{"id":42291,"date":"2014-05-05T12:00:33","date_gmt":"2014-05-05T11:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=42291"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:35:02","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:35:02","slug":"obama-in-asia-washington-extracts-rent-free-basing-from-the-philippines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/05\/obama-in-asia-washington-extracts-rent-free-basing-from-the-philippines\/","title":{"rendered":"Obama in Asia: Washington Extracts Rent-free Basing from the Philippines"},"content":{"rendered":"

By linking itself to Washington in its territorial disputes with China, the Philippines risks getting caught up in a superpower conflict.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"The<\/a>

The Obama administration is negotiating a deal with the Philippines that would essentially give the U.S. free use of Philippine military installations, narrowly skirting a Philippine ban on foreign bases in the country. (Photo: U.S. Pacific Command \/ Flickr)<\/p><\/div>\n

28 Apr 2014 – <\/em>As U.S. President Barack Obama descends on the Philippines, Manila and Washington are rushing to complete negotiations on an Agreement on Enhanced Defense Cooperation (AEDC) between the two countries.<\/p>\n

The Philippines\u2019 territorial disputes with China are one major reason for this new agreement. With Washington\u2019s help, Philippine President Benigno Aquino III wants to make the Chinese respect the Philippines\u2019 claims in the Scarborough Shoal, the Spratly Islands, the continental shelf, and its 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ).<\/p>\n

The truth of the matter, however, is that the deal will do no such thing.<\/p>\n

What the agreement boils down to is that the Philippines will give the United States the right to operate bases in the country\u2014for no rent\u2014without the guarantee of U.S. protection of the country\u2019s island territories.<\/p>\n

A Raw Deal<\/strong><\/p>\n

According to Philippine officials, the new agreement is governed by the U.S.-Philippine Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT), which they say obliges Washington to come to the Philippines\u2019 defense in the event of an attack on Philippine territory, including its possessions in the West Philippine Sea. Here they cite Article V<\/a> of the MDT, which says \u201can armed attack on either of the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack on the metropolitan territory of either of the Parties, or on the island territories under its jurisdiction in the Pacific, or on its armed forces, public vessels, or aircraft in the Pacific.\u201d<\/p>\n

That is not the way the United States sees it. Indeed, the U.S. government has not deviated from the position explicitly stated several years ago by Morton Smith, a spokesperson of the U.S. embassy. According to researcher Roland San Juan, Smith asserted that the Spratly islands claimed by the Philippines are excluded from the scope of the treaty because the Philippines raised its claim to them over three decades after the MDT was signed in 1951.<\/p>\n

This is in contrast to Washington\u2019s implicit support for Japan in its territorial dispute with China over the Senkaku\/Diaoyu Islands. \u201cI restated the principles that govern longstanding U.S. policy on the Senkaku Islands and other islands,\u201d Hagel said<\/a> of his April visit to Beijing. \u201cWe affirmed that since [the Senkaku Islands] are under Japan\u2019s administrative control, they fall under Article 5 of our Mutual Security Treaty.\u201d Article V<\/a> of the U.S.-Japan Mutual Security Treaty provides that \u201can armed attack against either Party in the territories under the administration of Japan would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional provisions and processes.\u201d<\/p>\n

During his recent state visit in Japan, Obama reiterated this commitment to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. But he will not make the same promise to President Aquino in Manila when it comes to the Philippine possessions in the South China Sea.<\/p>\n

Unlike the Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands claimed by the Philippines, the Senkakus were under the administrative control of the prefecture of Okinawa when the U.S.-Japan Mutual Security Treaty was signed and were thus covered by the restoration of Okinawa to Japan\u2019s control in 1972. \u201cAt first glance,\u201d said former Rear Admiral Michael McDevitt<\/a>, \u201cthe disputes China has with the Philippines over Scarborough Shoal in the SCS [South China Sea] appear similar to the ECS [East China Sea] with Japan because the U.S. is a treaty ally of the Philippines. Actually, however, the two situations are different. In the case of Scarborough Shoal, the Philippines did not have undisputed \u2018administrative control\u2019 prior to the 2012 confrontation over the islet. Second, the U.S. is not directly involved in the Scarborough Shoal dispute because its mutual defense treaty with the Philippines does not obligate Washington to take sides over sovereignty questions.\u201d<\/p>\n

If the deal does not provide for U.S. support for the Philippines\u2019 territorial claims in the South China Sea, then what\u2019s in it for the Philippines? Most likely an increase in military aid, including a few antiquated Hamilton class cutters. If so, this is a very poor return for a larger U.S. military presence and a grant to operate U.S. bases out of Philippine installations. This is essentially what the deal is all about, though given local sensitivities and a constitutional ban on foreign bases in the Philippines, both parties studiously refrain from calling the concentration of U.S. personnel, facilities, and war equipment \u201cbases.\u201d<\/p>\n

Pacific Pivot on the Cheap<\/strong><\/p>\n

So what\u2019s in it for the United States?<\/p>\n

The U.S. government has always said that its main interest in the South China Sea is \u201censuring freedom of navigation.\u201d The first thing to note here is that although China claims the South China Sea as a domestic waterway in its notorious Nine-Dash-Line claim<\/a>, the threat of its interfering with freedom of navigation has always been remote. China is not about to court world condemnation by enforcing its domestic shipping regulations on a busy waterway through which an estimated one-third of international trade passes. Nor does it have the capability to do so, and won\u2019t for a long time to come.<\/p>\n

