xMDklM0E2JTIwRm9yJTIweW91JTIwaXMlMjB5b3VyJTIwcmVsaWdpb24lMkMlMjBhbmQlMjBmb3IseW91JTIwYmUlMjB5b3VyJTIwV2F5JTJDJTIwYW5kJTIwdG8lMjBtZSUyMG1pbmUu&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=456150840b151511b7131d59f0f849e36c154398266be0ec469970d59b7fa44dJmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Quranic+Verse%3a+Surah+Al-Kafirun+(109%3a6)&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJhaHF1cmFuLmNvbS9lbmdsaXNoLWF5YS02LXNvcmEtMTA5Lmh0bWwjOn46dGV4dD0xMDklM0E2JTIwRm9yJTIweW91JTIwaXMlMjB5b3VyJTIwcmVsaWdpb24lMkMlMjBhbmQlMjBmb3IseW91JTIwYmUlMjB5b3VyJTIwV2F5JTJDJTIwYW5kJTIwdG8lMjBtZSUyMG1pbmUu&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#_ednref100\" name=\"_edn100\">[100]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=23ec4599c932cc70096b5aaad8c1de098034b64c42816ecc275fb89728885960JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Early+Meccan+period%2c+when+the+Prophet+Muhammad+%ef%b7%ba+was+facing+intense+opposition+from+the+Quraysh.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRWFybHlfTXVzbGltJUUyJTgwJTkzTWVjY2FuX2NvbmZsaWN0&amp;ntb=1\" >https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=23ec4599c932cc70096b5aaad8c1de098034b64c42816ecc275fb89728885960JmltdHM9MTc1MjI3ODQwMA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=4&amp;fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&amp;psq=Early+Meccan+period%2c+when+the+Prophet+Muhammad+%ef%b7%ba+was+facing+intense+opposition+from+the+Quraysh.&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRWFybHlfTXVzbGltJUUyJTgwJTkzTWVjY2FuX2NvbmZsaWN0&amp;ntb=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>______________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Hoosen-Vawda-e1618716350456.jpeg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-183185\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Hoosen-Vawda-e1618716350456.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/><\/a>Professor G. Hoosen M. Vawda (Bsc; MBChB; PhD.Wits) is a member of the <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment<\/em><\/a><em>.<br \/>\n<strong>Director<\/strong>: Glastonbury Medical Research Centre; Community Health and Indigent Programme Services; Body Donor Foundation SA.<\/em><br \/>\n<strong><em>Principal Investigator<\/em><\/strong><em>: Multinational Clinical Trials<\/em><br \/>\n<strong><em>Consultant<\/em><\/strong><em>: Medical and General Research Ethics; Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry:UKZN, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine<\/em><br \/>\n<strong><em>Executive Member<\/em><\/strong><em>: Inter Religious Council KZN SA<\/em><br \/>\n<strong><em>Public Liaison<\/em><\/strong><em>: Medical Misadventures<\/em><br \/>\n<strong><em>Activism<\/em><\/strong><em>: Justice for All<\/em><br \/>\n<strong><em>Email<\/em><\/strong><em>: <\/em><a href=\"mailto:vawda@ukzn.ac.za\"><em>vawda@ukzn.ac.za<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The paper highlights the development of the two major sects in Islam dating back to 680 CE.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":298451,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[634,107],"class_list":["post-298446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-transcend-members","tag-islam","tag-religion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/298446","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=298446"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/298446\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":298452,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/298446\/revisions\/298452"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/298451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=298446"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=298446"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=298446"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}