{"id":311880,"date":"2026-01-12T12:00:21","date_gmt":"2026-01-12T12:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=311880"},"modified":"2026-01-11T07:35:36","modified_gmt":"2026-01-11T07:35:36","slug":"neocolonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empires-opium-wars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2026\/01\/neocolonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empires-opium-wars\/","title":{"rendered":"Neocolonial Drug Trafficking and the British Empire\u2019s Opium Wars"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Today\u2019s \u201cNarco-States\u201d and \u201cThe Laundering of Drug Money\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"body markup\" dir=\"auto\">\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset can-restack\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!moau!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F76ed8ede-bec4-4364-8bce-bb20d3b7f6f0_618x370.heic\" sizes=\"100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!moau!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F76ed8ede-bec4-4364-8bce-bb20d3b7f6f0_618x370.heic 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!moau!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F76ed8ede-bec4-4364-8bce-bb20d3b7f6f0_618x370.heic 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!moau!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F76ed8ede-bec4-4364-8bce-bb20d3b7f6f0_618x370.heic 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!moau!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F76ed8ede-bec4-4364-8bce-bb20d3b7f6f0_618x370.heic 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"316.11650485436894\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/76ed8ede-bec4-4364-8bce-bb20d3b7f6f0_618x370.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:370,&quot;width&quot;:618,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:528,&quot;bytes&quot;:60670,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image\/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/colonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empire\/5716926&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/michelchossudovsky.substack.com\/i\/183998028?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F76ed8ede-bec4-4364-8bce-bb20d3b7f6f0_618x370.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>9 Jan 2026\u00a0<\/em>&#8211; The tragic events of <strong>September 11, 2001<\/strong> were conducive to the conduct of the <strong>October 7, 2001 US-NATO invasion of Afghanistan<\/strong> on the grounds that America had been \u201c<strong>attacked by an unnamed foreign power.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere is continuity from the colonial style legitimate \u201cdrug war\u201d led by the British Empire, to the present drug trafficking structures: <strong>Afghanistan under US military occupation, the Narco-State in Latin America<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Rarely acknowledged by the mainstream media, the \u201cGlobal War on Terrorism\u201d (GWOT) which was launched on 9\/11 coupled with an extensive dollarization of the global economy has a bearing on the global trade in narcotics, which is controlled by powerful financial interests.<\/p>\n<p>The illegal trade in narcotics is conducted in U.S. dollars under a sophisticated money laundering framework.<\/p>\n<p>This article examines briefly the history of narcotics commencing with the British Empire\u2019s Opium Wars.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2014Michel Chossudovsky<\/strong>, January 6, 2026<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"header-anchor-post\"><strong>Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In accordance with <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/undocs.org\/A\/RES\/42\/112\"  rel=\"\">Resolution 42\/112<\/a> of 7 December 1987, the UN General Assembly decided to observe 26 June as <strong>the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking<\/strong> as an expression of its determination to strengthen action and cooperation to achieve the goal of an international society free of drug abuse.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"header-anchor-post\"><strong>Raise Awareness<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA\">\n<div id=\"\u00a7raise-awareness\" class=\"pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset can-restack\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!e4-T!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!e4-T!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!e4-T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!e4-T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png 1456w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!e4-T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png\" sizes=\"100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!e4-T!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!e4-T!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!e4-T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!e4-T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"644\" height=\"296.78846153846155\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/1727499d-2a79-4012-8006-c03da466c91c_1472x678.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:671,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:644,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/colonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empire\/5716926&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/money-laundering\/overview.html\"  rel=\"\">Money laundering is the processing of criminal proceeds to disguise their illegal origin.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>This process is of critical importance, as it enables the criminal to enjoy these profits without jeopardizing their source.