{"id":38273,"date":"2014-01-13T12:00:03","date_gmt":"2014-01-13T12:00:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=38273"},"modified":"2015-05-05T22:20:07","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T21:20:07","slug":"total-information-control-fakethrough-gmos-and-the-capitulation-of-science-journalism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/01\/total-information-control-fakethrough-gmos-and-the-capitulation-of-science-journalism\/","title":{"rendered":"Total Information Control: Fakethrough! GMOs and the Capitulation of Science Journalism"},"content":{"rendered":"

Good journalism examines its sources critically, it takes nothing at face value, places its topics in a historical context, and it values above all the public interest. Such journalism is, most people agree, essential to any equitable and open system of government. These statements about journalism are especially applicable to the science media. But while the media in general has recently taken much\u00a0criticism<\/a>, for trivialising news and other flaws, the science media has somehow escaped serious attention. This is unfortunate because no country in the world has a healthy science media.<\/p>\n

This is science journalism?<\/b><\/p>\n

According to the\u00a0New York Times<\/i>\u00a0genetically engineered Xa21 rice was big news (Song et al 1995<\/a>). In a 1995 article titled \u201cGenetic Engineering Creates Rice Resistant to Destructive Blight\u201d<\/a>, journalist Sandra Blakeslee wrote it was:<\/p>\n

\u201cthe first time that a disease-resistance gene has been put into rice\u201d<\/p>\n

\"gmofakejournalism\"<\/a><\/p>\n

YET ANOTHER BIOTECH BREAKTHROUGH?<\/p>\n

Blakeslee then quoted a senior figure, Gary Toenissen, deputy director of agricultural sciences at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, as saying it heralded<\/p>\n

\u201ca new era in plant genetics and resistance breeding\u201d.<\/p>\n

But eighteen years after that artice was written, the failure of these predictions is clear. No commercial GMO rice of any kind exists, nor has Xa21 or any similar gene for disease resistance been developed for commercial purposes.<\/p>\n

Neither was the research as novel as the\u00a0Times<\/i>\u00a0made it sound. Toenissen claimed it was:<\/p>\n

\u201cthe first time that a disease-resistance gene has been put into rice\u201d,<\/p>\n

but readers weren\u2019t told that this gene was already in rice plants, because rice is where it came from (Song et al 1995<\/a>).\u00a0Blakeslee thus described neither a conceptual nor a commercial breakthrough. But it was certainly a very useful PR boost for plant biotechnology.<\/p>\n

The high protein cassava that never was<\/b><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/i><\/b>Cassava packs a protein punch with bean genes<\/a>\u201c<\/i>\u00a0was the title of a 2011\u00a0New Scientist<\/i>\u00a0article portraying a new GMO cassava developed by Dr Claude Fauquet and colleagues of the Donald Danforth Center, St Louis, USA. The Center, which is largely funded by Monsanto, had produced a GMO cassava using money from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Thanks to the addition of a synthetic protein (called zeolin), the modified cassava was reported to contain protein levels elevated by a factor of four and apparently sufficient to greatly improve the nourishment of \u201chungry children\u201d (Abhary et al 2011<\/a>).<\/p>\n

But despite the enthusiasm of\u00a0New Scientist<\/i>,\u00a0SciDevNet<\/i><\/a>, and manyother<\/a>\u00a0media outlets, no such cassava is ever likely to feed the hungry of Africa. A subsequent investigation at the Danforth Center found that the \u201cmodified\u201d cassava plants in their greenhouses had no zeolin gene in them. They were not transgenic despite the fact that illustrations in the Abhary publication appeared to show they were. The Abhary paper was therefore retracted (this was later noted by New Scientist and SciDevNet).<\/p>\n

According to Danforth President James Carrington, the main author (Abhary) had left the country along with vital information:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe specific route by which these [plants] were produced we could not determine.\u201c<\/p>\n

As\u00a0Retraction Watch<\/a>\u00a0discovered, that appears to have been the end of high-protein cassava:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Fauquet lab has not gone back to redo the study properly,\u201d Carrington said, \u201cbecause the Gates grant that funded the project ended a few years ago.\u201d<\/p>\n

