{"id":52243,"date":"2015-01-12T12:00:43","date_gmt":"2015-01-12T12:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=52243"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:27:04","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:27:04","slug":"this-week-in-history-6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/01\/this-week-in-history-6\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

January 12-18 <\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cEach one has to find his peace from within. And peace to be real must be unaffected by outside circumstances.\u201d<\/em> \u00a0<\/em> – Mahatma Gandhi (Source: http:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/quotes\/tag\/inner-peace<\/a> )<\/p>\n

January 12<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 A law banning Palestinians who marry Israeli’s from gaining citizenship is upheld by Israel’s Supreme Court<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 The\u00a02010 Haiti earthquake<\/a>\u00a0occurs killing an estimated 316,000 and destroying the majority of the capital\u00a0Port-au-Prince<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 \u00a0Comet\u00a0C\/2006 P1<\/a>\u00a0(McNaught) reaches\u00a0perihelion<\/a>\u00a0becoming the brightest comet in more than 40 years.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Gulf War<\/a>: An act of the U.S. Congress authorizes the use of military force to drive\u00a0Iraq<\/a>\u00a0out of\u00a0Kuwait<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 The\u00a0United Nations Security Council<\/a>\u00a0votes 11-1 to allow the\u00a0Palestine Liberation Organization<\/a>\u00a0to participate in a Security Council debate (without voting rights).<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 Biafra<\/a>\u00a0capitulates, ending the\u00a0Nigerian Civil War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a>\u00a0states that the\u00a0United States<\/a>\u00a0should stay in\u00a0South Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0until\u00a0Communist<\/a>\u00a0aggression there is ended.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0Operation Chopper<\/a>, the first American combat mission in the war, takes place. One year before, in 1961, John F Kennedy said, \u201cNow we have a problem in making our power credible, and Vietnam is the place.\u201d (Source: http:\/\/www.quotesandsayings.com\/qvietnam.htm<\/a> )<\/p>\n

1951 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) comes into effect. Text: 78_UNTS_277. Visit www.ohchr.org\/EN\/ProfessionalInterest\/Pages\/CrimeOfGenocide.aspx<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 USSR re-introduces death penalty for treason, espionage & sabotage.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 Mahatma Gandhi<\/a>\u00a0begins his final fast.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: U.S.S.R begins a large offensive against the Nazis in Eastern Europe.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: Churchill and de Gaulle begin a 2-day wartime conference in Marrakesh.<\/p>\n

1932\u00a0 Hattie Caraway<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first woman elected to the\u00a0United States Senate<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 Finland<\/a>‘s “Mosaic Confessors” law went into effect, making Finnish Jews full citizens.<\/p>\n

1911\u00a0 The\u00a0University of the Philippines College of Law<\/a>\u00a0is formally established; three future\u00a0Philippine presidents<\/a>\u00a0are among the first enrollees.<\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 A long-distance\u00a0radio<\/a>\u00a0message is sent from the\u00a0Eiffel Tower<\/a>\u00a0for the first time.<\/p>\n

January 13<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 The passenger\u00a0cruise ship<\/a>\u00a0Costa Concordia<\/em><\/a>\u00a0sinks<\/a>\u00a0off the coast of\u00a0Italy<\/a>. There are 32 confirmed deaths amongst the 4232 passengers and crew.<\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 After two years of trying to maintain order, Ethiopian military forces start pulling out of Somalia.<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 An\u00a0earthquake<\/a>\u00a0hits\u00a0El Salvador<\/a>, killing more than 800.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 USSR troops\u00a0attack<\/a>\u00a0Lithuanian<\/a>\u00a0independence supporters in\u00a0Vilnius<\/a>, killing 14 people and wounding 1000.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 Lee Teng-hui<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first\u00a0native Taiwanese<\/a>\u00a0President of the Republic of China<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 Robert C. Weaver<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first\u00a0African American<\/a>\u00a0Cabinet member when he is appointed\u00a0United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1964 Karol Wojtyla, the future\u00a0Pope John Paul II<\/a>, is appointed\u00a0archbishop<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Krak\u00f3w, Poland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 Anti-Muslim<\/a>\u00a0riots break out in Calcutta, resulting in 100 deaths.<\/p>\n

1963\u00a0 Coup d’etat<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Togo<\/a>\u00a0results in assassination of president\u00a0Sylvanus Olympio<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 The\u00a0Gulag<\/a>\u00a0system of forced labor camps in the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0is officially abolished.<\/p>\n

