{"id":51979,"date":"2015-01-05T12:00:57","date_gmt":"2015-01-05T12:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=51979"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:27:05","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:27:05","slug":"this-week-in-history-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/01\/this-week-in-history-5\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

January 5 – 11<\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cIt isn\u2019t enough to talk about peace; one must believe it. And it isn\u2019t enough to believe in it; one must work for it.\u201d<\/em> – Eleanor Roosevelt (Source: http:\/\/www.inspirational-quotations.com\/peace-quotes.html<\/a> )<\/p>\n

January 5<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 U.S. President Barack Obama announces plans to dramatically cut defense spending. (Visit http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/01\/05\/politics\/pentagon-strategy-shift\/<\/a> . Compare it with the US military budget FY2015, http:\/\/useconomy.about.com\/od\/usfederalbudget\/p\/military_budget.htm<\/a> )<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 United States President\u00a0Richard Nixon<\/a>\u00a0orders the development of a\u00a0Space Shuttle<\/a>\u00a0program.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Alexander Dub\u010dek<\/a>\u00a0comes to power: “Prague Spring<\/a>” begins in\u00a0Czechoslovakia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 In a speech given to the\u00a0United States Congress<\/a>, United States President\u00a0Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a>\u00a0announces the establishment of what will later be called theEisenhower Doctrine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 The\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0recognizes the new pro-Soviet government of\u00a0Poland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1925\u00a0 Nellie Taylor Ross became governor of Wyoming, 1st woman Governor in USA.<\/p>\n

1913\u00a0 First Balkan War<\/a>: During the\u00a0Battle of Lemnos<\/a>,\u00a0Greek<\/a>\u00a0admiral\u00a0Pavlos Kountouriotis<\/a>\u00a0forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the\u00a0Dardanelles<\/a>, from which it did not venture for the rest of the war.<\/p>\n

1896\u00a0 An\u00a0Austrian<\/a>\u00a0newspaper reports that\u00a0Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen<\/a>\u00a0has discovered a type of\u00a0radiation<\/a>\u00a0later known as\u00a0X-rays<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1781\u00a0 American Revolutionary War<\/a>:\u00a0Richmond, Virginia<\/a>, is burned by\u00a0British<\/a>\u00a0naval forces led by\u00a0Benedict Arnold<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1500\u00a0 Duke\u00a0Ludovico Sforza<\/a>\u00a0conquers\u00a0Milan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1477\u00a0 Battle of Nancy<\/a>:\u00a0Charles the Bold<\/a>\u00a0is killed and\u00a0Burgundy<\/a>\u00a0becomes part of\u00a0France<\/a>; 7000+ killed.<\/p>\n

January 6<\/strong><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 The President of the Palestinian National Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, declares that official documents must use the words ‘State of Palestine’. On this issue, visit: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_of_Palestine#2013_change_of_name<\/a><\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 Israel conducts an assault on Gaza.\u00a0Operation Cast Lead<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 Indian\u00a0Border Security Force<\/a>\u00a0units\u00a0kill 55 Kashmiri civilians<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Sopore<\/a>,\u00a0Jammu and Kashmir<\/a>, in revenge after militants ambushed a BSF patrol.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 President of Georgia<\/a>\u00a0Zviad Gamsakhurdia<\/a>\u00a0flees the country as a result of the military\u00a0coup<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 The\u00a0Crown of St. Stephen<\/a>\u00a0(also known as the Holy Crown of Hungary) is returned to\u00a0Hungary<\/a>\u00a0from the United States, where it was held after\u00a0World War II<\/a>..<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0United States Marine Corps<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0ARVN<\/a>\u00a0troops launch “Operation Deckhouse Five<\/a>” in the\u00a0Mekong<\/a>\u00a0River delta.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 The\u00a0Associations Law<\/a>\u00a0comes into force in\u00a0Iraq<\/a>, allowing registration of political parties.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 \u00a0Korean War<\/a>: An estimated 200\u20131,300 South Korean communist sympathizers are slaughtered in what becomes the\u00a0Ganghwa massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 The United Kingdom recognizes the\u00a0People’s Republic of China<\/a>. The\u00a0Republic of China<\/a>\u00a0severs diplomatic relations with the UK in response.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 United States President\u00a0Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a>\u00a0delivers his\u00a0Four Freedoms<\/a>\u00a0speech in the\u00a0State of the Union address<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 Mother Teresa<\/a>\u00a0arrives in\u00a0Calcutta, India<\/a>\u00a0to begin her work among\u00a0India<\/a>‘s poorest and sick people.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 King\u00a0Alexander of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes<\/a>\u00a0suspends\u00a0his country<\/a>‘s constitution (the\u00a0January 6th Dictatorship<\/a>).to establish a royal dictatorship in Yugoslavia.<\/p>\n