The virus-resistant sweet potato that vanished<\/b><\/p>\n

In 2001 US special envoy Dr Andrew Young flew into Kenya to launch a GM virus-resistant sweet potato developed with Monsanto by Dr. Florence Wambugu. According to\u00a0Forbes<\/i>\u00a0magazine its yields were \u201castonishing<\/a>\u201d, fully twice that of standard sweet potatoes. Dr. Wambugu, at that time the Kenyan project leader, told the\u00a0Toronto Globe and Mail<\/i><\/a>\u00a0that her \u201cmodified sweet potato, for example, can increase yields from four tonnes per hectare to 10 tonnes\u201d, and Canada\u2019s\u00a0National Post<\/i><\/a>\u00a0called GMOs a technology to pull \u201cthe African continent out of decades of economic and social despair\u201d.<\/p>\n

These\u00a0eulogies<\/a>\u00a0appeared despite the absence of any scientific confirmation of the claims.<\/p>\n

Subsequently, in 2004, it was acknowledged in Kenyan newspapers and on the website\u00a0GMWatch<\/a>\u00a0that Monsanto\u2019s virus resistance was ineffective in field tests and an official one report even\u00a0claimed that<\/a>\u201cnon-transgenic crops used as controls yielded much more per tuber compared to the transgenics\u201d. Kenyan scientists involved in field testing were quoted as saying that:<\/p>\n

\u201call lines tested were susceptible to viral attacks<\/a>.\u201d and<\/p>\n

\u201cThe transgenic material did not quite withstand virus challenge in the field<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Even these negative reports, however, didn\u2019t prevent this being\u00a0cited<\/a>once again in the US press, this time by celebrity scientist\u00a0Pamela Ronald<\/a>. Ronald wrote in the May 14th 2010\u00a0New York Times<\/i>, that \u201cvirus-resistant sweet potatoes and high-yielding pearl millet are just a few examples of genetically engineered foods that could improve the lives of the poor around the globe.\u201d<\/p>\n

But in fact no GMO virus-resistant sweet potato varieties or scientific publications have ever emerged from Kenya or elsewhere. Presumably the story reported by Kenyan newspapers, that yields were considerably less than \u201castonishing\u201d, was the accurate one.<\/p>\n

Edible vaccines prove fruitless<\/b><\/p>\n

While successful nutrient-fortified crops and virus resistance traits are routinely developed in non-GMO plant breeding\u00a0programmes<\/a>, the creation of edible vaccines seemed to be a potentially unique opportunity for GMO crops:<\/p>\n

\u201cTangible consumer benefits could turn the debate on genetically modified food,\u201d<\/p>\n

said Novartis CEO Daniel Vasella about the PR possibilities of edible vaccines.<\/p>\n

The edible vaccine concept (variously, lettuce, tomatoes, bananas and potatoes) was described by\u00a0the\u00a0<\/i>Guardian<\/i><\/a>\u00a0in 2000 as \u201cthe most exciting area of biological science\u201d, almost ready to \u201cbenefit millions of people in the developing world who could not afford western medicine.\u201d Similar reports, spanning the years 2000-2005, appeared on\u00a0PBS radio<\/a>, in the\u00a0New York Times<\/i><\/a>,\u00a0Scientific<\/a>\u00a0American<\/a><\/i>\u00a0(twice), and many other high profile media sources.<\/p>\n

The articles typically focused on the theoretical advantages of edible vaccines (cheapness and ease of preservation) but neglected to discuss their downsides. These turn out to dwarf (as discussed at length here<\/a>) the problems they are intended to solve. Some of these problems are applicable to any vaccine, but others relate to the GE process. For example, most established vaccines are not edible. They are injected expressly so as to bypass the saliva and stomach acids that would render them useless. Problems also arose getting GMO plants that produce vaccines to still grow well.<\/p>\n