<\/p>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset can-restack\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Ozz4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Ozz4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Ozz4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Ozz4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic 1456w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Ozz4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic\" sizes=\"100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Ozz4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Ozz4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Ozz4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Ozz4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"388.02197802197804\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:856,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:660,&quot;bytes&quot;:66122,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image\/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/colonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empire\/5716926&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/michelchossudovsky.substack.com\/i\/183998028?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F907c9b9f-26b4-413e-9aad-b5227b1857da_1554x914.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>[Image source: United Nations (UNODC)]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rarely acknowledged, (\u201clegal\u201d) drug trafficking was initiated by the British Empire.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>There is continuity. The colonial label has been scrapped. Today the (\u201cillicit\u201d) drug trade is a multibillion \u201cneocolonial\u201d dollar operation.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The two main hubs of production today are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Afghanistan which produces approximately 90% of the illegal world supply of opium<\/strong> (transformed into heroin, morphine and opioid related products). There was a successful drug eradication programme in 2000-2001 which was initiated (with UN support) conducted by the Taliban government. It was conducted in the year prior to the US-NATO-led invasion in October 2001.<\/li>\n<li>Since the invasion and military occupation, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/crop-monitoring\/Afghanistan\/Afghan_opium_survey_2017_cult_prod_web.pdf\"  rel=\"\">according to UNODC, <\/a><strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/crop-monitoring\/Afghanistan\/Afghan_opium_survey_2017_cult_prod_web.pdf\"  rel=\"\">the production of opium has increased 50-fold,<\/a><\/strong> reaching 9000 metric tons in 2017.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset can-restack\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Y5LM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Y5LM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Y5LM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Y5LM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png 1456w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Y5LM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png\" sizes=\"100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Y5LM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Y5LM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Y5LM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Y5LM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"682\" height=\"405.1717032967033\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/ab70dc4f-7890-490c-8387-6bab893b79f9_2006x1192.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:865,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:682,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/colonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empire\/5716926&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The Andean region of South America (Colombia, Peru, Bolivia) which produces cocaine.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The drug trade is protected by powerful Big Money interests, which in turn control Latin-American politicians.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The illegal narcotics trade<\/strong> is intimately related to engineered-political chaos and \u201cregime change\u201d (e.g., Peru).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"header-anchor-post\"><strong>Flashback: The Role of the British Empire<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Historically, drug trafficking was an integral part of British colonialism. It was \u201clegal\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Opium produced in Bengal by the British East India Company (BEIC) was shipped to China\u2019s Southern port of Canton.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The state-sponsored export of opium from British India to China was arguably <strong>the largest and most enduring drug operation in history<\/strong>. At its peak in the mid-19th century it accounted for roughly 15% of total colonial revenue in India and 31% of India\u2019s exports. To supply this trade the East India Company (EIC) \u2013 and later the British Government \u2013 developed a highly regulated cultivation system in which over one million farmers a year were under contract to grow opium poppies. \u2026<\/p>\n<p>The agency system ensured that farmers did not share in the large profits of the opium trade. Given their monopsony power, the opium agencies were able to \u201ckeep the price of crude opium just on the economic edge.\u201d (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/barrett.dyson.cornell.edu\/NEUDC\/paper_364.pdf\"  rel=\"\">Jonathan Lehne<\/a>, 2011)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset can-restack\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DLPr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DLPr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DLPr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DLPr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic 1456w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DLPr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic\" sizes=\"100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DLPr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DLPr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DLPr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!DLPr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"632\" height=\"455.2375\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:461,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:632,&quot;bytes&quot;:68450,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image\/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/colonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empire\/5716926&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/michelchossudovsky.substack.com\/i\/183998028?