{"id":51720,"date":"2014-12-29T12:00:16","date_gmt":"2014-12-29T12:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=51720"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:27:07","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:27:07","slug":"this-week-in-history-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/12\/this-week-in-history-4\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

December 29 \u2013 January 4<\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/em><\/strong>Be not forgetful to cherish the gifts each moment brings<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 Unknown. (Source: http:\/\/www.inspirational-quotations.com\/peace-quotes.html<\/a> )<\/p>\n

December 29<\/strong><\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 The last death row inmate in Cuba has his death sentence commuted; the nation is against capital punishment and has commuted many death sentences since 2008.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 Ethiopian troops eject the Islamic forces from Mogadishu, Somalia.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 Leaders of the\u00a0Khmer Rouge<\/a>\u00a0apologize for the 1970s\u00a0genocide<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Cambodia<\/a>\u00a0that claimed over 1 million lives.<\/p>\n

1997\u00a0 Hong Kong begins slaughtering all its chickens to prevent bird flu.<\/p>\n

1997\u00a0 Russia signs agreement to build a $3B nuclear power plant in China.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 Guatemala<\/a>\u00a0and leaders of\u00a0Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity<\/a>\u00a0sign a peace accord ending a 36-year\u00a0civil war<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 U.S. announced withdrawal from UNESCO.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 Shah of Iran, asks Shapour Bahktiar to form a civilian government.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 \u2018LIFE<\/em>\u2019 magazine ceases publication. For \u2018LIFE<\/em>\u2019 magazine, see http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_(magazine)<\/a><\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 An\u00a0Eastern Air Lines Flight 401<\/a>\u00a0(a\u00a0Lockheed L-1011 TriStar<\/a>) crashes on approach to\u00a0Miami International Airport<\/a>,\u00a0Florida<\/a>, killing 101.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Israeli commandos destroy 13 Lebanese airplanes.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 Turkish-Cypriot government forms in Cyprus.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 Physicist\u00a0Richard Feynman<\/a>\u00a0gives a speech entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom<\/a>“, which is regarded as the birth of\u00a0nanotechnology<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 KC2XAK<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Bridgeport, Connecticut<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first\u00a0Ultra high frequency<\/a>\u00a0(UHF) television station to operate a daily schedule.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: In the\u00a0Second Great Fire of London<\/a>, the\u00a0Luftwaffe<\/a>\u00a0fire-bombs\u00a0London, England<\/a>, UK, killing almost 200 civilians.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 First flight of the\u00a0Consolidated B-24 Liberator<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1937\u00a0 The\u00a0Irish Free State<\/a>\u00a0is replaced by a new state called\u00a0Ireland<\/a>\u00a0with the adoption of a new\u00a0constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 Japan renounces Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and London Treaty of 1930.<\/p>\n

1930\u00a0 Sir\u00a0Muhammad Iqbal<\/a>‘s presidential address in\u00a0Allahabad<\/a>\u00a0introduces the\u00a0two-nation theory<\/a>\u00a0and outlines a vision for the creation of\u00a0Pakistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1911\u00a0 Mongolia<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from the\u00a0Qing dynasty<\/a>, enthroning\u00a09th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu<\/a>\u00a0as\u00a0Khagan of Mongolia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1860\u00a0 The first British seagoing\u00a0ironclad warship<\/a>,\u00a0HMS\u00a0Warrior<\/em><\/a>\u00a0is launched.<\/p>\n

1786\u00a0 French Revolution<\/a>: The\u00a0Assembly of Notables<\/a>\u00a0is convened.<\/p>\n

1778\u00a0 American Revolutionary War<\/a>: 3,000 British soldiers under the command of\u00a0Lieutenant Colonel<\/a>\u00a0Archibald Campbell<\/a>\u00a0capture<\/a>\u00a0Savannah, Georgia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1508\u00a0 Portuguese<\/a>\u00a0forces under the command of\u00a0Francisco de Almeida<\/a>\u00a0attack\u00a0Khambhat<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0Battle of Dabul<\/a>.<\/p>\n

December 30<\/strong><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 Saudi Arabia’s government agrees to give Lebanon $3 billion to strengthen Lebanon’s army and purchase weapons from France.<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 ‘Science<\/em>‘ magazine (http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/<\/a> ) names Higgs boson, the confirmation of the existence of a subatomic particle, as the 2012 Breakthrough of the Year. (This decision, however, was reported on December 28, 2012. See http:\/\/www.voanews.com\/content\/higgs-boson-named-top-science-find-of-2012\/1573789.html<\/a> .) For more information about Higgs boson, visit http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/338\/6114\/1558.full<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 The Internet population in China reaches 450 million.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 Saddam Hussein is hanged in Baghdad.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 Israel<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Vatican City<\/a>\u00a0establish diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 U.S.S.R. performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia become Independent states in France Union.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 India recognizes People’s Republic of China.<\/p>\n