But many of the downsides of edible vaccines are more basic. Some stem from the questionable wisdom of making living medical products that are visually indistinguishable from food; others from the problems associated with self-medication by untrained individuals. With plants grown in backyards how will individuals keep track of the dose they have received? How does one safeguard the food supply against contamination with vaccine genes? How should edible vaccine programmes overcome likely inconsistencies of dose due to natural variations in climate, season, and other factors?<\/p>\n

An alternative edible vaccine scenario often put forward, in which the vaccine is grown in a regional centre and distributed from there, poses its own problems, such as how to transport the edible vaccine, which is a perishable foodstuff, separately from the rest of the food supply?<\/p>\n

As a consequence of these unresolved issues no product has gone beyond the status of a small initial trial in people or animals and a 2011scientific review<\/a>\u00a0concluded: \u201cEdible transgenic plant vaccines have a long way to go before they will be ready for large-scale tests\u201d. Yet even a large-scale test is not a final product.<\/p>\n

Golden rice, the emperor of GMOs<\/b><\/p>\n

Golden rice has the kind of\u00a0PR<\/a>\u00a0to ensure it needs no introduction. The search term: \u201cgolden rice\u201d + vitamin A generates 131,000 results on Google\u2019s internet search engine (1).<\/p>\n

Golden rice has genes inserted which produce in its endosperm modest quantities of beta-carotene, the precursor molecule of vitamin A. Golden rice has become the standard bearer for the humanitarian and beneficial use of a GMO and was famously featured on the\u00a0cover of Time<\/a>\u00a0magazine as well as being the inspiration for eleven separate\u00a0articles in the\u00a0New York Times<\/i>\u00a0alone.<\/p>\n

As documented in a recent report from German NGO\u00a0Testbiotech<\/a>, the PR campaign for golden rice patented the phrase \u201ccrime against humanity\u201d. Typical is\u00a0The Hindu<\/i>\u00a0of India\u2019s\u00a0description of a recent visit<\/a>\u00a0to that country by Nobel prizewinner Richard J. Roberts (whose prize was unrelated to agriculture).\u00a0The Hindu<\/i>\u00a0wrote:<\/p>\n

\u201cDescribing the protest by \u201cgreen\u201d parties in Europe against GM crops as a \u201ccrime against humanity,\u201d he particularly drew attention to the project to produce a GM rice variety for tackling the problem of vitamin A deficiency in India and other countries.\u201d (The Hindu<\/i>\u00a0Dec 10th 2013)<\/p>\n

The scientific reality of golden rice could hardly be more different to that implied by the heavy-handed PR. Prior to 2005, all such publicity pertained to golden rice 1 (GR1) (Ye et al. 2000). Amidst an almost total absence of journalistic scepticism, only\u00a0Greenpeace<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Vandana Shiva<\/a>\u00a0pointed out that the claims for it were false: GR1 was incapable of solving vitamin A deficiencies because the levels of beta-carotene were too low. This was disputed at the time, but it is a clear acknowledgement of GR1\u2032s failure that Syngenta\u00a0developed\u00a0a new rice (GR2) (Paine et al 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\n

The current version of golden rice (GR2) has been the subject of just three scientific publications (Paine et al 2005;\u00a0Tang et al 2009<\/a>;\u00a0Tang et al 2012<\/a>). Nothing is known about its yield or agronomic characteristics and hardly any more is known about its efficacy or safety. GR2 has not been approved for commercial use or public consumption in any country. It is thus a product still in development, and indeed the transgenes in GR2 have only recently been crossed into the\u00a0indica<\/i>\u00a0rice subspecies that most Asian people eat. There is thus what must surely be an unprecedented disparity between the number of articles generated around golden rice and its actual achievement, which currently stands at zero.<\/p>\n