1958\u00a0 The\u00a0Moroccan Army of Liberation<\/a>\u00a0ambushes a Spanish patrol in the\u00a0Battle of Edchera<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 An article appears in\u00a0Pravda<\/em><\/a>\u00a0accusing some of the most prestigious and prominent doctors, mostly\u00a0Jews<\/a>, in the Soviet Union of taking part in a\u00a0vast plot<\/a>\u00a0to poison members of the top Soviet political and military leadership.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 Marshal Josip Tito chosen president of Yugoslavia. For Tito, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josip_Broz_Tito<\/a> . For Yugoslavia, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslavia<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 First Indochina War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Vinh Yen<\/a>\u00a0begins, which will end in a major victory for\u00a0France<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: First use of an aircraft\u00a0ejection seat<\/a>\u00a0by a\u00a0German<\/a>\u00a0test pilot in a\u00a0Heinkel He 280<\/a>\u00a0jet fighter.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 Henry Ford<\/a>\u00a0patents a\u00a0plastic<\/a>\u00a0automobile<\/a>, which is 30% lighter than a regular car.<\/p>\n

1910\u00a0 The\u00a0first public radio broadcast<\/a>\u00a0takes place; a live performance of the opera\u00a0Cavalleria rusticana<\/a><\/em>\u00a0is sent out over the airwaves from the\u00a0Metropolitan Opera House<\/a>\u00a0inNew York, New York<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1895\u00a0 First Italo-Ethiopian War<\/a>: the war’s opening battle, the\u00a0Battle of Coatit<\/a>, occurs; it is an Italian victory.<\/p>\n

1882\u00a0 Richard Wagner<\/a>\u00a0completes his opera “Parsifal”.<\/p>\n

1847\u00a0 The\u00a0Treaty of Cahuenga<\/a>\u00a0ends the\u00a0Mexican\u2013American War<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0California<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1610\u00a0 Galileo Galilei<\/a>\u00a0discovers Callisto, 4th satellite of Jupiter.<\/p>\n

1559\u00a0 Elizabeth I<\/a>\u00a0crowned Queen of England in Westminster Abbey.<\/p>\n

888\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Odo, Count of Paris<\/a>\u00a0becomes King of the\u00a0Franks<\/a>.<\/p>\n

January 14<\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 Former president of\u00a0Tunisia<\/a>,\u00a0Zine El Abidine Ben Ali<\/a>\u00a0flees his country to\u00a0Saudi Arabia<\/a>\u00a0after a series of street demonstrations against his regime and corrupt policies, asking for freedom, rights and democracy, considered as the anniversary of the\u00a0Tunisian Revolution<\/a>\u00a0and the birth of the\u00a0Arab Spring<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 In Afghanistan, the Taliban drop their ban on education for females due to a ‘cultural change’.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 USSR breaks trade agreement with US.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 New York Times reports U.S. Army is conducting secret germ warfare (= biological warfare) experiments. For germ warfare, visit http:\/\/www.uic.edu\/classes\/osci\/osci590\/7_1Germ%20Warfare%20Biological%20Weapons.htmhttp:\/\/www.uic.edu\/classes\/osci\/osci590\/7_1Germ%20Warfare%20Biological%20Weapons.htm<\/a> ; and http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_warfare<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 Event – US confirms its troops used chemical warfare against the Vietcong.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 Yugoslavia elects its 1st president (Marshal Tito). For Yugoslavia, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslavia<\/a> . For Josip Broz Tito, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josip_Broz_Tito<\/a>; and\/or http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/597295\/Josip-Broz-Tito<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 Soviet Army begins offensive at Oranienbaum\/Wolchow.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 Afghan King Amanullah forced to resign. For King Amanullah, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 Henry Ford introduces assembly line, for T-Fords. For Ford\u2019s assembly line, visit http:\/\/www.americanautomove.com\/henry-ford-and-the-history-of-the-automobile-assembly-line\/<\/a> . For the assembly line itself, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assembly_line<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 Finland and USSR adopts New Style (Gregorian) calendar.<\/p>\n

1905\u00a0 Hubbell, Shubert and Smith’s musical “Fontana,” premieres in New York City.<\/p>\n