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9e1aaaf4-d0e6-4f45-95cf-fe506b83a88e_640x461.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>While the share of agricultural land allocated to opium was comparatively small, opium production under colonial rule was nonetheless conducive to impoverishing the Indian population, destabilizing the agriculture system as well as triggering numerous famines.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-india-49404024\"  rel=\"\">According to an incisive BBC report:<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe cash crop [opium] occupied between a quarter and half of a peasant\u2019s holding. By the end of the 19th Century poppy farming had an impact on the lives of some 10 million people in what is now the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.<\/p>\n<p>The trade was run by the East India Company, the powerful multinational corporation established for trading with a royal charter that granted it a monopoly over business with Asia.<\/p>\n<p>This state-run trade was achieved largely through two wars, which forced China to open its doors to British Indian opium. \u2026<\/p>\n<p>Stiff production targets fixed by the Opium Agency also meant farmers \u2013 the typical poppy cultivator was a small peasant \u2013 could not decide whether or not to produce opium. They were forced to submit part of their land and labour to the colonial government\u2019s export strategy\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset can-restack\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!nGtX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!nGtX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!nGtX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!nGtX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg 1456w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!nGtX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg\" sizes=\"100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!nGtX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!nGtX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!nGtX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!nGtX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"495.54655870445345\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/c538dd2d-5e43-4c96-8e46-574c1c6fd540_741x600.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:741,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:612,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/colonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empire\/5716926&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>[Image: BEIC Opium Factory and Stacking Warehouse, Patna, 1850s]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"header-anchor-post\"><strong>China and the Opium Wars<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>When China\u2019s Qing <strong>Emperor Daoguang<\/strong> ordered the destruction of opium stocks in the port of Canton (Guangzhou) in 1838, the British Empire declared war on China on the grounds that it was obstructing the \u201cfree flow\u201d of commodity trade.<\/p>\n<p>The term \u201ctrafficking\u201d applies to Britain. It was condoned and supported throughout the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). In 1838, 1,400 tons of opium per annum were exported from India to China. In the wake of the First Opium war, the volume of these shipments (which extended until 1915) increased dramatically.<\/p>\n<p>The so-called First Opium War (1838-1842), which represented an act of aggression against China was followed by the <strong>1842 Treaty of Nanjing<\/strong>, which not only protected British imports of opium into China, it also granted extraterritorial rights to Britain and other colonial powers leading to the formation of the <strong>\u201cTreaty Ports\u201d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>The massive revenues of the opium trade were then used by Britain to finance its colonial conquests. Today it would be called the \u201claundering of drug money\u201d. The channeling of opium revenues was also used to finance the <strong>Hong Kong Shanghai Bank (HKSB)<\/strong> established by the BEIC in 1865 in the wake of the First Opium War.<\/p>\n<p>In 1855, <strong>Sir John Bowring<\/strong> on behalf of the British Foreign Office negotiated a treaty with <strong>King Mongkut (Rama IV)<\/strong> of Siam, entitled T<em>he Anglo-Siamese Treaty of Friendship and Commerce<\/em> (April 1855) which allowed for the free and unrestricted import of opium into the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand).<\/p>\n<p>While Britain\u2019s trade in opium with China was abolished in 1915, Britain\u2019s drug trafficking monopoly continued until India\u2019s Independence in 1947. Affiliate companies of the BEIC such as <strong>Jardine Matheson<\/strong> played an important role in the drug trade.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Of significance, in the aftermath of World War II, US financial interests took possession of the drug trade, which became extensively \u201cdollarised\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"header-anchor-post\"><strong>Racism, Narcotics and Colonialism<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Historians have focussed on the <strong>Atlantic Triangular Slave Trade: <\/strong>slaves from Africa exported by colonial powers to the Americas, followed by commodities produced in plantations using slave labour exported back to Europe.<\/p>\n<p>Britain\u2019s colonial drug trade had a similar triangular structure. Opium produced in colonial plantations by impoverished farmers in Bengal was exported to China, the revenues of which (paid in silver coins) were used largely to finance Britain\u2019s imperial expansion including mining in Australia and South Africa.<\/p>\n<p>No compensation was paid to the victims of the British Empire\u2019s drug trade: The impoverished farmers of Bengal, the people of India and China.<\/p>\n<p>Together with the Atlantic slave trade, colonial drug trafficking constitutes a crime against humanity.