On occasion, the better parts of this press coverage have indicated that there are socio-cultural and technical obstacles to golden rice achieving genuine success in improving the nutrition of those with a Vitamin A deficiency. For a start golden rice will have to be widely grown (which means replacing many thousands of local varieties, or breeding the transgenes into each one); it must be made available to the poorest and most isolated (who actually need it); and it will have to overcome strong cultural preferences for white rice (by means not yet known). Moreover, in both scientific trials on humans (Tang et al 2009; Tang et al 2012) GR2 was immediately frozen at -70C to prevent loss of the apparently easily degraded beta-carotene (2). It was then fed to the study participants with 10% or more butter or oil (to ensure the availability of the fat necessary for absorption of beta-carotene). It perhaps doesn\u2019t need saying that -70C storage capability and comparably fatty diets are not characteristics of those likely to be deficient in vitamin A.<\/p>\n

Thus, between its technical flaws and its requirement for very large quantities of financial resources and political will (for plant breeding, distribution, etc.), it is highly probable that golden rice will never progress beyond a nice media story.<\/p>\n

Indeed, following Greenpeace and Vandana Shiva, Michael Pollan proposed that golden rice (at that time GR1) was a \u201cpurely rhetorical technology<\/a>\u201d. Pollan\u2019s scepticism proved fully correct, yet somehow only those three managed to disclose certain key facts. The entire science media failed, being apparently too enthralled by golden rice\u2019sgrenade-proof greenhouse<\/a>\u00a0in Switzerland.<\/p>\n

But the main point, besides that\u00a0New York Times<\/i>\u00a0readers may be the world\u2019s most misinformed, is that golden rice is not alone, it is just one example among many of preliminary or doubtful research projects being inflated into positive global GMO news stories.<\/p>\n

The ingredients missing from science journalism<\/b><\/p>\n

These five \u2018humanitarian\u2019 GMO stories,\u00a0often presented without doubts or caveats, are to be found\u00a0literally by the thousands in the global news media. To adequately understand the full extent of this journalistic problem, however, it is necessary to briefly consider the specific intellectual and journalistic deficiencies they contain.<\/p>\n

Firstly, these news stories offer robust evidence that science reporting is plagued by the same\u00a0fundamental problem that pervades the rest of commercial journalism. It is the problem summed up by newspaper man Lord Northcliffe as:<\/p>\n

\u201cNews is what people do not want you to print. All the rest is advertising.\u201d<\/p>\n

In biotech reporting, this defect is characterised firstly by missing context.\u00a0Science journalism could at any point over the lifetime of biotechnology have asked some foundational public interest questions: Is the technology ready? Are the regulators competent? Why is it considered appropriate for industry to fund and conduct its own safety studies? What are the views of dissenting scientists? And many others. Yet only a tiny handful of professional science journalists have ever escaped the\u00a0standard narrow framing around a specific product, which therefore leaves the reader imagining there are good answers to these questions. Michael Pollan\u2019s excellent\u00a0Playing God in the Garden<\/a>\u00a0is almost unique in this respect.<\/p>\n

The second failing is that fakethrough reporting is simple old-time boosterism, whose art largely consists of leaving information out. Except it isn\u2019t quite that innocuous. Because these products are not just the latest cell phone, the quantity of information left out is enormously large and hugely significant. As a non-technical example: when the reader is expected to believe that the agribusiness industry is operating a humanitarian enterprise, is it appropriate to leave out (or deny<\/a>) the same industry\u2019s historical record of\u00a0intimidating farmers<\/a>\u00a0or manufacturing\u00a0dangerous agricultural\u00a0products<\/a>\u00a0and then\u00a0denying and evading responsibility<\/a>?<\/p>\n

The authors of these articles may reasonably argue that in a short space some assumptions have to be made; but readers can hardly note omissions for themselves when the contradictory facts or viewpoints have never been reported, either in their own newspaper, or even in any commercial media.<\/p>\n

For example, when the UN published a\u00a0major report<\/a>\u00a0by hundreds of scientists proposing that industrial agriculture and GMOs were inappropriate solutions for agriculture and poverty, the\u00a0New York Times<\/i>never once mentioned it. Only years later did guest writers ever reference the IAASTD at \u201cthe paper of record\u201d.<\/p>\n