1947\u00a0 Romanian republic proclaimed.<\/p>\n

1924\u00a0 Edwin Hubble announces existence of other galactic systems.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 Soviet Union organized as a federation of RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Belorussian SSR and Transcaucasian SSR.<\/p>\n

1906\u00a0 Iran becomes a constitutional monarchy.<\/p>\n

1893\u00a0 Russia signs military accord with France.<\/p>\n

1884\u00a0 Anton Bruckner’s 7th Symphony in E, premieres in Leipzig.<\/p>\n

1879\u00a0 Gilbert and Sullivan’s “Pirates of Penzance,” premieres.<\/p>\n

1877\u00a0 Johnannes Brahms’ 2nd Symphony in D, premieres in Vienna.<\/p>\n

1861\u00a0 US, banks stop payments in gold.<\/p>\n

1817\u00a0 1st coffee planted in Hawaii (Kona).<\/p>\n

1794\u00a0 French troops conquer Grave, Netherlands.<\/p>\n

1460\u00a0 Wars of the Roses<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Wakefield<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1066\u00a0 Granada massacre<\/a>: A\u00a0Muslim<\/a>\u00a0mob storms the royal palace in\u00a0Granada<\/a>, crucifies\u00a0Jewish<\/a>\u00a0vizier<\/a>\u00a0Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacres most of the Jewish population of the city.<\/p>\n

December 31<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 A study conducted at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, New York, announces a harmful type of space radiation may accelerate the development of Alzheimer’s disease.<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 In North Korea, Kim Jong-un is given the tile of Supreme Commander of North Korea’s armed forces.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 Italy’s plan to ban plastic bags goes into effect; the country was using 20 billion plastic bags a year – about 300 per person.<\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 One leap second is added to the end of the year.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 The United States Government hands control of the\u00a0Panama Canal<\/a>\u00a0(as well all the adjacent land to the canal known as the\u00a0Panama Canal Zone<\/a>) to\u00a0Panama<\/a>. This act complied with the signing of the 1977\u00a0Torrijos\u2013Carter Treaties<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 \u00a0First\u00a0President of Russia<\/a>,\u00a0Boris Yeltsin<\/a>, resigns from office, leaving\u00a0Prime Minister<\/a>\u00a0Vladimir Putin<\/a>\u00a0as the acting President and successor.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 The\u00a0European Exchange Rate Mechanism<\/a>\u00a0freezes the values of the legacy currencies in the\u00a0Eurozone<\/a>, and establishes the value of the\u00a0euro<\/a>\u00a0currency.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 The\u00a0First Chechen War<\/a>:\u00a0Russian<\/a>\u00a0army began a\u00a0New Year’s storm<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Grozny<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 All official\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0(U.S.S.R.) institutions have ceased operations by this date and the Soviet Union is officially dissolved.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Iraq begins a military draft of 17 year olds.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 In\u00a0Nigeria<\/a>\u00a0a coup d’\u00e9tat led by Major General\u00a0Muhammadu Buhari<\/a>\u00a0ends the\u00a0Second Nigerian Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 President Truman officially proclaims end of WW II.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 Ratification of United Nations Charter completed.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Operation Nordwind<\/a>, the last major German offensive on the\u00a0Western Front<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 The chimes of\u00a0Big Ben<\/a>\u00a0are broadcast on\u00a0radio<\/a>\u00a0for the first time by the\u00a0BBC<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1862\u00a0 American Civil War<\/a>:\u00a0Abraham Lincoln<\/a>\u00a0signs an act that admits\u00a0West Virginia<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0Union<\/a>, thus dividing\u00a0Virginia<\/a>\u00a0in two.<\/p>\n

1790\u00a0 Efimeris<\/em><\/a>, the oldest\u00a0Greek<\/a>\u00a0newspaper of which issues have survived till today is published for the first time.<\/p>\n

1225\u00a0 The\u00a0L\u00fd Dynasty<\/a>\u00a0of Vietnam ends after 216 years by the enthronement of the boy emperor\u00a0Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng<\/a>, husband of the last L\u00fd monarch,\u00a0L\u00fd Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng<\/a>, starting the\u00a0Tr\u1ea7n Dynasty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

535\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Byzantine<\/a>\u00a0general\u00a0Belisarius<\/a>\u00a0completes the conquest of\u00a0Sicily<\/a>, defeating the\u00a0Gothic<\/a>\u00a0garrison of\u00a0Palermo<\/a>\u00a0(Panormos), and ending hisconsulship<\/a>\u00a0for the year.<\/p>\n