<\/p>\n<p>Both the slave trade and drug trafficking were sustained by racism. In 1877, <strong>Cecil Rhodes<\/strong> put forth a \u201csecret project\u201d which consisted in integrating the British and US empires into a single \u201cWhite Supremacist\u201d Anglo-Saxon Empire:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cI contend that we are the finest race in the world<\/strong> \u2026 Just fancy those parts that are at present inhabited by the most despicable specimens of human beings\u2026 Why should we not form a secret society\u2026 <strong>for making the Anglo-Saxon race but one Empire\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Africa is still lying ready for us it is our duty to take it. \u2026 It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best the most human, most honourable race the world possesses. (emphasis added)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>There is continuity from the colonial style legitimate \u201cdrug war\u201d led by the British Empire, to the present drug trafficking structures: Afghanistan under US military occupation, the Narco-State in Latin America.<\/p>\n<p>Drug trafficking is a multi-trillion dollar business. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/money-laundering\/overview.html\"  rel=\"\">The UN office on drugs and crime<\/a> estimates the laundering of drug money and other criminal activity to be of the order of 2-5 percent of global GDP, <strong>$800 billion to $3 trillion. Drug money is laundered through the global banking system. <\/strong>(The date of this estimate is not indicated)<\/p>\n<p>Remember the crack cocaine scandal revealed in 1996 by journalist <strong>Gary Webb? <\/strong>Crack was sold to the African-American communities in Los Angeles.<\/p>\n<p>Since 2001, the retail sale of heroin and opioids has become increasingly \u201cweaponized\u201d directed against sustaining racism, poverty and social inequality.<\/p>\n<p>While today\u2019s drug trade is the source of wealth and enrichment, drug addiction including the use of heroin, opioids and synthetic opioids has skyrocketed In 2001, 1,779 Americans were killed as a result of heroin overdose.<\/p>\n<p><strong>By 2016, heroin addiction resulted in 15,446 deaths.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Those lives would have been saved had the US and its NATO allies NOT invaded and occupied Afghanistan in 2001.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"header-anchor-post\"><strong>Drug-related Mortality. Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown (March 2020)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>The main drug opioid categories<\/strong> (CDC) are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>illegal heroin<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>synthetic opioids such as <strong>fentanyl<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>so-called \u201cpain relievers\u201d including <strong>oxycodone<\/strong> (OxyContin\u00c2\u00ae), <strong>hydrocodone<\/strong> (Vicodin\u00c2\u00ae)<\/li>\n<li><strong>codeine<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>morphine<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In recent developments, resulting from the Covid-19 lockdown, mortality resulting from cocaine, heroin and opioids has increased dramatically.<\/p>\n<p>The hike starts in February 2020 (coinciding with the financial crash).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Following the mid-March 2020 lockdown, drug overdose deaths go fly high.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In May 2020, <strong>the overdose death count was in excess of 3000, i.e., a more than three-fold increase <\/strong>in relation to the drug overdose deaths recorded prior to the corona crisis. <strong>(See graph)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In the US, <\/strong>the recorded monthly<strong> drug overdose deaths in 2020 have more than tripled.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset can-restack\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Uwpf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Uwpf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Uwpf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Uwpf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png 1456w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Uwpf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png\" sizes=\"100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Uwpf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Uwpf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Uwpf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Uwpf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"606\" height=\"493.444279346211\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/bf6a693e-e10d-45c3-aed5-c131201c9168_1346x1096.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1096,&quot;width&quot;:1346,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:606,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/colonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empire\/5716926&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>[Image: Graph based on CDC data, Source PBS]<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug-overdose-data.htm#data-tables\"  rel=\"\">CDC data<\/a> confirms that the increase in deaths attributable to drug overdose has continued to increase:<\/p>\n<p>From 71,130 deaths in 2019 (end of December 2019) to 92,478 in 2020 (end of December 2020), <strong>namely an increase of 21,348 deaths in the course of 2020 in relation to 2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This upward trend has continued in the course of 2021. (See Michel Chossudovsky <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/the-worldwide-corona-crisis-global-coup-detat-against-humanity-michel-chossudovsky\/5850209\"  rel=\"\">The Worldwide Corona Crisis. Global Coup d\u2019\u00c9tat Against Humanity.<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><strong>In the twelve-month period finishing in June 2021, the number of recorded drug overdose deaths reached almost 100,000 fatalities (end of June 2021: 98,022 (Ibid).<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"header-anchor-post\"><strong>Opioid-related Deaths in Canada<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The tendency in Canada is consistent with that observed in the US. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.publichealthontario.ca\/-\/media\/documents\/o\/2020\/opioid-mortality-covid-surveillance-report.pdf?la=en\"  rel=\"\">A dramatic increase in opioid-related deaths was recorded in Ontario<\/a> following the March 17, 2020 lockdown emergency which was coupled with unemployment following the closing down of economic activity:<\/p>\n<p><strong>The number of opioid-related deaths increased quickly in the weeks following the state of emergency declaration in Ontario on March 17, 2020.<\/strong> Overall, there was a 38.2% increase in opioid-related deaths in the first 15 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic (695 deaths; average of 46 deaths weekly) compared to the 15 weeks immediately prior (503 deaths; average of 34 deaths weekly) (ibid).<\/p>\n<p>It is worth noting that in the course of the pandemic, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.publichealthontario.ca\/-\/media\/documents\/o\/2020\/opioid-mortality-covid-surveillance-report.pdf?la=en\"  rel=\"\">fentanyl (pharmaceutical opioid) accounted for 87% of opioid-related deaths<\/a> (87.2% [N=538 of 617]) compared to the pre-pandemic cohort (79.2% [N=399 of 504]).<sup>22<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The following graph provides a clear-cut picture of the dramatic rise in opioid overdose emergency visits in Ottawa starting from January 2020 through December 2020.<\/p>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset can-restack\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!h--P!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!h--P!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!h--P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!h--P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png 1456w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!h--P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png\" sizes=\"100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!h--P!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!h--P!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!h--P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!h--P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"666\" height=\"358.61538461538464\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/9f70a966-5df0-4b81-a68a-6a3674e1e010_2032x1094.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:784,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:666,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/colonial-drug-trafficking-and-the-british-empire\/5716926&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>[Image source: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.publichealthontario.ca\/-\/media\/documents\/o\/2020\/opioid-mortality-covid-surveillance-report.pdf?la=en\"  rel=\"\">Public Health Ontario<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p><em>_________________________________________<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Michel-Chossudovsky.webp\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-243433\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Michel-Chossudovsky-150x150.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Michel-Chossudovsky-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Michel-Chossudovsky.webp 224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>Michel Chossudovsky is an award-winning author, Professor of Economics (emeritus) at the University of Ottawa, Founder and Director of the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), Montreal, Editor of Global Research.\u00a0 He has taught as visiting professor in Western Europe, Southeast Asia, the Pacific and Latin America. He has served as economic adviser to governments of developing countries and has acted as a consultant for several international organizations. He is the author of eleven books including <\/em>The Globalization of Poverty and The New World Order\u00a0(<em>2003<\/em>),\u00a0America\u2019s \u201cWar on Terrorism\u201d\u00a0(<em>2005<\/em>),\u00a0The Global Economic Crisis, The Great Depression of the Twenty-first Century\u00a0(<em>2009<\/em>) (<em>Editor<\/em>),\u00a0Towards a World War III Scenario: The Dangers of Nuclear War\u00a0(<em>2011<\/em>), The Globalization of War, America&#8217;s Long War against Humanity (<em>2015<\/em>). <em>He is a contributor to the<\/em> Encyclopaedia Britannica.\u00a0 <em>His writings have been published in more than twenty languages.\u00a0In 2014, he was awarded the Gold Medal for Merit of the Republic of Serbia for his writings on NATO&#8217;s war of aggression against Yugoslavia. He can be reached at <\/em><a href=\"mailto:crgeditor@yahoo.com\"><em>crgeditor@yahoo.com<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/michelchossudovsky.substack.com\/p\/neocolonial-drug-trafficking-opium-wars?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=1910355&amp;post_id=183998028&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=b6biw&amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;utm_medium=email\" >Go to Original \u2013 michelchossudovsky.substack.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today\u2019s \u201cNarco-States\u201d and \u201cThe Laundering of Drug Money\u201d &#8211; Rarely acknowledged by the mainstream media, the \u201cGlobal War on Terrorism\u201d which was launched on 9\/11 coupled with an extensive dollarization of the global economy has a bearing on the global trade in narcotics, which is controlled by powerful financial interests.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":243433,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[93,244,1665,1624,2668,639,70,2686,1892,492],"class_list":["post-311880","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-in-focus","tag-afghanistan","tag-china","tag-drug-dealers","tag-mafia","tag-opium","tag-uk","tag-usa","tag-war-of-terror","tag-war-on-drugs","tag-war-on-terror"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311880","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311880"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311880\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311882,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311880\/revisions\/311882"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/243433"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311880"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311880"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311880"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}