{"id":47334,"date":"2014-09-22T12:00:40","date_gmt":"2014-09-22T11:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=47334"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:30:34","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:30:34","slug":"the-economist-has-a-slavery-problem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/09\/the-economist-has-a-slavery-problem\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018The Economist\u2019 Has a Slavery Problem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Multiple commentaries from the journal show a pattern of making sure white people aren\u2019t taken for total villains when discussing slavery.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"(AP<\/a>

(AP photo\/Bill Haber)<\/p><\/div>\n

A few months ago, my recent book\u00a0The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World<\/em><\/a> received a lukewarm review<\/a> in The Economist. <\/em>The title of the unsigned review, \u201cSlavery: Not Black or White,\u201d was odd, calling to mind a parody of an Onion <\/em>headline: \u201cNietzsche: Not Good or Evil.\u201d After all, slavery, a centuries-long institution involving the buying and selling of tens of millions of human beings, did in fact result in divvying up the diversity of much of the world\u2019s population into those two colors. The review itself was written in that smarmy style that make US corporate managers and hedge funders swoon, identified<\/a> some time ago by James Fallows as \u201ccolonial cringe.\u201d Readers on this side of the Atlantic assign an Oxbridge accent to the text, which \u201cinvolves a stance so cocksure of its rightness and superiority that it would be a shame to freight it with mere fact.\u201d Another critic said the magazine is written by young people trying to sound old.<\/p>\n

The Empire of Necessity\u00a0<\/em>tries to establish the dependent relationship of slavery to the capitalist revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in all of the Americas, north and south, and presumes to use Herman Melville as embodying the moral complexities of that relationship. In other words, there\u2019s a lot going on in the book. But the reviewer seemed only excited to find a few instances confirming that the trans-Atlantic slave system was not universally, one hundred percent, absolutely, totally, categorically, \u201ca matter of white villains and black victims.” “As is commonly supposed.\u201d \u201cBlacks,\u201d he or she was happy to report, \u201cprofited from the Atlantic slave trade.\u201d<\/p>\n

The reviewer then complained about the book\u2019s gloominess: \u201cUnfortunately, the horrors in Mr Grandin\u2019s history are unrelenting. His is a book without heroes. The brave battlers against the gruesome slave business hardly get a look in, although it was they who eventually prevailed.\u201d One might think that \u201cbrave battlers\u201d would be a good description of the group of West Africans who led the slave-ship revolt that is the book\u2019s set piece. Having endured horrific captivity and transport, forced not just across the Atlantic but the whole American continent into the Pacific, the deception they managed to pull off under extremely hostile conditions was, I\u2019d say, heroic.<\/p>\n

Slavery might not be black or white, but bravery and morality apparently are: whites possess those qualities, a possession that merits historical consideration; blacks don\u2019t, at least according to The Economist. The Empire of Necessity <\/em>didn\u2019t \u201ccredit\u201d William Wilberforce, the white reformist MP, or white abolitionist evangelicals and Quakers, for ending slavery. Nor, the reviewer points out, did I make mention of the British Royal Navy freeing \u201cat least 150,000 west Africans from slave ships during the 19th century.\u201d The book isn\u2019t about abolition, or, for that matter, the British Royal Navy. No matter. \u201cThe British historians,\u201d wrote the great historian of slavery, Eric Williams, \u201cwrote as if Britain had introduced Negro slavery solely for the satisfaction of abolishing it.\u201d So too, apparently, anonymous Economist <\/em>reviewers.<\/p>\n