1900\u00a0 Second Boer War<\/a>: Having already\u00a0sieged<\/a>\u00a0the fortress at\u00a0Ladysmith<\/a>,\u00a0Boer<\/a>\u00a0forces attack it, but are driven back by\u00a0British<\/a>\u00a0defenders.<\/p>\n

1690\u00a0 Joseph<\/a>, son of\u00a0Emperor Leopold I<\/a>, becomes King of the Romans.<\/p>\n

1535\u00a0 City of Lima Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro.<\/p>\n

January 7<\/strong><\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 The Senate trial in the\u00a0impeachment<\/a>\u00a0of U.S. President\u00a0Bill Clinton<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Prince\u00a0Akihito<\/a>\u00a0is sworn in as the emperor of Japan after the death of his father\u00a0Hirohito<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 Third Indochina War<\/a>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Cambodian\u2013Vietnamese War<\/a>:\u00a0Phnom Penh<\/a>\u00a0falls to the advancing\u00a0Vietnamese<\/a>\u00a0troops, driving out\u00a0Pol Pot<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Khmer Rouge<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 The United States recognizes the new\u00a0Cuban<\/a>\u00a0government of\u00a0Fidel Castro<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1954\u00a0 Georgetown-IBM experiment<\/a>: the first public demonstration of a\u00a0machine translation<\/a>\u00a0system, is held in New York at the head office of\u00a0IBM<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 US President Harry Truman<\/a>\u00a0announced that the U.S. had developed the\u00a0hydrogen bomb<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1935\u00a0 Benito Mussolini<\/a>\u00a0and French\u00a0Foreign minister<\/a>\u00a0Pierre Laval<\/a>\u00a0sign the\u00a0Franco-Italian Agreement<\/a>..<\/p>\n

1830\u00a0 1st U.S. Railroad Station opens (Baltimore).<\/p>\n

1782\u00a0 The first American commercial bank, the\u00a0Bank of North America<\/a>, opens.<\/p>\n

1714\u00a0 Typewriter patented by Englishman Henry Mill (built years later).<\/p>\n

1610\u00a0 Galileo Galilei<\/a>\u00a0makes his first observation of the four\u00a0Galilean moons<\/a>:\u00a0Ganymede<\/a>,\u00a0Callisto<\/a>,\u00a0Io<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Europa<\/a>, although he is not able to distinguish the last two until the following day.<\/p>\n

1584\u00a0 Last day of the Julian calendar in Bohemia and Holy Roman Empire. For Julian Calendar, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_calendar<\/a> and http:\/\/www.timeanddate.com\/calendar\/julian-calendar.html<\/a><\/p>\n

1325\u00a0 Alfonso IV<\/a>\u00a0becomes King of\u00a0Portugal<\/a>.<\/p>\n

January 8<\/strong><\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 The parliament in Portugal approves a bill legalizing same-sex marriage.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Soviet Union promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 President\u00a0Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a>\u00a0declares a “War on Poverty<\/a>” in the United States.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 Charles de Gaulle<\/a>\u00a0became the first president of\u00a0France’s<\/a>\u00a0Fifth Republic.<\/p>\n

1958\u00a0 Cuban revolutionary forces capture Havana.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 President\u00a0Woodrow Wilson<\/a>\u00a0announces his “Fourteen Points<\/a>” for the aftermath of World War I.<\/p>\n

1912\u00a0 The\u00a0African National Congress<\/a>\u00a0is founded.<\/p>\n

1867\u00a0 African American<\/a>\u00a0men are granted the right to vote in\u00a0Washington, D.C.<\/a><\/p>\n

1838\u00a0 Alfred Vail demonstrated a telegraph code he had devised using dots and dashes as letters. The code was the predecessor to Samuel Morse’s code.<\/p>\n

1815\u00a0 The Battle of New Orleans began. The War of 1812 had officially ended on December 24, 1814, with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The news of the signing had not reached British troops in time to prevent their attack on New Orleans.<\/p>\n