As a further example, in the typical fakethrough article, technical success is treated as a given. The presumption seems to be that biotech seed developers can introduce at will almost any trait they choose. What is\u00a0never<\/a>\u00a0pointed out, however, is that all existing commercialised GMO crops are based on a very small number of conceptually simple modifications of conventionally-bred crops. These insect resistance and herbicide resistance traits are single genes and do not require complex understanding of, or deliberate interference with, existing biochemical pathways. In contrast, the new \u2018humanitarian\u2019 traits are (in often numerous ways) adventures into much less well understood areas of biology.<\/p>\n

The gap between the\u00a0global coverage and wide acclaim versus the ensuing reality\u00a0in which two of these five \u2018breakthroughs\u2019 failed (or never existed) and the rest which never progressed, can now be understood. That vast gap is a precise and evidence-based barometer of the integrity of GMO news coverage worldwide and unquestionably it points to uniformly one-sided reporting of no value to readers. Its major use is to demonstrate the extent to which biotech journalism has been captured by agribusiness interests.<\/p>\n

The journalistic rationale for celebrating putative future successes and discounting\u00a0actual<\/i>\u00a0failures, was advanced by Gregg Easterbrook in aNew York Times<\/i>\u00a0opinion piece<\/a>\u00a0about biofortified GMOs:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe important thing to keep in mind is that the transgenic crops in the news today are just the first manifestations of a fundamental new idea. Much better versions are coming.\u201d (New York Times<\/i>\u00a0Nov 19 1999)<\/p>\n

In this view theoretical possibilities alone are what matter; real GMO failures are irrelevant. Which just happens to be how the industry sees the situation.\u00a0It is as if reporters covering the nuclear power industry, rather than describing accidents, cost overruns, or cover-ups, were to focus on the humanitarian uses of nuclear-powered electricity (4).<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, as these and\u00a0other<\/a>\u00a0equally important stories\u00a0show<\/a>, this uncritical industry-pleasing approach guides almost all science journalism today (3).<\/p>\n

Science journalists can do better, however. Michael Pollan (in\u00a0Playing God..<\/a>) ably dissected GMO regulatory gaps and later critiqued golden rice (nota bene<\/i>: from outside the science pages), pointing out in the process golden rice\u2019s\u00a0$50 million PR budget<\/a>. The websiteGMWatch.org<\/a>\u00a0frequently points out unheralded non-GMO breeding successes of comparable importance.<\/p>\n

The way of total information control<\/b><\/p>\n

These misreports of biotechnology are endlessly useful to the industry. Articles about supposed breakthroughs constitute the excuse for\u00a0stern editorials<\/a>\u00a0in prestigious magazines decrying \u2018irrational objections\u2019 to GMOs. Supposed breakthroughs, like golden rice, are also an opportunity to prize open specific foreign markets. But the main benefit is less obvious but more fundamental. Agribusiness is an industry whose financial success springs ultimately from building atechnological treadmill<\/a>\u00a0and establishing\u00a0monopoly control<\/a>\u00a0of agriculture. However, its products are invariably\u00a0dispensable<\/a>\u00a0to agriculture and it\u00a0struggles<\/a>\u00a0to develop new ones. Therefore, fakethroughs\u2019 great value is to confirm, in the eyes of the world, the industry\u2019s claim to be\u00a0ethical<\/i>,\u00a0innovative<\/i>, and\u00a0essential<\/i>\u00a0to a sustainable future.<\/p>\n

The fundamental driver behind scientific misreporting, therefore, is not intellectually lazy journalists (though they do help). It is that for agribusinesses and other powerful corporations\u00a0everything<\/a>\u00a0is at stake in science journalism. Their reputations as essential and ethical organisations are daily at risk for the reason that it is in science that the hypocrisy is most self-evident: of financing climate change denial while espousing corporate responsibility, of insisting on due process while\u00a0buying ones way into the political process (or\u00a0bribing<\/a>\u00a0government\u00a0officials<\/a>),\u00a0of attempting to undermine environmental and worker safety legislation,\u00a0while describing oneself as a clean green global good citizen, and so on.<\/p>\n