January 1<\/strong><\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 Euro banknotes and coins become legal tender in twelve of the European Union’s\u00a0member states<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2000\u00a0 After years of preparation for Y2K, only minor computer-related problems were reported (a problem with Hotmail, with a nuclear power plant in Japan and with apartment heating in Korea).<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 The\u00a0Euro<\/a>\u00a0currency is introduced in 11 countries – members of the European Union (with the exception of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece and Sweden).<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 Russia begins to circulate new\u00a0Rubles<\/a>\u00a0to stem\u00a0inflation<\/a>\u00a0and promote confidence.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 The\u00a0European Central Bank<\/a>\u00a0is established.<\/p>\n

1995\u00a0 The\u00a0World Trade Organization<\/a>\u00a0comes into effect. Text: 33 ILM 1125 (1994). See full text of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization: www.wto.org\/english\/docs_e\/legal_e.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 The\u00a0North American Free Trade Agreement<\/a>\u00a0comes into effect.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 A single market within the European Community is introduced.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia<\/a>:\u00a0Czechoslovakia<\/a>\u00a0is divided into\u00a0Slovakia<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Czech Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 Russia<\/a>\u00a0is officially formed.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 The\u00a0Montreal Protocol<\/a>\u00a0comes into force, stopping the use of chemicals contributing to\u00a0ozone depletion<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 Aruba<\/a>\u00a0becomes independent of\u00a0Cura\u00e7ao<\/a>, though it remains in free association with the\u00a0Netherlands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 The Internet’s\u00a0Domain Name System<\/a>\u00a0is created.<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 The first British mobile phone call is made by\u00a0Ernie Wise<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0Vodafone<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 Brunei<\/a>\u00a0becomes independent of the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 Western Samoa<\/a>\u00a0achieves independence from\u00a0New Zealand<\/a>; its name is changed to the Independent State of Western Samoa.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 Cameroon<\/a>\u00a0achieves independence from France and the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 Fulgencio Batista<\/a>, dictator of Cuba, is overthrown by\u00a0Fidel Castro<\/a>‘s forces during the\u00a0Cuban Revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1956\u00a0 Sudan<\/a>\u00a0achieves independence from\u00a0Egypt<\/a>\u00a0and the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 United Nations<\/a>\u00a0cease-fire takes effect in\u00a0Kashmir<\/a>\u00a0from one minute before midnight. War between\u00a0India<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Pakistan<\/a>\u00a0stops accordingly.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 Nazi Germany<\/a>\u00a0passes the “Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

1899\u00a0 Spanish<\/a>\u00a0rule ends in\u00a0Cuba<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1804\u00a0 \u00a0French rule ends in\u00a0Haiti<\/a>. Haiti becomes the first black republic and second independent country in\u00a0North America<\/a>\u00a0after the\u00a0United States<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1502\u00a0 The present-day location of\u00a0Rio de Janeiro<\/a>,\u00a0Brazil<\/a>\u00a0is first explored by the\u00a0Portuguese<\/a>.<\/p>\n

45BCE The\u00a0Julian calendar<\/a>\u00a0takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Empire, establishing January 1 as the new date of the new year.<\/p>\n

January 2<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 While conducting military exercises in the Persian Gulf, Iran successfully test-fires two long-range missiles. (See http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2012\/01\/02\/us-iran-missile-idUSTRE80007E20120102<\/a> ; then, in January 2013 http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/world\/2013-01\/01\/c_132075549.htm<\/a> ; and also in February 2014 http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2014\/02\/10\/us-iran-missile-idUSBREA191R220140210<\/a> )<\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 Oil reaches $100 per barrel for the first time.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Dow Jones hits record 2,800 (2,810.15).<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 Martin Luther King, Jr. begins a drive to register black voters.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista flees.<\/p>\n

1947\u00a0 Mahatma Gandhi begins march for peace in East-Bengali.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 German troops in Bardia surrender.<\/p>\n

1905\u00a0 Russo-Japanese War<\/a>: The\u00a0Russian<\/a>\u00a0garrison surrenders at\u00a0Port Arthur<\/a>, China.<\/p>\n

1865\u00a0 Uruguayan War<\/a>: The\u00a0Siege of Paysand\u00fa<\/a>\u00a0ends as\u00a0Brazilian<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Coloradans<\/a>\u00a0capture\u00a0Paysand\u00fa<\/a>,\u00a0Uruguay<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1777\u00a0 American Revolutionary War<\/a>:\u00a0American<\/a>\u00a0forces under the command of\u00a0George Washington<\/a>\u00a0repulsed a\u00a0British<\/a>\u00a0attack at the\u00a0Battle of the Assunpink Creek<\/a>\u00a0near\u00a0Trenton, New Jersey<\/a>.<\/p>\n