1760\u00a0 Comet C\/1760 A1 (Great comet) approaches within 0.0682 AUs of Earth.<\/p>\n

1697\u00a0 Last execution for blasphemy in Britain; of\u00a0Thomas Aikenhead<\/a>, student, at\u00a0Edinburgh<\/a>. For his indictment, visit https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ha1WyFAEUSY<\/a> In this regard, for reference and information, see also January 10, \u201c2011\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pope Benedict XVI urges Pakistan to repeal its blasphemy law whereby those who insult the Prophet Muhammed receive the death penalty.\u201d<\/p>\n

1642\u00a0 Astronomer Galileo Galilei died in Arcetri, Italy. For information on Galileo Galilei, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galileo_Galilei<\/a><\/p>\n

1598\u00a0 Jews are expelled from Genoa Italy. For more information on this issue, visit http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/judaica\/ejud_0002_0007_0_07180.html<\/a> and http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy<\/a><\/p>\n

January 9<\/strong><\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 Apple CEO\u00a0Steve Jobs<\/a>\u00a0unveils the first\u00a0iPhone<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 The\u00a0Sudan People’s Liberation Movement<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Government of Sudan<\/a>\u00a0sign the\u00a0Comprehensive Peace Agreement<\/a>\u00a0to end the\u00a0Second Sudanese Civil War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 Mahmoud Abbas<\/a>\u00a0wins the\u00a0election<\/a>\u00a0to replace\u00a0Yasser Arafat<\/a>\u00a0as President of the\u00a0Palestinian National Authority<\/a>. He replaces interim president\u00a0Rawhi Fattouh<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 First Chechen War<\/a>:\u00a0Chechen<\/a>\u00a0separatists<\/a>\u00a0launch a raid against the helicopter airfield and later a civilian hospital in the city of\u00a0Kizlyar<\/a>\u00a0in the neighboring\u00a0Dagestan<\/a>, which turns into\u00a0a massive hostage crisis<\/a>\u00a0involving thousands of\u00a0civilians<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 \u00a0The\u00a0Assembly of the Serb People in Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>\u00a0proclaims the creation of\u00a0Republika Srpska<\/a>, a new state within\u00a0Yugoslavia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 Martyrs’ Day<\/a>: Several\u00a0Panamanian<\/a>\u00a0youths try to raise the Panamanian flag on the U.S.-controlled\u00a0Panama Canal Zone<\/a>, leading to fighting between U.S. military and Panamanian civilians.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 President of Egypt<\/a>\u00a0Gamal Abdel Nasser<\/a>\u00a0opens construction on the\u00a0Aswan Dam<\/a>\u00a0by detonating ten tons of\u00a0dynamite<\/a>\u00a0to demolish twenty tons of granite on the east bank of the\u00a0Nile<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 Lithuanian<\/a>\u00a0residents of the\u00a0Memel Territory<\/a>\u00a0rebel<\/a>\u00a0against the\u00a0League of Nations<\/a>‘ decision to leave the area as a\u00a0mandated region<\/a>\u00a0under\u00a0French<\/a>\u00a0control.<\/p>\n

1921\u00a0 Greco-Turkish War<\/a>: The\u00a0First Battle of \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc<\/a>, the first battle of the war, begins near\u00a0Eski\u015fehir<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Anatolia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 Battle of Bear Valley<\/a>: The last battle of the\u00a0American Indian Wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 World War I: the\u00a0Battle of Rafa<\/a>\u00a0is fought near the\u00a0Egyptian<\/a>\u00a0border with\u00a0Palestine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Gallipoli<\/a>\u00a0concludes with an\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>\u00a0victory when the last Allied forces are evacuated from the peninsula.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 Henry Ford<\/a>\u00a0introduced the $5-a-day minimum wage.<\/p>\n

1861\u00a0 American Civil War<\/a>: The “Star of the West<\/a>” incident occurs near\u00a0Charleston, South Carolina<\/a>. It is considered by some historians to be the “First Shots of the American Civil War”.<\/p>\n

1799\u00a0 British Prime Minister<\/a>\u00a0William Pitt the Younger<\/a>\u00a0introduces an\u00a0income tax<\/a>\u00a0of two\u00a0shillings<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0pound<\/a>\u00a0to raise funds for Great Britain’s war effort in the\u00a0Napoleonic Wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1760\u00a0 Afghans<\/a>\u00a0defeat\u00a0Marathas<\/a>\u00a0in the Battle of Barari Ghat.<\/p>\n