Imagine if the\u00a0New York Times<\/i>\u00a0or NBC published, under appropriately scathing headlines, a full and detailed analysis of how GMO corporations\u00a0perennially manipulate<\/a>\u00a0the scientific literature? And then Fox News reported\u00a0the real story<\/a>\u00a0of how the FDA, advised by its own scientists that GMOs should receive close scrutiny, took the purely political and\u00a0probably illegal\u00a0<\/a>decision to disregard that advice? And then each story was picked up by all the other radio, print and TV news outlets? Customers would rebel, political support would disappear (not least because this would discredit the official policy information democratic representatives receive) and the industry would probably collapse. Consequently, the agbiotech industry must make sure such a scenario never happens.<\/p>\n

It is for just this reason that BASF, Coca-Cola, Merck, L\u2019Oreal, Monsanto, Syngenta, Smith & Nephew, the Nuclear Industry Association and their competitors now support coordinated\u00a0attempts to manage<\/a>\u00a0scientific news coverage in the form of the UK\u2019s\u00a0Science Media Centre.<\/a>\u00a0And now, having decided that this method of information control is effective, or maybe that the threat from the internet is sufficiently serious, they are adding some international\u00a0offshoots<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The marketing of fakethroughs is an important component of a general manipulation of the science media. But interference with the media is in turn only a part of the barely understood but vast web of influence by which the biotech industry\u00a0meticulously\u00a0orchestrates<\/a>\u00a0the perception of itself (and its products).<\/p>\n

What is new today, and which wasn\u2019t the case thirty years ago, is that individual industrial sectors such as the life science industry are nowadays sufficiently profitable, monopolistic, and global that they can and do coordinate, to the mutual benefit of their larger members, the flow of information that spans three distinct but interconnected domains of thought:\u00a0the public domain (TV, radio, print), the scientific domain (peer-reviewed publications), and the policy domain (government reports and bureaucratic discussions).<\/p>\n

A\u00a0case in point<\/a>\u00a0occurred when a sceptical EU parliament commissioned (in 2007) a comprehensive report (called\u00a0BIO4EU<\/a>) into the claims behind the new \u2018knowledge-based bio-economy\u2019. Though the evidence base uncovered in the report was extraordinarily weak the life science industry mobilised its resources to ensure that the document text inflated the underlying data and the executive summary inflated the text to the extent that thousands of biotech jobs were converted into millions. The EU parliament was even told, in BIO4EUs summary, that the new bio-economy would<\/p>\n

\u201cbreak the link between economic growth and pressure on the environment\u201d<\/p>\n

(though this assertion was not mentioned or justified in the text) and that:<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/i>It is said that money does not grow on trees, but more of our economic prosperity will be based on agricultural produce. Not only will farmers grow food for a larger population, but much of the economy will also be based on the raw materials they grow: new foods, biofuels, and biomaterials.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nothing in the underlying data of the report itself warranted these conclusions but concerted industry pressure on the independent\u00a0EU institute<\/a>\u00a0that prepared the report averted a potential disaster for the industry. Obviously, the fakethrough data that was appearing in the print media must not be contradicted by policy-oriented research.<\/p>\n

The EU parliamentarians were probably never made aware that their report was nothing but a giant fraud, but this case demonstrates the extent to which industry PR efforts extend, to use a military term, to full spectrum dominance\u00a0of the total information environment. This is how it becomes possible for an industry image of ever increasing ambition to be separated from dull reality by a\u00a0gulf<\/a>\u00a0so enormous that, were it to open, it would probably swallow the industry whole.<\/p>\n

But in this the biotech industry is no different from almost every realm of economic activity. From the food industry to the mining industry, to the conduct of wars, very few people would support these activities in anything like their present form if they were fully understood. It follows that the underlying reason businesses operate as they do is that the modern press fails in its fundamental purpose. In 1822 James Madison wrote that:<\/p>\n

\u201cA popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy or perhaps both.\u201d<\/p>\n