Then last week another review<\/a> appeared that made it clear that The Economist <\/em>has, well, a race problem. Also published without a byline, this one is of Ed Baptist\u2019s wonderful The Half Has Never Been<\/em> Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism<\/em><\/a>,\u201d and is even more of an apologia for white resentment, if not supremacy (by which only white folks have virtues worthy of historical commentary). It had to have been by the same critic, for it uses nearly exactly the same victim\/villainy opposition as scaffolding: \u201cMr Baptist has not written an objective history of slavery. Almost all the blacks in his book are victims, almost all the whites villains.\u201d This time, though, the internet responded with a barrage<\/a> of snark (\u201c@TheEconomist asks the tough question: why are black people victims in a book about slavery?\u201d #notallwhites #notallslavemasters) that, remarkably, forced the editors to withdraw<\/a> the review and apologize for its apologia: \u201cApology<\/strong>: In our review . . . we said: \u2018Mr Baptist has not written an objective history of slavery. Almost all the blacks in his book are victims, almost all the whites villains.\u2019 There has been widespread criticism of this, and rightly so. Slavery was an evil system\u2026\u201d Glad we got that cleared up.<\/p>\n

The review of Baptist\u2019s book in fact had other problems<\/a> than what its editors apologized for. Baptist provides meticulous, extensive, and comprehensive evidence that capitalism and the wealth it created was absolutely dependent on the forced labor of Africans and African-Americans, downplaying culturalist arguments for Western prosperity, of the kind rehearsed by historians such as Niall Ferguson. This seemed to particularly irk the reviewer, who asserted that Baptist \u201coverstates his case when he dismisses \u2018the traditional explanations\u2019 for America\u2019s success,\u201d including its \u201cindividualistic culture, Puritanism,\u201d and \u201cingenuity.\u201d Here, the reviewer adopts exactly the \u201ccocksure\u201d tone Fallows long ago described, unburdened by the need to actually make a counter argument or provide evidence. An assertion pronounced in crisp English is as good as its word.<\/p>\n

So a pattern is detected, one reaching back much further than the review of my book. In the 1860s,The Economist <\/em>stood nearly alone among liberal opinion in Britain in supporting the Confederacy against the Union, all in the name of access to cheap southern \u201cBlood Cotton\u201d (ironically, the title of the Baptist review) and fear of higher tariffs if the North triumphed. \u201cThe Economist <\/em>was unusual,\u201d\u00a0<\/em>writes<\/a> an historian of English public opinion at the time; \u201cOther journals still regarded slavery as a greater evil than restrictive trade practices.\u201d<\/p>\n

Since the Baptist review appeared, only to be quickly withdrawn, other historians, such as Mark Healey, have dug up reviews with similar problems. The Economist <\/em>seems committed to making sure that white people aren\u2019t taken for total villains and darker-skinned folks held accountable for their share of world\u2019s inequities. It also seems dedicated to make sure the economic system created by slavery is denied its parentage, and on insisting that the miseries that continue to be produced by neoliberal capitalism can only be cured by more neoliberal capitalism. A few years ago, for instance, the magazine upbraided the Laurent Dubois, in his book<\/a> on the history of Haiti, for, you guessed it, dismissing cultural explanations for the country\u2019s poverty and focusing instead on structural issues. Haitians need to be held responsible for \u201ctheir society\u2019s underdevelopment,\u201d and the best way to end their misery is to stop clinging to substance production and accommodate themselves to \u201cspecialised wage labour for a global market.\u201d<\/p>\n

The reviewing practices of The Economist <\/em>are opaque, its reviewers shrouded in collective anonymity and endowed with the timeless authority of the \u201cRoyal We.\u201d \u201cIn our review . . . \u201d started off its Baptist recantation. But who was the author of the reviews of The Empire of Necessity <\/em>and The Half Has Never Been Told<\/em>? A staff writer? A professional historian? Of slavery? Of the United States? Of the British Empire?<\/p>\n

If so, why not be a \u201cbrave battler\u201d and stop hiding behind the neoliberal plural. Have the courage of your convictions and come out. An apology and withdrawal isn\u2019t enough. Release the name of the reviewer.<\/p>\n

__________________________<\/p>\n

Greg Grandin teaches history at New York University and is the author of <\/em>Fordlandia<\/em>, a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in history. His new book, <\/em>The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World<\/em>, will be published in January.<\/em><\/p>\n

Go to Original \u2013 thenation.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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