1431\u00a0 Judges’ investigations for the trial of\u00a0Joan of Arc<\/a>\u00a0begin in\u00a0Rouen, France<\/a>, the seat of the English occupation government.<\/p>\n

1349\u00a0 The Jewish population of\u00a0Basel, Switzerland<\/a>, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing\u00a0Black Death<\/a>, is\u00a0rounded up and incinerated<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1127\u00a0 Jin\u2013Song wars<\/a>: Invading\u00a0Jurchen<\/a>\u00a0soldiers from the\u00a0Jin Dynasty<\/a>\u00a0besiege and sack<\/a>\u00a0Bianjing<\/a>\u00a0(Kaifeng), the capital of the\u00a0Song Dynasty<\/a>\u00a0ofChina<\/a>, and abduct\u00a0Emperor Qinzong<\/a>\u00a0and others, ending the\u00a0Northern Song Dynasty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

475\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Byzantine Emperor<\/a>\u00a0Zeno<\/a>\u00a0is forced to flee his capital at\u00a0Constantinople<\/a>, and his general,\u00a0Basiliscus<\/a>\u00a0gains control of the empire.<\/p>\n

January 10 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 Indonesia’s Mount Sinabung erupts again, with pyroclastic flows streaming down the volcanic slope; the activity has caused the evacuation of 22,000 people from the danger zone around Sinabung. Visit http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/infocus\/2014\/01\/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung\/100660\/<\/a><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 A near-earth asteroid, called 99942 Apophis, passes close to Earth; astronomers in Europe estimate 99942 Apophis is larger than previously thought. Visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/99942_Apophis<\/a> ; http:\/\/english.pravda.ru\/science\/earth\/10-01-2013\/123427-apophis_asteroid-0\/<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.armageddononline.org\/99942-apophis-asteroid.html<\/a><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 Pope Benedict XVI urges Pakistan to repeal its blasphemy law whereby those who insult the Prophet Muhammed receive the death penalty. For Pakistan\u2019s blasphemy law, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blasphemy_law_in_Pakistan<\/a> , and http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2010\/11\/22\/pakistan-repeal-blasphemy-law<\/a> . In this regard, also see, for reference and information, the above mentioned date and event of January 8 \u201c1697\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Last execution for blasphemy in Britain; of\u00a0Thomas Aikenhead<\/a>, student, at\u00a0Edinburgh<\/a>.\u201c<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 It is reported that China surpasses Germany, becoming the world’s largest exporter. Visit http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2010\/01\/10\/AR2010011002647.html<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/economics\/imports-and-exports-china-surpassed-germany-economics-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 King Hussein of Jordan has made his first public visit to Israel’s largest city, Tel Aviv, in the latest indication of the new warmth between the two countries .<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 Ukraine says it will give up world’s 3rd largest nuclear arsenal.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 The United Nations Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar will leave shortly for Baghdad in a final diplomatic effort to avoid war against Iraq. Saddam Hussein is under UN orders to pull his soldiers out of Kuwait within five days, Iraq refused to comply with the UN ultimatum for its troops to withdraw from Kuwait and at 2330 GMT on\u00a0January 16th<\/strong><\/a>\u00a01991, Operation Desert Storm began.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Japan ends routine fingerprinting of all adult ethnic Koreans, born and living in Japan. On this report, visit http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1991\/01\/11\/world\/japan-eases-rule-on-korean-aliens.html<\/a> . For information on ethnic Koreans in Japan, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koreans_in_Japan<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 Holy See\u2013United States relations<\/a>: The\u00a0United States<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Holy See<\/a>\u00a0(Vatican City<\/a>) re-establish full diplomatic relations after almost 117 years, overturning the\u00a0United States Congress<\/a>‘s\u00a01867<\/a>\u00a0ban on public funding for such a diplomatic envoy.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 Salvadoran Civil War<\/a>: The\u00a0FMLN<\/a>\u00a0launches its first major offensive, gaining control of most of\u00a0Moraz\u00e1n<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Chalatenango<\/a>\u00a0departments.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 The first\u00a0General Assembly<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0United Nations<\/a>\u00a0opens in London. Fifty-one nations are represented.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Versailles<\/a>\u00a0takes effect, officially ending World War I.<\/p>\n

World War I<\/a>: In the\u00a0Erzurum Offensive<\/a>,\u00a0Russia<\/a>\u00a0defeats the Ottoman Empire.<\/p>\n

