{"id":51340,"date":"2014-12-22T12:00:57","date_gmt":"2014-12-22T12:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=51340"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:27:08","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:27:08","slug":"this-week-in-history-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/12\/this-week-in-history-3\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

December 22 -28 <\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThe<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>pursuit of peace and progress cannot end in a few years in either victory or defeat. The pursuit of peace and progress, with its trials and its errors, its successes and its setbacks, can never be relaxed and never abandoned.<\/em>\u201d
\n\u2013 Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld (Source: http:\/\/www.searchquotes.com\/Dag_Hammarskjold_\/Peace\/quotes\/<\/a> )<\/p>\n

December 22<\/strong><\/p>\n

1992 Libyan MIG-23UB attacks Boeing 727 at Souk al-Sabt, 158 die.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Iraq announces it will never give up Kuwait.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Lech Walesa sworn in as Poland’s 1st popularly elected president.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 After 23 years of dictatorial rule, Romania ousts Nicolea Ceausescu.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 South Africa signs accord granting independence to South West Africa.<\/p>\n

1974\u00a0 2nd cease-fire between IRA and British; lasts until approx April 1975.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 U.N. General Assembly ratifies Kurt Waldheim as Secretary-General.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs underground nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 Lockheed SR-71 spy aircraft reaches 3,530 kph (record for a jet).<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 Germans demand surrender of American troops at Bastogne, Belgium.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Adolf Hitler<\/a>\u00a0signs the order to develop the\u00a0V-2<\/a>\u00a0rocket as a weapon.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Japan’s invasion leader lands on Luzon, Philippines.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Tito establishes 1st Proletarian Brigade in Yugoslavia.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Winston Churchill arrives in Washington for a wartime conference.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 Indian\u00a0Muslims<\/a>\u00a0observe a “Day of Deliverance<\/a>” to celebrate the resignations of members of the\u00a0Indian National Congress<\/a>\u00a0over their not having been consulted over the decision to enter\u00a0World War II<\/a>\u00a0with the\u00a0United Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1808\u00a0 Ludwig van Beethoven<\/a>\u00a0conducts and performs in concert at the\u00a0Theater an der Wien<\/a>, Vienna, with the premiere of his\u00a0Fifth Symphony<\/a>, Sixth Symphony<\/a>,\u00a0Fourth Piano Concerto<\/a>\u00a0(performed by Beethoven himself) and\u00a0Choral Fantasy<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(with Beethoven at the piano).<\/p>\n

1769\u00a0 Sino-Burmese War (1765\u20131769)<\/a>\u00a0ends with an uneasy truce.<\/p>\n

December 23<\/strong><\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 History of Slovenia<\/a>: In a\u00a0referendum<\/a>, 88.5% of\u00a0Slovenia<\/a>‘s overall electorate vote for independence from\u00a0Yugoslavia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 NY World Trade Center reaches highest point (411 m).<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 General Montgomery told he is appointed commandant for D-day.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 British troops overrun Benghazi Libya.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Japan begins assault on Rangoon Burma.<\/p>\n

1928\u00a0 NBC sets up a permanent, coast-to-coast radio network.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 BBC Radio began daily newscasts.<\/p>\n

1894\u00a0 Debussy’s ballet “L’apres-midi d’un faune<\/em>,” premieres in Paris.<\/p>\n

1893\u00a0 Opera “Hansel und Gretel<\/em>” is produced (Weimar).<\/p>\n

1715\u00a0 Russian\/Prussian troops occupy Stralsund.<\/p>\n

December 24<\/strong><\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Charles Taylor enters Liberia to unseat President Samuel K Doe.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Panama’s dictator, Manual Noriega seeks asylum at Vatican embassy.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 Iran offensive against Iraqi islands of Shatt al-Arab.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 China performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC.<\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 Luna 13 lands on Moon.<\/p>\n

1963\u00a0 Greek and Turks riot in Cyprus.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 United Kingdom of Libya gains independence from Italy via United Nations.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 Franklin D. Roosevelt appoints General Eisenhower supreme commander of Allied forces.<\/p>\n

1937\u00a0 Dutch government recognizes Italian King Emanuel III as Emperor of Abyssinia.<\/p>\n

1936\u00a0 1st radioactive isotope medicine administered, Berkeley, California.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 Albania becomes a republic.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The “Christmas truce<\/a>” begins.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 German plane drops bombs on Dover, England.<\/p>\n

1904\u00a0 German SW Africa abolishes slavery of young children.<\/p>\n

1865\u00a0 The\u00a0Ku Klux Klan<\/a>\u00a0is formed.<\/p>\n

1818\u00a0 “Silent Night” composed by Franz Joseph Gruber; 1st sung next day.<\/p>\n

1814\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Ghent<\/a>\u00a0is signed ending the\u00a0War of 1812<\/a>.<\/p>\n

