{"id":39329,"date":"2014-02-10T12:00:40","date_gmt":"2014-02-10T12:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=39329"},"modified":"2015-05-05T22:11:08","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T21:11:08","slug":"child-marriage-in-india-a-human-trafficking-problem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/02\/child-marriage-in-india-a-human-trafficking-problem\/","title":{"rendered":"Child Marriage in India: A Human Trafficking Problem?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"A<\/a>

A nine-year-old boy, right, stood with his seven-year-old bride, left, near the central Indian city of Bhopal, May 7, 2011.
Prakash Hatvalne\/Associated Press<\/p><\/div>\n

Days before law professor Michele Goodwin<\/a> was\u00a0set to speak in Chicago<\/a> about why child marriage persists widely in India despite almost a century of legislation, a heart-warming story<\/a> made the rounds.<\/p>\n

Laxmi Sargara, an 18-year-old who was married to another child when she was a baby, rebelled when her in-laws came to take her away from her family. She eventually got the marriage annulled \u2013 though that may not be quite the right term for an act that wasn\u2019t legal in the first place.<\/p>\n

Advocates against child marriage hailed her bravery. But in the paper that Ms. Goodwin presented<\/a> last Friday, she noted that the triumphs that catch international attention represent just a fraction of child marriages, which are still extremely widespread in India.<\/p>\n

According to a major recent survey<\/a> by the Ministry of Health, which covered 700,000 households between 2007 and 2008, 43% of the married women in the age group of 20-24 had been child brides. The legal age for a girl to marry in India is 18 \u2013 marriages below that age are considered child marriage.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is real competition in law in India, between federal law and the law of custom,\u201d said Ms. Goodwin, in an interview last week.<\/p>\n

For uneducated girls, the average age of marriage is around age 15<\/a>, according to the United Nations child rights group Unicef, citing figures from a national survey conducted between 2005 and 2006.<\/p>\n

After field research conducted over two years in both urban and rural areas of several Indian states \u2013 including in Bihar, where nearly 70% of young brides said they married before they were 18 \u2013 Ms. Goodwin said she has come to view child marriage in India as a form of human trafficking.<\/p>\n

As\u00a0in trafficking, girls have no say in the arrangement and after their marriages they\u00a0often experience sexual and physical abuse in their new households.\u00a0\u201dShe is the property of anyone in the household,\u201d said Ms. Goodwin.<\/p>\n

But because this treatment happens in the realm of marriage, it is seen as separate from human trafficking, she said.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe overlook this aspect of it because we consider marriage to be so sacred,\u201d she said. \u201cOnce one begins to unpack what this is all about, one can really see how brutal this is for these young girls.\u201d<\/p>\n

As with trafficking, money changes hands. In this case, though, it\u2019s the \u201cselling\u201d party that makes the payment, in the form of dowry.\u00a0The broker who helps arrange the match also makes some money.\u00a0Even though the bride\u2019s family isn\u2019t getting a payment, there\u2019s a financial incentive to marry a girl earlier, since they\u2019ll need to pay the groom\u2019s family more money to take an educated girl, she found. Also, once a daughter has been sent off, that leaves a little more to go around for everyone else.<\/p>\n

In some cases, those who are part of the formal legal system acquiesce in the custom.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf law after law is passed but the situation is not changing that indicates there\u2019s a problem on the ground,\u201d said Ms. Goodwin. \u201cOne of the challenges happens to be, interestingly enough, with judges.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ms. Goodwin said that while local judges attended child weddings as guests \u2013 and sometimes even solemnized the marriages \u2013 they did not often take steps to stop them from happening.<\/p>\n

It isn\u2019t only women who get married below the legal age. In the 2007-2008 survey, almost a quarter of the boys who had married in the preceding three years were younger than the legal age of 21 when they did so. Ms. Goodwin suggests that the pressure for early marriage from the groom\u2019s side could come from mothers-in-law who want free domestic labor.<\/p>\n

\u201cI interviewed a young man who was 12, 13, about to get married and the mother specifically made\u00a0the reference that\u00a0this was going to be\u00a0a new worker in the house and she didn\u2019t say this in any kind of way\u00a0that intimated warmth,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

One of the problems, as Ms. Goodwin acknowledges in her paper, is that the choice for\u00a0a bride\u2019s family is not always between the good \u2013 say, education \u2013 and the bad, early marriage.\u00a0It\u2019s often\u00a0between the bad and the worse<\/a>, which could involve selling a\u00a0daughter into prostitution.<\/p>\n

But it\u2019s not all bad: Urbanization is reducing rates of child marriage.<\/p>\n

Ms. Goodwin suggested that the Indian government needs to invest resources to bring some of the\u00a0features of urban areas to rural areas, namely education and the presence of more people or organizations that might\u00a0try to uphold the law or advocate with families on behalf of their daughters.<\/p>\n

\u201cSo long the government treats these communities as being remote, these communities will treat federal law as being remote,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

The law professor said that it might be tempting for the government to see the issue of underage marriage as one in which the harm was restricted to the family sphere \u2013 and therefore not worth\u00a0spending a lot of money on. But she said the government should look at the bigger picture, at costs like higher maternal mortality among teen brides, and at the higher rates of malnourishment among them and their children.<\/p>\n

\u201cIndia\u2019s economic future depends in part on what it does in these communities,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

And then there\u2019s the smaller picture.<\/p>\n

In her interviews with women who had been married in their teens, Ms. Goodwin said that she would describe them as reconciled to their situation \u201cwith regret.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is the pressure to go along and to get along as if this is something that is decreed by something higher than government,\u201d said Ms. Goodwin. \u201cNo one wants to be told that one is violating a long-held, thousands-of-years-old tradition. They\u2019re making the best of a very compromised situation.\u201d<\/p>\n

Go to Original \u2013 wsj.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As with trafficking, money changes hands. In this case, though, it\u2019s the \u201cselling\u201d party that makes the payment, in the form of dowry. The broker who helps arrange the match also makes some money. Even though the bride\u2019s family isn\u2019t getting a payment, there\u2019s a financial incentive to marry a girl earlier, since they\u2019ll need to pay the groom\u2019s family more money to take an educated girl, she found. Also, once a daughter has been sent off, that leaves a little more to go around for everyone else.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-asia-pacific"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39329","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39329"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39329\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39329"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}