366\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The\u00a0Alemanni<\/a>\u00a0cross the frozen\u00a0Rhine<\/a>\u00a0River in large numbers, invading the\u00a0Roman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

January 3<\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 With news that Facebook received investments of $500 million, analysts estimate the value of the company at $50 billion.<\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 Israel launches an invasion of the Gaza strip.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 Israeli forces seize the Palestinian freighter\u00a0Karine A<\/a><\/em>\u00a0in the\u00a0Red Sea<\/a>, finding 50 tons of weapons.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 More than seven million people from the former\u00a0Apartheid<\/a>\u00a0Homelands<\/a>, receive\u00a0South African<\/a>\u00a0citizenship.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 In\u00a0Moscow<\/a>,\u00a0Russia<\/a>,\u00a0George Bush<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Boris Yeltsin<\/a>\u00a0sign the second\u00a0Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty<\/a>\u00a0(START).<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Israel reopens consulate in U.S.S.R. after 23 years.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Former leader of\u00a0Panama<\/a>\u00a0Manuel Noriega<\/a>\u00a0surrenders to American forces.<\/p>\n

1977\u00a0 Apple Computer<\/a>\u00a0is incorporated.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 The\u00a0International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<\/a>\u00a0comes into effect. Text: 993 UNTS 3. See full text: www.ohchr.org\/EN\/ProfessionalInterest\/Pages\/CESCR.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 Pope John XXIII<\/a>\u00a0excommunicates\u00a0Fidel Castro<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 Alaska<\/a>\u00a0is admitted as the 49th\u00a0U.S. state<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1925\u00a0 Benito Mussolini<\/a>\u00a0announces he is taking dictatorial powers over\u00a0Italy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1921\u00a0 Turkey makes peace with Armenia.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 At the\u00a0Paris Peace Conference<\/a>, Emir\u00a0Faisal I of Iraq<\/a>\u00a0signs\u00a0an agreement<\/a>\u00a0with\u00a0Zionist<\/a>\u00a0leader\u00a0Chaim Weizmann<\/a>\u00a0on the development of a Jewish homeland in\u00a0Palestine<\/a>and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.<\/p>\n

1870\u00a0 Sino-French War<\/a>: Beginning of the\u00a0Battle of N\u00fai Bop<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1815\u00a0 Austria<\/a>, the\u00a0United Kingdom<\/a>, and\u00a0France<\/a>\u00a0form a secret defensive alliance against\u00a0Prussia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1431\u00a0 Joan of Arc<\/a>\u00a0is defeated by\u00a0Bishop<\/a>\u00a0Pierre Cauchon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

January 4<\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 The United Kingdom raises its value-added tax to 20% from 17.5%, its highest rate ever.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 U.S. President Carter announces U.S. boycott of Moscow Olympics.<\/p>\n

1974\u00a0 Nixon refuses to hand over tapes subpoenaed by Watergate Committee.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 Luna 1<\/em><\/a>\u00a0becomes the first\u00a0spacecraft<\/a>\u00a0to reach the vicinity of the\u00a0Moon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 During Korean conflict, Chinese forces capture Seoul.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 Burma<\/a>\u00a0gains its independence from the\u00a0United Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II<\/a>:\u00a0Operation Carpetbagger<\/a>, involving the dropping of arms and supplies to resistance fighters in\u00a0Europe<\/a>, begins.<\/p>\n

1907\u00a0 George Bernard Shaw’s “Don Juan in Hell,” premieres in London.<\/p>\n

1878\u00a0 Sofia<\/a>\u00a0is emancipated from\u00a0Ottoman<\/a>\u00a0rule.<\/p>\n

1865\u00a0 The\u00a0New York Stock Exchange<\/a>\u00a0opens its first permanent headquarters at 10-12 Broad near\u00a0Wall Street<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0New York, New York<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1847\u00a0 Samuel Colt<\/a>\u00a0, American inventor and\u00a0industrialist<\/a>\u00a0from\u00a0Hartford, Connecticut<\/a>, sells his first\u00a0revolver<\/a>\u00a0pistol to the\u00a0United States<\/a>\u00a0government.<\/p>\n

1649\u00a0 \u00a0English Civil War: The\u00a0Rump Parliament<\/a>\u00a0votes to put Charles I on trial.<\/p>\n

46BCE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Julius Caesar<\/a>\u00a0defeats\u00a0Titus Labienus<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Battle of Ruspina<\/a>.<\/p>\n

106BCE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cicero<\/a>, Roman politician and philosopher (d. 43 BC), born.<\/p>\n

(Sources and references: http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/<\/a>december_29.html to January_4; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/December_29<\/a> to January_4 and other relevant documents.)<\/p>\n

_______________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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