This statement was surely intended to be understood literally, and now, two hundred years later, when we have entered fully into the state which James Madison envisaged, it is time to take Madison at his word and ask: Is it not possible that solving the great problems of our age: climate change, social injustice, and ecological sustainability, is as simple as creating an effective media? Or, to put it another way, can it be done without one?<\/p>\n

Footnotes:<\/b><\/p>\n

1. Search conducted on Dec 10th 2013<\/p>\n

2. The probable reason is that rice is dry while other sources of beta-carotene (e.g. spinach) are hydrated. The high water content probably normally protects the beta-carotene from oxidation.<\/p>\n

3. Internalisation of industry PR is also obvious in the value-laden terminology with which journalists refer to biotechnology. The science media has failed to dissect the language that the industry uses, and which intentionally obscures what is actually being done. Genes are \u201cadded\u201d as if biotechnology were a simple mathematics problem; organisms are genetically \u201cengineered\u201d as if they were not living systems; traits are described as \u201capproved\u201d even though (in the US) FDA merely consults, the USDA has a very narrow remit and the EPA often has no role at all.<\/p>\n

4. There are intriguing parallels between nuclear power and genetic engineering. Both technologies are unnecessary (in the sense that both make a product (electricity, seeds) that was already being made, and less expensively), both are cumbersome and resource-intensive compared to their competitors, both are doubted by the wider public, and both are largely driven by an agenda their proponents attempt to keep hidden. In the case of nuclear power that agenda is to conceal activities associated with nuclear weapons and often to milk them for subsidies. For GMOs the concealed agenda is to exploit the intellectual property potential of transgenes to monopolise the seed supply and so to ultimately control agriculture.<\/p>\n

But perhaps the most important parallel is that both are attempts to control within narrow parameters, and over extended time periods, highly complex and improperly understood systems (nuclear reactors and living organisms). In this respect the two technologies are probably unique among all human endeavours.<\/p>\n

References:<\/b><\/p>\n

Abhary M, Siritunga D, Stevens G, Taylor N J, Fauquet CM (2011) Transgenic Biofortification of the Starchy Staple Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Generates a Novel Sink for Protein. PLoS One DOI: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0016256Paine J.A., Shipton, C.A., Chaggar, S., Howells, R.M., Kennedy, M.J., Vernon, G., Wright, S.Y., Hinchliffe, E., Adams, J.L., Silverstone, A.L. & Drake, R., (2005) Improving the nutritional value of Golden Rice through increased pro vitamin A content. Nature Biotechnology, 23: 482-487.
\nTang G,\u00a0J Qin,\u00a0GG Dolnikowski,\u00a0RM Russell, and MA Grusak (2009) Golden Rice is an effective source of vitamin A.\u00a0Am J Clin Nutr<\/i>\u00a089: 6 1776-1783.
\nTang G,\u00a0Y Hu, S Yin, Y Wang, GE Dallal, MA Grusak, and RM Russell (2012) \u03b2-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as \u03b2-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children.\u00a0Am J Clin Nutr<\/i>\u00a096: 658-664.
\nSong WY, Wang G-L, Chen L-L, Kim H-S, Pi L-Y, Holsten T, et al (1995) A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, Xa21\u2033.\u00a0Science<\/i>\u00a0270<\/b>\u00a0(5243): 1804\u20136. December 1995. doi:10.1126\/science.270.5243.1804.
\nYe, X. et al. (2000) Engineering the provitamin A (b -carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 287: 303\u2013305.<\/p>\n

____________________________<\/p>\n

Jonathan R Latham<\/i>, PhD\u00a0Co-founder and Executive Director of the Bioscience Resource Project; Editor of the\u00a0Independent Science News<\/a>\u00a0website, where this essay originally appeared. Dr. Latham holds a Masters degree in Crop Genetics and a PhD in Virology. He was subsequently a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison.<\/i><\/p>\n

Go to Original \u2013 counterpunch.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Good journalism examines its sources critically, it takes nothing at face value, places its topics in a historical context, and it values above all the public interest. These statements about journalism are especially applicable to the science media.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38273","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-media"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38273","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38273"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38273\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38273"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38273"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}