1900\u00a0 Giacomo Puccini’s opera “Tosca,” premieres in Rome. For Tosca, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tosca<\/a> . For Puccini, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giacomo_Puccini<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1897\u00a0 6,960-m (22,834′) Cerro Aconcagua (Argentina) 1st climbed. For Cerro Aconcagua, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aconcagua<\/a> ; and http:\/\/gosouthamerica.about.com\/cs\/argabout\/a\/Aconcagua.htm<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1785 Mozart completes “Dissonantenkwartet” (opus 10). (= String Quartet No. 19<\/a>\u00a0in C major, “Dissonance”, KV. 465) For the list of compositions of Mozart, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_compositions_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart#String_quartets<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1784\u00a0 American Revolutionary War<\/a>:\u00a0Ratification Day, United States<\/a>\u00a0– Congress ratifies the\u00a0Treaty of Paris<\/a>\u00a0with\u00a0Great Britain<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1761\u00a0 The\u00a0Third Battle of Panipat<\/a>\u00a0is fought in India between the\u00a0Afghans<\/a>\u00a0under\u00a0Ahmad Shah Durrani<\/a>\u00a0and the Marhatas.<\/p>\n

1690\u00a0 Clarinet invented, in Nurnberg, Germany. For history of the clarinet, visit http:\/\/inventors.about.com\/od\/cstartinventions\/a\/Clarinet.htm<\/a>; and http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clarinet#History<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1601\u00a0 Church authorities burn Hebrew books in Rome. Regarding burning books, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/anti-semitism\/TalmudBurning.html<\/a>;and http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_book-burning_incidents<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1539\u00a0 Spain annexes\u00a0Cuba<\/a>.<\/p>\n

January 15<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 It is revealed that the National Security Agency, NSA, is using software to spy on nearly 100,000 computers around the world; most of the software is implanted by accessing the Internet, but some technology enables data to be entered or altered through radio wave transmission. On this issue, visit, for instance, http:\/\/nypost.com\/2014\/01\/15\/nsa-secretly-bugged-100000-pcs-with-spy-software\/<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/USA\/DC-Decoder\/2014\/0115\/NSA-can-spy-on-computers-via-radio-Snowden-leaks-show-video<\/a> ; and http:\/\/bgr.com\/2014\/01\/15\/nsa-spying-offline-computers-radio-waves\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 The World Bank global forecast predicts an increase in growth to 3.2 percent, from 2.4 percent in 2013.<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 China announces it may station troops in North Korea to protect its citizens and investment projects. For more information on this issue, visit the website of the World Bank, http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/forests<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 The\u00a0United Nations<\/a>\u00a0deadline for the withdrawal of\u00a0Iraqi<\/a>\u00a0forces from occupied\u00a0Kuwait<\/a>\u00a0expires, preparing the way for the start of\u00a0Operation Desert Storm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>: Citing progress in peace negotiations,\u00a0President<\/a>\u00a0Richard Nixon<\/a>\u00a0announces the suspension of offensive action in\u00a0North Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 Moammar Gadhafi<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed premier of\u00a0Libya<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 Nigerian Civil War<\/a>: After a 32-month fight for independence from\u00a0Nigeria<\/a>,\u00a0Biafra<\/a>\u00a0surrenders.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 USSR ends state of war with German Federal Republic.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 Chinese Civil War<\/a>: The\u00a0Communist<\/a>\u00a0forces\u00a0take over<\/a>\u00a0Tianjin<\/a>\u00a0from the Nationalist Government.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 1st transport of Jews from Amsterdam to concentration camp Vught.<\/p>\n

1943 World’s largest office building, Pentagon, completed. For more information on Pentagon, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Pentagon<\/a><\/p>\n

1937\u00a0 Spanish Civil War<\/a>:\u00a0Nationalists<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Republican<\/a>\u00a0both withdraw after suffering heavy losses, ending the\u00a0Second Battle of the Corunna Road<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1933\u00a0 A twelve-year-old girl experiences the first\u00a0Marian apparition<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Our Lady of Banneux<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Banneux, Belgium<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1582\u00a0 Russia<\/a>\u00a0cedes\u00a0Livonia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Estonia<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth<\/a> .<\/p>\n

January 16 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 George W. Bush is inaugurated for his second term as President of the United States.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 The\u00a0UN Security Council<\/a>\u00a0unanimously establishes an arms embargo and the freezing of assets of\u00a0Osama bin Laden<\/a>,\u00a0al-Qaeda<\/a>, and the remaining members of the\u00a0Taliban<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 The\u00a0last Iranian Shah<\/a>\u00a0flees\u00a0Iran<\/a>\u00a0with his family for good and relocates to\u00a0Egypt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan USSR.<\/p>\n

