Violence: Analysis, Intervention and Prevention <\/i><\/b>(Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2012, 274pp.)<\/b><\/p>\n
Sean Byrne and Jessica Senehi of a peace studies centre of the University of Manitoba, have written a useful analysis of approaches to violence and conflict resolution.\u00a0 It is written as a textbook for the increasing number of university-level classes in Peace and Conflict Studies (PACS).However, the book is a well-structured presentation of ideas and approaches and can be of use to a broad range of peace-makers that often emphasize the micro (interpersonal) and the macro (inter-State) dimensions of the conflict and violence.<\/p>\n
Ultimately the goal of violence prevention is nonviolence and peace.\u00a0 The classic readings in nonviolence represent a body of thinking that gave birth to Peace and Conflict Studies as a conscious focus and a field of study by a group of scholars, practitioners, and activists from many different disciplines.<\/p>\n
All conflicts are unique, and broad social conflicts involve a complex intermeshing of psycho-cultural, historical, religious, demographic, economic, and political forces.\u00a0 We need to find ways in which individuals and groups at odds can empower themselves and others to move effectively and in moral ways toward desired goals of positive peace in which there is \u201cshared power, mutual recognition and awareness of the self in context.\u201d<\/p>\n
Individuals need to enhance and develop their access to psychological, social, and material resources, thereby developing grassroots empowerment and helping others to empower themselves.<\/p>\n
As a textbook, there is an extensive bibliography, website addresses of organizations and \u201cthink tanks\u201d working on conflict issues, and for each chapter a list of \u201cSuggested Questions for Further Discussions\u201d. Also as a text book, there is a good deal of analysis of the writing of others on conflict issues such as Elise and Kenneth Boulding, John Burton, Johan Galtung and Jean Paul Lederach as well as presentations of the psychological contributions of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.<\/p>\n
However, the book is of value for those of us whose university studies are well behind but who are concerned with what intellectual considerations may provide for our own efforts at resolution of violent conflicts.<\/p>\n
As has often been pointed out, conflict as such is not bad and may even lead to constructive change.\u00a0 What we wish to prevent is violence, aggression and a permanent harm to the personality of the \u201cother\u201d.\u00a0 We need to de-legitimize violence as a way of meeting basic needs, overcoming frustrations or advancing one\u2019s interests.<\/p>\n
The book is organized on the basis of a web of violence.<\/i> \u201cThe web of violence is expressed in the interrelationship among personal, collective, national and global levels that link the personal to the global which in turn frames the public discourse about what is violence and what can be done about it.\u201d\u00a0 This web of violence <\/i>is discussed on a continuum going from violence directed at a single person within the family, the school and the work place to ethno-political conflict to war among states.<\/p>\n
Personally, I am currently most concerned with violence in Syria, Mali, and the Central African Republic with the fear that the violence may spread to neighbouring states. Thus it was the sections on ethnopolitical conflict and the techniques of Track II (non-official) diplomacy which was of most interest to me.<\/p>\n
In the book Roots of Evil, <\/i>Ervin Staub writes about a critical loyalty to humankind, that is, \u201ccreating positive connections between groups by expanding contacts, positive reciprocity, cross-cutting relations and superordinate goals.\u201d There is a need to join people across conflict lines, promoting shared values and distributing resources in ways that encourage cooperation and interdependence.\u00a0 Citizens must have the opportunity to get together in critical spaces to share stories and to build trust, forgiveness and repair relationships rather than to tie their destructive stories to the past, to atrocities and to grievances.<\/p>\n
The problem in such situations as Syria and Mali is that there have been very few cross-cutting institutions in which people of different ethnic or religious communities could meet and possibly find ways to cooperate.\u00a0 Rather each community has closed in on itself with few \u201cbridge builders\u201d who could play a role in more than one segment.\u00a0 When the fuse of violence is lit, there are few people already organized to facilitate negotiations. In the case of Mali there was no effort to negotiate between the north and south of Mali and so the French forces stepped in.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 So, today, we see the great difficulty even to start good-faith discussions and to look at the possibilities of reforms. There are few, if any, \u2018neutral\u2019 institutions which are trusted by all parties.<\/p>\n
Outside, external actors can sometimes play a useful role either governmental or non-governmental.\u00a0 Yet in the cases of Syria, Mali and the Central African Republic \u2014 the intergovernmental organizations \u2014 United Nations, League of Arab States, and the African Union \u2014 have not been able to provide a framework for negotiations.\u00a0 In the non-governmental sector, some relief organizations have been able to work but with difficulty.\u00a0 Most relief organizations stay away from \u201cpolitical issues\u201d for fear that it would limit their possibility of providing relief.\u00a0 For non-governmental peacemaking efforts to be effective, there often has to be a long history of contacts so as to built trust and confidence. It is difficult just to \u201cdrop in\u201d to settle disputes.<\/p>\n
Thus there is a need to develop close links between the academic study of violence and violence-prevention and organizations working on intervention in specific conflict situations. The Byrne-Senehi book is a good overview of the academic approach and should be of value to both students and others concerned with replacing violence with modes of nonviolent conflict resolution.<\/p>\n
______________________________<\/p>\n
Ren\u00e9 Wadlow, a member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation and of its Task Force on the Middle East, is president and U.N. representative (Geneva) of the Association of\u00a0World\u00a0Citizens. He is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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