1901\u00a0 The first great\u00a0Texas<\/a>\u00a0oil<\/a>\u00a0gusher is discovered at\u00a0Spindletop<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Beaumont, Texas<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1863\u00a0 The\u00a0London Underground<\/a>, the world’s oldest underground railway, opens between\u00a0London Paddington station<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Farringdon station<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1806\u00a0 Dutch settlers in\u00a0Cape Town<\/a>\u00a0surrender to the\u00a0British<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1776\u00a0 Thomas Paine<\/a>\u00a0publishes his pamphlet\u00a0Common Sense<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1475\u00a0 Stephen III of Moldavia<\/a>\u00a0defeats the\u00a0Ottoman Empire<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0Battle of Vaslui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Western\u00a0Han Dynasty<\/a>\u00a0ends when\u00a0Wang Mang<\/a>\u00a0claims that the divine\u00a0Mandate of Heaven<\/a>\u00a0called for the end of the dynasty and the beginning of his own, the\u00a0Xin Dynasty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

49BCE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Julius Caesar<\/a>\u00a0crosses the\u00a0Rubicon<\/a>, signaling the start of\u00a0civil war<\/a>.<\/p>\n

January 11<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 After eight years in a coma following a stroke in 2006, Ariel Sharon, Israel’s former Prime Minister, dies at the age of 85. For Ariel Sharon, visit http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/01\/12\/world\/middleeast\/ariel-sharon-fierce-defender-of-a-strong-israel-dies-at-85.html?_r=0<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/biography\/sharon.html<\/a> and http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ariel_Sharon<\/a><\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 Illinois Governor<\/a>\u00a0George Ryan<\/a>\u00a0commutes the death sentences of 167 prisoners on\u00a0Illinois<\/a>‘ death row based on the\u00a0Jon Burge<\/a>\u00a0scandal.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 Over 100 people are killed in the\u00a0Sidi-Hamed massacre<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Algeria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 East Pakistan<\/a>\u00a0renames itself\u00a0Bangladesh<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 The first “networked” television broadcasts take place as\u00a0KDKA-TV<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania<\/a>\u00a0goes on the air connecting the east coast and mid-west programming.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 Enver Hoxha<\/a>, Secretary General of the\u00a0Communist Party of Albania<\/a>, declares the\u00a0People’s Republic of Albania<\/a>with himself as head of state.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II: The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China.<\/p>\n

1935\u00a0 Amelia Earhart<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to\u00a0California<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 Occupation of the Ruhr<\/a>: Troops from France and Belgium occupy the\u00a0Ruhr<\/a>\u00a0area to force Germany to make itsWorld War I<\/a>\u00a0reparation payments.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 First use of\u00a0insulin<\/a>\u00a0to treat\u00a0diabetes<\/a>\u00a0in a human patient.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 \u00a0Romania<\/a>\u00a0reincorporates\u00a0Transylvania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1879\u00a0 The\u00a0Anglo-Zulu War<\/a>\u00a0begins.<\/p>\n

1815\u00a0 U.S.<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0General Andrew Jackson achieved victory at the Battle of New Orleans. The War of 1812 had officially ended on December 24, 1814, with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The news of the signing had not reached British troops in time to prevent their attack on New Orleans.<\/p>\n

1787\u00a0 William Herschel<\/a>\u00a0discovers<\/a>\u00a0Titania<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Oberon<\/a>, two\u00a0moons<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Uranus<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1571\u00a0 Austrian<\/a>\u00a0nobility is granted\u00a0freedom of religion<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1569\u00a0 1st recorded lottery in England is drawn in St. Paul’s Cathedral.<\/p>\n

(Sources and references: http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/january_5.html<\/a> to january_11.html ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/January_5<\/a> to January 11; http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/dayinhistory\/January-5<\/a> to January-11; http:\/\/www.thepeoplehistory.com\/january5th.html<\/a> to january11st.html; http:\/\/www.on-this-day.com\/onthisday\/thedays\/alldays\/jan5.htm<\/a> to jan11.htm, and other relevant websites and\/or documents.)<\/em><\/p>\n

_____________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

January 5-11 — Quote of the Week: \u201cIt isn\u2019t enough to talk about peace; one must believe it. And it isn\u2019t enough to believe in it; one must work for it.\u201d – Eleanor Roosevelt<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-51979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51979","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51979"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51979\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51979"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51979"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51979"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}