1963\u00a0 Khrushchev claims to have a 100-megaton nuclear bomb.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 Comic strip “Superman” debuts.<\/p>\n

1938\u00a0 Benny Goodman refuses to play Carnegie Hall when black members of his band were barred from performing. For jazz, civil rights movements and\/or racial discrimination in the United States, visit, for instance, http:\/\/jazz.about.com\/od\/historyjazztimeline\/a\/JazzCivilRights.htm<\/a> ; http:\/\/mnjhistory.blogspot.com\/2010\/11\/racial-barriers-in-jazz.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benny_Goodman<\/a> ; and http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1925\u00a0 Leon Trotsky dismissed as CEO of Russian Revolution Military Council.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 1st assembly of League of Nations in Paris. For the League of Nations, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/League_of_Nations<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.historylearningsite.co.uk\/leagueofnations.htmhttp:\/\/www.historylearningsite.co.uk\/leagueofnations.htm<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.worldatwar.net\/timeline\/other\/league18-46.html<\/a> ; and http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/20th_century\/leagcov.asp<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1795\u00a0 French Army under Pichegru occupies Utrecht, Netherlands.<\/p>\n

1759\u00a0 British Museum opens in London.<\/p>\n

1756\u00a0 England and Prussia sign Treaty of Westminster. For information on the Treaty of Westminster in 1756, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1756)<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1493\u00a0 Columbus returns to Spain on his 1st trip.<\/p>\n

January 17 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 Responding to privacy concerns raised by former spy contractor Edward Snowden’s NSA disclosures, U.S. President Barack Obama announces reforms to NSA phone surveillance. For this issue, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/nsa-surveillance-program-reaches-into-the-past-to-retrieve-replay-phone-calls\/2014\/03\/18\/226d2646-ade9-11e3-a49e-76adc9210f19_story.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PRISM_(surveillance_program)<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/dec\/16\/nsa-phone-surveillance-likely-unconstitutional-judge<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 India and China agree to build a functional plan to address border issues.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 Ali Hassan al-Majid, former Iraqi minister, also known as Chemical Ali, is sentenced to death for the poison gas attack at Halabja.<\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 Israel declares a unilateral ceasefire in the Gaza War, effective January 18, as Hamas declares a ceasefire of its own.<\/p>\n

1995\u00a0 The\u00a0Great Hanshin earthquake<\/a>: A magnitude 7.3\u00a0earthquake<\/a>\u00a0occurs near\u00a0Kobe, Japan<\/a>, causing extensive property damage and killing 6,434 people.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Gulf War<\/a>:\u00a0Operation Desert Storm<\/a>\u00a0begins early in the morning.\u00a0Iraq<\/a>\u00a0fires 8\u00a0Scud<\/a>\u00a0missiles into\u00a0Israel<\/a>\u00a0in an unsuccessful bid to provoke Israeli retaliation. (GMT. U.S. Time on January 16). For (Persian) Gulf War in 1991, visit http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/wars_gulf1990.html<\/a> ; and http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_War<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 US President\u00a0Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a>\u00a0delivers a televised\u00a0farewell address to the nation<\/a>\u00a0three days before leaving office, in which he warns against the accumulation of power by the “military\u2013industrial complex<\/a>” as well as the dangers of massive spending, especially deficit spending. For Eisenhower\u2019s farewell speech, visit https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CWiIYW_fBfY<\/a> ;.and for its text, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eisenhower%27s_farewell_address<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 Former\u00a0Congolese<\/a>\u00a0Prime Minister\u00a0Patrice Lumumba<\/a>\u00a0is murdered in circumstances suggesting the support and complicity of the governments of Belgium and the United States.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 The\u00a0UN Security Council<\/a>\u00a0holds its first session. Visit http:\/\/www.unmultimedia.org\/s\/photo\/detail\/741\/0074158.html<\/a> ; and http:\/\/mortalmemory.blogspot.com\/2012\/01\/january-17-un-security-council-held-its.html<\/a> . Watch one of the sessions (unclear which session) of the UN Security Council in 1946. (YouTube): https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LD24k2Ap1Hc<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 Swedish diplomat\u00a0Raoul Wallenberg<\/a>\u00a0is taken into\u00a0Soviet<\/a>\u00a0custody while in Hungary; he is never publicly seen again.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Soviet<\/a>\u00a0forces capture the almost completely destroyed Polish city of\u00a0Warsaw<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II<\/a>:\u00a0Allied<\/a>\u00a0forces launch the first of\u00a0four assaults<\/a>\u00a0on\u00a0Monte Cassino<\/a>\u00a0with the intention of breaking through the\u00a0Winter Line<\/a>\u00a0and seizing Rome, an effort that would ultimately take four months and cost 105,000 Allied casualties.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Franco-Thai War<\/a>:\u00a0French<\/a>\u00a0forces\u00a0inflict a decisive defeat<\/a>\u00a0over the\u00a0Royal Thai Navy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1773\u00a0 Captain\u00a0James Cook<\/a>\u00a0and his crew become the first Europeans to sail below the\u00a0Antarctic Circle<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1584\u00a0 Bohemia adopts Gregorian calendar.<\/p>\n