December 25<\/strong><\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Mikhail Gorbachev formally resigned as President of U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1977\u00a0 Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin meets Egyptian President Sadat in Egypt.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 Reverend Jesse Jackson forms Operation P.U.S.H. (People United to Save Humanity) (Visit: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rainbow\/PUSH<\/a> and http:\/\/rainbowpush.org\/pages\/brief_history<\/a> ).<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Apollo program<\/a>:\u00a0Apollo 8<\/em><\/a>\u00a0performs the very first successful\u00a0Trans-Earth injection<\/a>\u00a0(TEI) maneuver, sending the crew and spacecraft on a trajectory back to Earth from Lunar orbit<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 The first in\u00a0Europe\u00a0artificial, self-sustaining\u00a0nuclear chain reaction<\/a>\u00a0is initiated within\u00a0Soviet<\/a>\u00a0nuclear reactor<\/a>\u00a0F-1<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1868\u00a0 President of the United States\u00a0Andrew Johnson\u00a0grants unconditional pardon to all\u00a0Civil War<\/a>\u00a0Confederate<\/a>\u00a0soldiers.<\/p>\n

1553\u00a0 Battle of Tucapel<\/a>:\u00a0Mapuche<\/a>\u00a0rebels under\u00a0Lautaro<\/a>\u00a0defeat the\u00a0Spanish<\/a>\u00a0conquistadors<\/a>\u00a0and executes the governor of\u00a0Chile,\u00a0Pedro de Valdivia.<\/p>\n

1492\u00a0 Columbus’ ship Santa Maria docks at Dominican Republic.<\/p>\n

1223\u00a0 St. Francis of Assisi assembles 1st Nativity scene (Greccio, Italy).<\/p>\n

December 26<\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 Brazil overtakes the United Kingdom as the world’s sixth largest economy.<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 Earthquake, greatest in over 40 years, strikes the Pacific Ocean near Sumatra, triggering a massive Indian Ocean tsunami, killing as many as 266,000 in coastal regions of Asia and Africa.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 Earthquake kills more than 30,000 in Bam, Iran.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 Iraq\u00a0announces its intention to fire upon U.S. and British warplanes that patrol the northern and southern\u00a0no-fly zones.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 Battle of Bastogne – U.S. General Patton’s 4th Pantzers repulse Germans.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 Budapest surrounded by Soviet army.<\/p>\n

1933 Convention on the Rights and Duties of States<\/em> (aka Montevideo Convention<\/em>), stipulating basic requirements of the state, was signed. Entered into force: 26 December 1936. Text: 165 LNTS 19 (Visit: http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/20th_century\/intam03.asp<\/a> ).<\/p>\n

1898\u00a0 Marie<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Pierre Curie<\/a>\u00a0announce the isolation of\u00a0radium<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1862\u00a0 American Civil War: The\u00a0Battle of Chickasaw Bayou<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1805\u00a0 Austria and France sign the\u00a0Treaty of Pressburg<\/a> (aka the Fourth Peace of Pressburg), marking the effective end of the\u00a0Holy Roman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

December 27<\/strong><\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 Operation Cast Lead<\/a>: Israel launches 3-week operation on Gaza.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 The\u00a0Romanian Revolution<\/a>\u00a0concludes, as the last minor street confrontations and stray shootings abruptly end in the country’s capital,\u00a0Bucharest.<\/p>\n

1987\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 Terrorists kill 20 and wound 110 attacking El Al at Rome and Vienna airports, President Reagan blames Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 Belgium recognizes East Germany.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 France performs nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 United States of Indonesia gains independence from Netherlands.<\/p>\n

1945 International Monetary Fund established – World Bank founded.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 Between 20,000 and 40,000 die in magnitude 8 quake (Erzincam Turkey).<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 Earthquake in Turkey, about 50,000 die.<\/p>\n

1831\u00a0 Charles Darwin<\/a>\u00a0embarks on\u00a0his journey\u00a0aboard the\u00a0HMS\u00a0Beagle<\/em><\/a>, during which he will begin to formulate the theory of\u00a0evolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1825\u00a0 1st public railroad using steam locomotive completed in England.<\/p>\n

December 28<\/strong><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 A 5.8-magnitude earthquake strikes 50 miles south southwest of Avsallar, Turkey in the Mediterranean Sea.<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 If Western nations impose more sanctions, Iran threatens to close down the key oil route of the Strait of Hormuz.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 In Heuneburg, Germany, scientists discover a late Bronze Age grave of a Celtic princess, containing amber, gold, bronze and coal.<\/p>\n

2010 Remains of a human that lived 400,000 years ago are discovered in Israel, challenging the theory that humans originated in Africa.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 Rajiv Gandhi’s Congress party wins election in India.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 U.S. says they will leave UNESCO on Dec 31, 1984.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 Kim Il-sung becomes president of D.P.R.K. (North Korea).<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Israeli assault on Beirut Airport.<\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 China performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 U.N. troops occupy Elizabethstad Katanga.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs atmospheric nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 Chinese troops cross 38th Parallel, into South Korea.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 Israeli Defense Forces crosses Egyptian border.<\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 Earthquake strikes Messina, Italy; 80,000 die.<\/p>\n

1895\u00a0 World’s 1st movie theater opens in Paris.<\/p>\n

(Sources and references: http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/december_22<\/a> to 28; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/<\/a>December\u00ad_22 to 28; and other relevant documents.)<\/p>\n

____________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

December 22 -28<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-51340","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51340","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51340"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51340\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51340"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51340"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}