But even if the Chinese were to pose a threat to international navigation, the United States would not need a Philippine outpost to accomplish its stated goal of protecting international shipping. Even after Washington lost its Philippine bases at the end of the Cold War, the Pentagon had the South China Sea firmly under control throughout the 1990s. According to analyst William Berry, during the Mischief Reef crisis in the 1995, then Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Joseph Nye \u201cstated that if any conflict in the South China Sea threatens freedom of the seas, then the United States Seventh Fleet was prepared to provide escort services so that freedom of navigation could be protected.\u201d That this was no bluff was revealed in 1996 during the Taiwan Straits crisis, when two aircraft carrier battle groups were deployed swiftly and with ease out of Yokosuka, Japan to show Washington\u2019s support for Taiwan. And again in 1998, a U.S. carrier battle group was sent near the Spratlys, apparently to send a message to all parties that the United States would protect freedom of navigation in international waters, once again showing its ability to act without relying on a base in the Philippines for logistics. Indeed, the elimination of the Subic and Clark bases in the Philippines was probably a big plus for the U.S. treasury, since it did away with the great cost of maintaining large fixed bases.<\/p>\n

So why does the United States now want a higher military profile in the Philippines? The answer lies in what one might call Washington\u2019s \u201cexhibitionist syndrome\u201d\u2014that is, the imperative it feels to \u201cshow the flag\u201d to its allies and to China. And if it can do so in an inexpensive way, with a quid pro quo involving just a few of what the Americans call \u201cExcess Defense Articles\u201d like antiquated cutters, then all the better. This is what John Feffer characterizes as Pacific Pivot on the cheap<\/a>. As Frank Chang of the Foreign Policy Research Institute writes<\/a>, \u201cIt clearly offers the United States a cost-effective way to enhance its presence in Asia, something that Washington has wanted to do for a long time.\u201d<\/p>\n

But for the Philippines, the increase in obsolete military donations from Washington will be more than offset by the negative strategic consequences. First of all, the coming agreement will bring the Philippines farther away from a resolution to its territorial disputes with China, which will be marginalized by the dynamics of a superpower conflict. Second, it will turn the Philippines into another of Washington\u2019s \u201cfrontline states\u201d like Afghanistan and Pakistan, with all the detrimental and destabilizing effects such a status entails\u2014including the subordination of the country\u2019s economic, social, and cultural dynamics to Washington\u2019s security needs. Third, it will move the region farther away from the negotiation of a collective security agreement, which is a far better alternative to volatile balance-of-power politics, where a simple thing like a ship collision can lead to a bigger conflict.<\/p>\n

From Balance of Power to Collective Security<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Philippines\u2019 territorial conflicts with China are real, but the way to resolve them is to rely on international law and diplomacy, and this is a terrain in which the Philippines has a big advantage. The Philippines\u2019 submission of a 1,000-page \u201cmemorial\u201d delineating the country\u2019s entitlements in the West Philippine Sea to the United Nations Arbitral Tribunal at the end of March was a giant step in this direction. Beijing knows it does not have a leg to stand on in international law, which is why it has been pushing the Philippines to drop the case on pain of \u201cdamaging bilateral relations.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Philippines must maximize its diplomatic option as well, where it also has an advantage over Beijing. It must press its ASEAN partners to remind Beijing of China\u2019s commitment to negotiate a binding code of conduct on maritime behavior in the West Philippine Sea, which it made at a foreign ministers\u2019 meeting in Brunei in June 2013. It was pressure from ASEAN and internationally that forced Beijing to make this commitment, and it will be consistent pressure that will force it to follow through on it.<\/p>\n

The Philippines should also prepare the ground at the United Nations General Assembly for the eventual introduction of a resolution condemning Beijing\u2019s unilateral annexation of over 80 percent of the South China Sea, brusquely disregarding other littoral states\u2019 rights to their continental shelves and 200-mile EEZs. There\u2019s a very good recent precedent: Beijing\u2019s aggressive annexationism is essentially similar to Russia\u2019s gobbling up of Crimea, which the General Assembly condemned few weeks ago.<\/p>\n

The strategic aim of these diplomatic efforts must be to bring about a collective security agreement for the region that would include ASEAN, Japan, the two Koreas, and China. The ASEAN Regional Forum was headed in this direction in the 1990s, despite the opposition of the United States, which arrogated unto itself the role of enforcer of stability in the region. Its momentum was unfortunately derailed by the Asian financial crisis in 1997, which swept the rug from under the credibility of ASEAN\u2019s major states. Though the process will be difficult, it is time to revive this project of collective security, since the unstable and volatile balance-of-power politics favored by Washington is not a viable mechanism for regional peace and security.<\/p>\n

With the impending basing agreement with the United States, the Philippines is right back to its position during the Cold War, when it played the role of handmaiden to the U.S. containment strategy by hosting two huge military bases. The small window of opportunity to forge an independent foreign policy that the Philippines gained with the expulsion of the U.S. bases in 1992 will disappear with the impending signing of this latest pact with Washington.<\/p>\n

___________________________<\/p>\n

Walden Bello represents Akbayan (Citizens\u2019 Action Party) in the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He is the author of several books on the Philippines, Asia, and the global economy.<\/em><\/p>\n

Go to Original \u2013 fpif.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What the agreement boils down to is that the Philippines will give the United States the right to operate bases in the country\u2014for no rent\u2014without the guarantee of U.S. protection of the country\u2019s island territories.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-in-focus"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42291","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42291"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42291\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}