395\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Emperor\u00a0Theodosius I<\/a>\u00a0dies in\u00a0Milan<\/a>, the\u00a0Roman Empire<\/a>\u00a0is re-divided into an eastern and a western half. The\u00a0Eastern Roman Empire<\/a>\u00a0is centered in\u00a0Constantinople<\/a>\u00a0underArcadius<\/a>, son of Theodosius, and the\u00a0Western Roman Empire<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Mediolanum<\/a>\u00a0underHonorius<\/a>, his brother (aged 10).<\/p>\n

January 18<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 A new world record is achieved by the United Kingdom’s Lewis Clarke of Bristol; the 16 year-old becomes the youngest person to trek to the South Pole. Visit http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/antarctica\/10581992\/British-16-year-old-Lewis-Clarke-sets-South-Pole-record.html<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 For the first time since the Battle of Mogadishu, the U.S. announces it will officially recognize, and open diplomatic relations with, the new government of Somalia. Visit http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/01\/18\/world\/africa\/somalia-us-recognizes-government.html?_r=0<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.africom.mil\/Newsroom\/Transcript\/10201\/us-recognizes-the-government-of-somalia<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 \u00a0Gaza War<\/a>:\u00a0Hamas<\/a>\u00a0announces they will accept\u00a0Israeli Defense Forces<\/a>‘s offer of a\u00a0ceasefire<\/a>, ending the\u00a0assault<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 The\u00a0Airbus A380<\/a>, the world’s largest commercial jet, is unveiled at a ceremony in\u00a0Toulouse, France<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 Sierra Leone Civil War<\/a>\u00a0is declared over.<\/p>\n

2000\u00a0 The\u00a0Tagish Lake<\/a>\u00a0meteorite impacts the\u00a0Earth<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1997\u00a0 B\u00f8rge Ousland<\/a>\u00a0of Norway becomes the first person to cross\u00a0Antarctica<\/a>\u00a0alone and unaided.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 The Cando event, a possible\u00a0bolide<\/a>\u00a0impact<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Cando, Spain<\/a>. Witnesses claim to have seen a fireball in the sky lasting for almost one minute. For the Cando event of 1994, visit http:\/\/thenightsky.org\/cando.html<\/a> ; and http:\/\/virtualglobetrotting.com\/map\/1994-cando-event-site\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1993 Martin Luther King, Jr. holiday observed in all 50 states of the United States for 1st time. Visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr<\/a>. ; and http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Day<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Iraq launches SCUD missiles against Israel. Visit http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/january\/18\/newsid_4588000\/4588486.stm<\/a> . For Iraq\u2019s SCUD missiles, visit http:\/\/www.iraqwatch.org\/government\/US\/Pentagon\/dodscud.htm<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 US acknowledges CIA and US Army paid Noriega $320,000 over his career. Visit http:\/\/military.wikia.com\/wiki\/Manuel_Noriega<\/a> ; http:\/\/worldtimeline.info\/usa\/usa1991.htm<\/a> ; http:\/\/wikipedia.or.ke\/index.php\/Manuel_Noriega<\/a> ; and http:\/\/caselaw.findlaw.com\/us-11th-circuit\/1089768.html<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 US (Regan administration) renounces jurisdiction of World Court (= the International Court of Justice of the UN) despite previous promise. Visit http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1985\/01\/19\/world\/us-plans-to-quit-world-court-case-on-nicaragua-suit.html<\/a> . On 6 May 2002, George W. Bush administration sent a letter to the UN regarding the right of the United States to ignore the International Criminal Court\u2019s jurisdiction over the US. Visit http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/us-renounces-world-court\/<\/a> ; and http:\/\/usgovinfo.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa050602b.htm<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 Iran accepts US offer of $7.9 billion in frozen assets. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/pages.citebite.com\/d1v8u0n1i9jxt<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/hostage-crisis<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 The\u00a0European Court of Human Rights<\/a>\u00a0finds the United Kingdom government guilty of mistreating prisoners in\u00a0Northern Ireland<\/a>, but not guilty of\u00a0torture<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1977\u00a0 Scientists identify a previously unknown\u00a0bacterium<\/a>\u00a0as the cause of the mysterious\u00a0Legionnaires’ disease<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 \u00a0Lebanese Christian<\/a>\u00a0militias<\/a>\u00a0overrun\u00a0Karantina<\/a>,\u00a0Beirut<\/a>,\u00a0killing at least 1,000<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan USSR.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 US begins spraying foliage in Vietnam to reveal Viet Cong guerrillas.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 Chinese Civil War<\/a>:\u00a0Battle of Yijiangshan<\/a>\u00a0is fought.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: Liberation of\u00a0Krakow<\/a>,\u00a0Poland<\/a>\u00a0by the\u00a0Red Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: Liberation of the\u00a0Budapest ghetto<\/a>\u00a0by the\u00a0Red Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Soviet<\/a>\u00a0forces liberate\u00a0Leningrad<\/a>, effectively ending a three-year\u00a0Nazi<\/a>\u00a0siege, known as the\u00a0Siege of Leningrad<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: British troops\u00a0launch a general counter-offensive<\/a>\u00a0against\u00a0Italian East Africa<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 Bentley Motors Limited<\/a>\u00a0is founded.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: The\u00a0Paris Peace Conference<\/a>\u00a0opens in\u00a0Versailles<\/a>,\u00a0France<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1915\u00a0 Japan<\/a>\u00a0issues the “Twenty-One Demands<\/a>” to the\u00a0Republic of China<\/a>\u00a0in a bid to increase its power in\u00a0East Asia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1913\u00a0 First Balkan War<\/a>: A\u00a0Greek<\/a>\u00a0flotilla defeats the\u00a0Ottoman Navy<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Naval Battle of Lemnos<\/a>, securing the islands of the Northern\u00a0Aegean Sea<\/a>\u00a0for\u00a0Greece<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1871\u00a0 Wilhelm I of Germany<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed the first\u00a0German Emperor<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Hall of Mirrors<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Palace of Versailles<\/a>\u00a0(France<\/a>) towards the end of the\u00a0Franco-Prussian War<\/a>. The empire is known as the\u00a0Second Reich<\/a>\u00a0to Germans.<\/p>\n

1778\u00a0 James Cook<\/a>\u00a0is the first known\u00a0European<\/a>\u00a0, who arrives at the\u00a0Hawaiian Islands<\/a>, which he names the “Sandwich Islands”.<\/p>\n

1644\u00a0 1st UFO (or USO = Under Submerged Object = aquatic UFO or deep sea UFO) sighting in America, by perplexed pilgrims in Boston. Visit http:\/\/www.celebrateboston.com\/ufo\/first-uso-sighting.htm<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.celebrateboston.com\/ufo\/first-ufo-sighting.htm<\/a> . Also visit https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2010\/09\/ufos\/<\/a> ; and https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2013\/03\/spirituality-and-virtue-as-corollaries-to-peace\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1535\u00a0 Spanish conquistador\u00a0Francisco Pizarro<\/a>\u00a0founds Lima<\/a>, the capital of\u00a0Peru<\/a>.<\/p>\n

350\u00a0\u00a0 General\u00a0Magnentius<\/a>\u00a0deposes\u00a0Roman Emperor<\/a>\u00a0Constans<\/a>\u00a0and proclaims himself Emperor.<\/p>\n

_________________________<\/p>\n

(Sources and references: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/January_12<\/a> to 18; http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/january_12.html<\/a> to 18: http:\/\/worldhistoryproject.org\/what-happened-on\/1\/12<\/a> to 1\/18; http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/january\/12<\/a> to 18; http:\/\/www.datesinhistory.com\/jan12.php<\/a> to jan18; and other relevant websites and\/or documents, mentioned above.) <\/em><\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

January 12\u201318 – Quote of the Week:
\n\u201cEach one has to find his peace from within. And peace to be real must be unaffected by outside circumstances.\u201d — Mahatma Gandhi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52243","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52243"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52243\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=52243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=52243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}